648:. The overall oxygen delivery system (blood oxygen levels, as well as heart stroke volume, vascularization, and lung function) is one of the major limiting factors to muscles' ability to perform endurance exercise. Therefore, the primary reason athletes may use ESAs is to improve oxygen delivery to muscles, which directly improves their endurance capacity. With the advent of recombinant erythropoietin in the 1990s, the practice of autologous and homologous blood transfusion has been partially replaced by injecting erythropoietin such that the body naturally produces its own red cells. ESAs increase hematocrit (% of blood volume that is red cell mass) and total red cell mass in the body, providing a good advantage in sports where such practice is banned. In addition to ethical considerations in sports, providing an increased red cell mass beyond the natural levels reduces blood flow due to increased viscosity, and increases the likelihood of thrombosis and stroke. Due to dangers associated with using ESAs, their use should be limited to the clinic where anemic patients are boosted back to normal hemoglobin levels (as opposed to going above the normal levels for performance advantage, leading to an increased risk of death).
860:, forced other team members to dope as well. It also went to the root of their doping network, targeting the shadowy doctors and back room enablers who helped cyclists procure and administer drugs as well as highly placed executives who helped to avoid doping controls and hide positive test results. Armstrong was subsequently stripped of all of his victories from 1998 onwardâincluding his Tour wins and his performance in the 2000 Summer Olympics. The UCI concurred with the decision. While several of the doping offenses took place outside the normal eight-year statute of limitations for doping offenses, USADA contended the statute of limitations did not apply due to Armstrong's "fraudulent concealment" of his doping. Longstanding precedent in U.S. law holds that the statute of limitations does not apply in cases of fraudulent conduct by a defendant. In accordance with this decision, Tour organizers removed Armstrong's name and results from the race's history.
49:
2397:
2479:
588:, which early literature during its development often termed as novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (NESP), is a form created by five substitutions (Asn-30, Thr-32, Val-87, Asn-88 and Thr-90) that create two new N-glycosylation sites. This glycoprotein has a longer terminal half-life, meaning it is possible to administer it less frequently.
320:
894:
residues. It was hoped that this would make a longer-acting product than existing brands. There were concerns that such production would also make Dynepo undetectable in the urine tests for EPO used, at that time, to detect doping by athletes. Dynepo was withdrawn from
European markets on 17 February
761:
journalist Jean-Michel Rouet that EPO had no "fundamental" effect on performance and that if his riders used it, it would not "scandalize" himself. After the journalist pointed out several riders were suspected of dying from EPO, Ferrari said EPO was not dangerous, and only abuse of it was dangerous,
651:
Though EPO was believed to be widely used in the 1990s in certain sports, there was no way at the time to directly test for it, until in 2000, when a test developed by scientists at the French national antidoping laboratory (LNDD) and endorsed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was introduced to
789:
that the 50% limit was "an open invitation to dope to that level", pointing out that normally haematocrit levels would start "around 40-42%" and drop during the course of a "grand tour", but after EPO, they were staying at 50% for "weeks at a time". By 1998, EPO use had become widespread, and the
690:
Since 2002, EPO tests performed by US sports authorities have consisted of only a urine or "direct" test. From 2000 to 2006, EPO tests at the
Olympics were conducted on both blood and urine. However, several compounds have been identified that can be taken orally to stimulate endogenous EPO
255:
The 2020 Cochrane
Anaesthesia Review Group review of erythropoietin (EPO) plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults undergoing nonâcardiac surgery demonstrated that patients were much less likely to require red cell transfusion and in those
941:
856:, and others, outlining that they and Armstrong used a cocktail of performance-enhancing substances for the Tour de France, most notably EPO, during Armstrong's seven consecutive Tour wins. It detailed how Armstrong and the Postal manager,
1859:
Kohler M, Ayotte C, Desharnais P, Flenker U, Lßdke S, Thevis M, VÜlker-Schänzer E, Schänzer W (Jan 2008). "Discrimination of recombinant and endogenous urinary erythropoietin by calculating relative mobility values from SDS gels".
762:
saying, "It's also dangerous to drink 10 liters of orange juice." The 'orange juice' comment has been widely misquoted. Ferrari was fired shortly after, but continued to work in the industry with top riders, allegedly including
2251:"Report on proceedings under the world anti-doping code and the usada protocol united states anti-doping agency, claimant, v. lance armstrong, respondent. reasoned decision of the united states anti-doping agency"
875:. The first development steps were performed by HMR and Aventis. Aventis obtained the license in Europe in 2002. The company expected to launch the product in Europe in 2006, although patents held by the American
1994:
Lundby C, Robach P, Boushel R, Thomsen JJ, Rasmussen P, Koskolou M, Calbet JA (Aug 2008). "Does recombinant human Epo increase exercise capacity by means other than augmenting oxygen transport?".
256:
transfused, the volumes were unchanged (mean difference -0.09, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.05). Pre-op hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was increased in those receiving 'high dose' EPO, but not 'low dose'.
1684:
1824:
Lasne F, Martin L, Crepin N, de
Ceaurriz J (Dec 2002). "Detection of isoelectric profiles of erythropoietin in urine: differentiation of natural and administered recombinant hormones".
2524:
667:, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, reported finding darbepoetin alfa, a form of erythropoietin, in a test sample for the first time in sports. At the
2529:
971:
99:
652:
detect pharmaceutical EPO by distinguishing it from the nearly identical natural hormone normally present in an athlete's urine. The first EPO-doping cases were found by the
2188:
2325:
1761:
1182:
2210:
1802:
2499:
2401:
1930:
742:
of their own blood in the 1980s. Donati felt this work "opened the road to EPO . . . because blood doping was a trial to understand the role of EPO".
459:
358:
706:, which leads to increased production of erythropoietin and improved performance. It has been used for this purpose in Russia since at least 2004.
904:
2376:
206:
1275:"Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery"
934:"Information on Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESA) Epoetin alfa (marketed as Procrit, Epogen), Darbepoetin alfa (marketed as Aranesp)"
653:
1370:
Burtis, C.A.; Ashwood, E.R. and Bruns, D.E. Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 5th Edition. Elsevier. pp 1554
2069:
978:
771:
1096:
1143:
Aapro MS, Link H (2008). "September 2007 Update on EORTC Guidelines and Anemia
Management with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents".
233:
ESAs are used to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and best meets a person's needs. Medical
2196:
2514:
2336:
2043:
695:
which activate the EPO gene. The compounds include oxo-glutarate competitors, but also simple ions such as cobalt(II) chloride.
1758:
863:
Witnesses testified that code words used for EPO included "Edgar", "Poe", "Edgar Allan Poe", and "Zumo" (Spanish for 'juice').
2456:
1200:
2509:
1196:
1178:
829:
1030:
824:
admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs, including EPO, throughout his career as a professional cyclist. In 2012, the
785:
were not only immediately disqualified, but banned from racing for two weeks. Robert Millar, former racer, later wrote for
778:
2469:
633:
2302:
872:
1226:"Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants"
749:, a former student and protege of Conconi, had a controversial interview mentioning the drug in 1994, just after his
237:
1633:
1604:
1575:
1543:
1514:
1435:
1406:
1112:
692:
540:
222:
148:
84:
2288:
Statement From USADA CEO Travis T. Tygart
Regarding The U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy
2088:
1324:"Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis"
1459:
2519:
1779:
900:
509:
546:
241:
972:
WHO EML 2016-2017 - Application for erythropoietin-stimulating agents (erythropoietin type blood factors)
714:
Recombinant EPO is believed to have come into use in cycling about 1990. In theory, EPO use can increase
463:
451:
1951:
Lodewijkx HF, Brouwer B (Dec 2011). "Some empirical notes on the epo epidemic in professional cycling".
735:
528:
308:
267:
ESAs may fail to achieve an adequate therapeutic response when one or more of the following is present:
195:
183:
754:
2444:
1484:
886:
Dynepo was made in cultured human cells. It was therefore expected to have an authentic human form of
680:
668:
660:
234:
2231:
1810:
810:
795:
487:
470:
2173:
820:
for three days, and came second in the points classification with the assistance of EPO. In 2010,
2109:
1976:
1885:
1741:
1012:
903:
was tested positive for Dynepo on a test taken on
December 24, 2007, while Dekker was riding for
803:
739:
641:
160:
17:
750:
2368:
2362:
2408:
2372:
2021:
1968:
1877:
1841:
1733:
1710:
1666:
1353:
1304:
1255:
1160:
1092:
813:
731:
1628:
1509:
1430:
2250:
2011:
2003:
1960:
1912:
1903:
Jelkmann W (2012). "The disparate roles of cobalt in erythropoiesis, and doping relevance".
1869:
1833:
1805:
1725:
1538:
1401:
1343:
1335:
1294:
1286:
1245:
1237:
1152:
1120:
1004:
621:
585:
352:
214:
1599:
1570:
896:
2483:
1765:
1191:
891:
853:
845:
833:
763:
746:
723:
601:
198:. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy. They work similar to naturally occurring
2432:
2420:
2504:
1348:
1323:
1322:
Chung EY, Palmer SC, Saglimbene VM, Craig JC, Tonelli M, Strippoli GF (February 2023).
1299:
1274:
1250:
1225:
857:
841:
837:
791:
617:
331:
249:
199:
140:
104:
54:
2132:
1837:
774:, presented a report accusing Conconi of being linked to the use of EPO in the sport.
2493:
2051:
933:
876:
817:
767:
727:
672:
419:
371:
2007:
1980:
1889:
1063:
1016:
205:
They were first approved for medical use in the United States in 1989. It is on the
1964:
1745:
1339:
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1241:
1156:
849:
821:
625:
597:
502:
444:
382:
343:
337:
210:
152:
88:
730:
has claimed that the history of doping in cycling can be traced to the
Italian Dr
259:
There is no evidence that one agent is better than another in the setting of CKD.
1729:
163:. The different agents are more or less equivalent. They are given by injection.
1916:
887:
782:
629:
613:
605:
388:
136:
132:
2150:
836:. The report contained affidavits from numerous riders on the team, including
664:
218:
167:
39:
2310:
2364:
Ride a Stage of the Tour De France The
Legendary Climbs and How to Ride Them
676:
645:
480:
48:
2025:
1972:
1881:
1845:
1737:
1670:
1357:
1308:
1259:
1164:
1117:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
2396:
2283:
2133:"Blood testing for professional cyclists: What's a fair hematocrit limit?"
2089:"An Interview With Dr. Michele Ferrari, part two: That l'Equipe Interview"
1873:
995:
Tanne JH (2010). "FDA restricts use of erythropoiesis stimulating drugs".
895:
2009, for commercial reasons. On July 1, 2009, professional cycling team
637:
179:
175:
156:
92:
2131:
Martin DT, Ashenden M, Parisotto R, Pyne D, Hahn AG (MarchâApril 1997).
1125:
572:
EPIAO (rHuEPO), made by Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical Co.. LTD. China
116:
715:
684:
516:
67:
2016:
1657:
Macdougall IC (Jul 2000). "Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein".
1008:
244:(CKD) who have hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dL and do not have
609:
476:
425:
406:
245:
191:
187:
144:
80:
1091:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 666â671.
319:
72:
Erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs, erythropoietin-type blood factors
2273:"A lifetime ban: Does the time fit the crime?" Velo News, 12/16/13
1463:
880:
828:
released a report on its investigation into massive doping by the
825:
799:
703:
699:
410:
318:
702:/oxygen mixture activates production of the transcription factor
1780:"Catlin has made a career out of busting juicers â USATODAY.com"
171:
2189:"Christophe Bassons Interview: 'People Now See I Wasn't Lying'"
1488:
252:
ESAs may help reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions.
479:
trademark name for an erythropoiesis stimulating protein, by
430:
PDpoetin, made by pooyeshdarou biopharmaceutical company IRAN
374:
patterns giving rise to alpha, beta, delta, and omega forms:
2093:
by Jean-Michel Rouet, from l'Equipe, 1994, reprinted excerpt
977:(Report). WHO. WHO EML 2016â2017, Version 3. Archived from
596:
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have a history of use as
1380:
781:(UCI) instituted a new rule that riders testing above 50%
1946:
1944:
938:
US Food and Drug Administration â Drug Safety Information
871:
Dynepo is the brand name for a form of EPO developed by
2211:"Stuart O'Grady admits to doping at 1998 Tour de France"
2121:
Juliet Macur: Cycle of Lies: The Fall of Lance Armstrong
1129:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
400:
Nanokine (Nanogen Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Vietnam)
207:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
575:
Cinnapoietin, made by CinnaGen biopharmaceutical Iran.
2467:
1183:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2284:"U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation"
1768:, www.doping.chuv.ch (page visited on 11 June 2014).
738:. Conconi had worked on the idea of giving athletes
1759:
History of the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses
110:
98:
76:
66:
61:
32:
883:may have precluded its sale in the United States.
439:Abseamed (Medice Arzneimittel PĂźtter GmbH Co. KG)
27:Medicine that stimulates red blood cell production
159:. In these situations they decrease the need for
2037:
2035:
691:production. Most of the compounds stabilize the
687:, tested positive for EPO and was disqualified.
240:do not recommend the use of ESAs in people with
1138:
1136:
1064:"Epoetin alfa Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com"
2525:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
1565:
1563:
1058:
1056:
1054:
722:by a significant amount, making it useful for
2530:World Health Organization essential medicines
2063:
2061:
1803:"FDA Reports New Risks Posed by Anemia Drugs"
8:
2326:"Public statement on Dynepo (epoetin delta)"
566:Shanpoietin, made by Shantha Biotechnics Ltd
370:Recombinant erythropoietin has a variety of
1328:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1230:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
563:ReliPoietin, made by Reliance Life Sciences
327:The following types of ESAs are available:
2457:"Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta"
806:if he would use EPO, but Bassons refused.
726:like cycling. Italian antidoping advocate
221:. Use among athletes is prohibited by the
155:, major surgery, or certain treatments in
91:, major surgery, or certain treatments in
47:
2015:
1953:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport
1347:
1298:
1249:
1124:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
753:team had a remarkable performance in the
1862:International Journal of Sports Medicine
1462:. Ortho Biotech Products. Archived from
1089:British national formulary : BNF 69
675:, the gold medalist in the 50-kilometer
460:Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
376:
359:Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
271:Occult blood loss and/or iron deficiency
209:. Commercially available agents include
2474:
1279:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1031:"Highlights of Prescribing Information"
970:Banzi R, Gerardi C (23 December 2016).
916:
816:won one stage, held the Tour de France
693:hypoxia-inducible transcription factors
554:Erykine, made by Intas Biopharmaceutica
2050:. chrisharrisonwriting. Archived from
1224:Aher SM, Ohlsson A (28 January 2020).
1190:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
661:Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City
505:(biosimilar forms for epoetin alpha):
29:
1119:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
569:Zyrop, made by Cadila Healthcare Ltd.
7:
2463:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2451:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2439:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2427:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2415:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
654:Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses
533:EPOTrust, made by Panacea Biotec Ltd
2367:. London: A & C Black. p.
2232:"Landis admits to illegal drug use"
944:from the original on 14 April 2022.
182:. Serious side effects may include
2249:United States Anti Doping Agency.
2213:. Theaustralian.com.au. 2013-07-25
1487:. probiomed.com.mx. Archived from
772:Italian National Olympic Committee
560:Espogen, made by LG life sciences.
25:
2500:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
2402:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
1709:Jelkmann W, Lundby C (Sep 2011).
125:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
18:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
2477:
2395:
1711:"Blood doping and its detection"
798:. One manager offered a 270,000-
557:Wepox, made by Wockhardt Biotech
541:Serum Institute of India Limited
536:Erypro Safe, made by Biocon Ltd.
166:Common side effects may include
33:Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent
2195:. Bicycling.com. Archived from
2008:10.1152/japplphysiol.90484.2008
349:Epoetin zeta (Silapo, Retacrit)
1965:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599811
1340:10.1002/14651858.CD010590.pub3
1291:10.1002/14651858.CD012451.pub2
1242:10.1002/14651858.CD004868.pub6
1197:American Society of Nephrology
1179:American Society of Nephrology
1157:10.1634/theoncologist.13-S3-33
830:US Postal Service cycling team
1:
2309:. BBC Radio 5. Archived from
1996:Journal of Applied Physiology
1838:10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00407-4
1273:Kaufner L, Heymann C (2020).
779:Union Cycliste Internationale
2151:"Pantani: Future 'in doubt'"
2044:"The Man Who Knows Too Much"
1730:10.1182/blood-2011-02-303271
551:Epofit, made by Intas pharma
1917:10.13055/ojhmt_3_1_6.121211
1381:"Aranesp(darbepoetin alfa)"
436:Bioyetin, made by Probiomed
2546:
2068:Gifford B (JanâFeb 2006).
1905:Open Journal of Hematology
281:Infection and inflammation
238:professional organizations
2333:European Medicines Agency
2106:10 liters of orange juice
2042:Harrison C (2003-03-01).
1634:European Medicines Agency
1605:European Medicines Agency
1576:European Medicines Agency
1544:European Medicines Agency
1515:European Medicines Agency
1436:European Medicines Agency
1407:European Medicines Agency
1113:World Health Organization
143:. They are used to treat
115:
46:
37:
2301:Chapman M (2012-10-15).
1460:"Procrit (Epoetin alfa)"
832:under the leadership of
519:, Pfizer Europe MA EEIG)
299:Primary disease activity
223:World Anti-Doping Agency
149:end stage kidney disease
85:end stage kidney disease
2515:Antianemic preparations
2461:Drug Information Portal
2449:Drug Information Portal
2437:Drug Information Portal
2425:Drug Information Portal
2413:Drug Information Portal
2303:"Cycling's Dirty Truth"
2187:Startt J (2012-10-15).
2172:Millar R (2003-10-23).
2070:"Paging Doctor Ferrari"
1826:Analytical Biochemistry
1778:Steeg JL (2007-02-28).
1659:Seminars in Nephrology
547:Emcure Pharmaceuticals
397:Epocept (Lupin pharma)
394:Darbecept (Celon labs)
324:
242:chronic kidney disease
2510:Anti-aging substances
2108:: see the article on
1874:10.1055/s-2007-989369
873:Shire Pharmaceuticals
736:University of Ferrara
529:Lupin Pharmaceuticals
510:STADA Arzneimittel AG
450:NeoRecormon, made by
403:Epofit (Intas pharma)
322:
309:Pure red cell aplasia
196:pure red cell aplasia
2404:at Wikimedia Commons
2342:on 24 September 2015
2313:on October 16, 2012.
2290:. USADA. 2012-10-10.
802:-per-month raise to
681:2008 Summer Olympics
669:2012 Summer Olympics
634:cross country skiing
302:Transplant rejection
278:or folate deficiency
141:make red blood cells
135:which stimulate the
1811:The Washington Post
811:1998 Tour de France
796:1998 Tour de France
757:race. Ferrari told
287:Hyperparathyroidism
284:Inadequate dialysis
2445:"Darbepoetin Alfa"
2174:"The Bare Minimum"
2153:. BBC. 5 June 1999
2110:Water intoxication
2087:Maloney T (2003).
1937:. 8 February 2014.
1764:2016-03-29 at the
1548:. 20 December 2019
984:on 31 August 2020.
804:Christophe Bassons
770:, working for the
766:. That same year,
755:La Flèche Wallonne
642:mixed martial arts
539:Repoitin, made by
424:Binocrit, made by
325:
161:blood transfusions
2400:Media related to
2378:978-1-4081-3333-0
1685:"Boxing Scandals"
1638:. 14 January 2020
1440:. 31 October 2019
1411:. 13 January 2020
1206:on April 16, 2012
1009:10.1136/bmj.c1050
940:. 31 March 2017.
732:Francesco Conconi
583:
582:
527:Epocept, made by
452:HoffmannâLa Roche
340:(Procrit, Epogen)
293:Patient adherence
290:Aluminum toxicity
122:
121:
62:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
2537:
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2481:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2409:"Erythropoietin"
2399:
2383:
2382:
2361:Bauer K (2011).
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2335:. Archived from
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2315:
2314:
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2019:
1991:
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1927:
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1856:
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1821:
1815:
1814:(August 8, 2012)
1806:Associated Press
1800:
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1524:
1519:. 8 October 2019
1506:
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1302:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1199:, archived from
1187:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1060:
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1048:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1020:
992:
986:
985:
983:
976:
967:
946:
945:
930:
724:endurance sports
698:Inhalation of a
659:In 2002, at the
622:distance running
602:endurance sports
586:Darbepoetin alfa
545:Vintor, made by
377:
353:Darbepoetin alfa
215:darbepoetin alfa
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2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
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2489:
2488:
2478:
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2379:
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2355:
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2318:
2307:Sport, Peddlers
2300:
2299:
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2277:
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2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2230:
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2225:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2176:. Cycling News.
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2095:. Cycling News.
2086:
2085:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2041:
2040:
2033:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1931:"Breathe it in"
1929:
1928:
1924:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1766:Wayback Machine
1757:
1753:
1724:(9): 2395â404.
1713:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1691:. December 2011
1689:Bleacher Report
1683:
1682:
1678:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1629:"Retacrit EPAR"
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1609:. 10 March 2020
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1580:. 23 April 2009
1569:
1568:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1510:"Abseamed EPAR"
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1431:"Binocrit EPAR"
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1334:(2): CD010590.
1321:
1320:
1316:
1285:(8): CD012451.
1272:
1271:
1267:
1236:(1): CD004868.
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1192:ABIM Foundation
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
994:
993:
989:
981:
974:
969:
968:
949:
932:
931:
918:
913:
899:announced that
892:oligosaccharide
869:
854:Levi Leipheimer
846:George Hincapie
834:Lance Armstrong
764:Lance Armstrong
747:Michele Ferrari
719:
712:
594:
524:Miscellaneous:
418:Eprex, made by
368:
366:Available forms
317:
277:
265:
231:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Drugs in sport
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2433:"Epoetin beta"
2429:
2421:"Epoetin alfa"
2417:
2405:
2391:
2390:External links
2388:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2353:
2316:
2293:
2275:
2266:
2241:
2223:
2202:
2199:on 2012-10-18.
2179:
2164:
2142:
2137:Sports Science
2123:
2114:
2112:, for example.
2098:
2079:
2057:
2054:on 2014-02-26.
2031:
1986:
1940:
1922:
1895:
1851:
1816:
1795:
1770:
1751:
1701:
1676:
1649:
1620:
1591:
1559:
1539:"Mircera EPAR"
1530:
1501:
1476:
1451:
1422:
1402:"Aranesp EPAR"
1393:
1372:
1363:
1314:
1265:
1216:
1170:
1145:The Oncologist
1132:
1104:
1097:
1080:
1050:
1022:
987:
947:
915:
914:
912:
909:
868:
865:
858:Johan Bruyneel
842:Tyler Hamilton
838:Frankie Andreu
814:Stuart O'Grady
794:tarnished the
792:Festina affair
717:
711:
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593:
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332:Erythropoietin
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296:Hypothyroidism
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250:preterm babies
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200:erythropoietin
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55:erythropoietin
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2238:. 2010-05-20.
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2048:Sport Monthly
2045:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:(4): 740â54.
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:The Economist
1932:
1926:
1923:
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1914:
1910:
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1832:(2): 119â26.
1831:
1827:
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1668:
1665:(4): 375â81.
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:"Silapo EPAR"
1595:
1592:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:"Dynepo EPAR"
1566:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1491:on 2018-03-26
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1466:on 2009-10-26
1465:
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908:
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901:Thomas Dekker
898:
897:SilenceâLotto
893:
889:
884:
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878:
877:biotechnology
874:
866:
864:
861:
859:
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843:
839:
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827:
823:
819:
818:yellow jersey
815:
812:
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805:
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797:
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784:
780:
777:In 1997, the
775:
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769:
768:Sandro Donati
765:
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751:GewissâBallan
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728:Sandro Donati
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721:
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673:Alex Schwazer
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488:epoetin omega
486:
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475:
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472:
471:epoetin delta
469:
465:
462:(Mircera) by
461:
458:
455:
453:
449:
448:
446:
443:
438:
435:
432:
429:
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420:Janssen-Cilag
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372:glycosylation
365:
360:
357:
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346:(NeoRecormon)
345:
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248:symptoms. In
247:
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189:
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184:heart attacks
181:
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53:Structure of
50:
45:
42:
41:
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2448:
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2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2332:
2319:
2311:the original
2306:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2205:
2197:the original
2193:This Just In
2192:
2182:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2145:
2136:
2126:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2052:the original
2047:
2002:(2): 581â7.
1999:
1995:
1989:
1956:
1952:
1934:
1925:
1908:
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1861:
1854:
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1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
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1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
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1658:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1574:
1550:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1282:
1278:
1268:
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1229:
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1208:, retrieved
1201:the original
1189:
1173:
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1144:
1126:10665/325771
1116:
1107:
1088:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1025:
1000:
996:
990:
979:the original
937:
885:
870:
862:
850:Floyd Landis
822:Floyd Landis
808:
787:Cycling News
786:
776:
758:
744:
740:transfusions
713:
697:
689:
658:
650:
626:race walking
598:blood doping
595:
584:
503:epoetin zeta
445:epoetin beta
383:epoetin alfa
369:
344:Epoetin beta
338:Epoetin alfa
326:
266:
258:
254:
232:
229:Medical uses
211:epoetin alfa
204:
190:, increased
165:
153:chemotherapy
128:
124:
123:
111:Legal status
89:chemotherapy
38:
2324:Wathion N.
1485:"Probiomed"
1383:. Amgen.com
1073:13 December
1043:13 December
888:sialic acid
881:Amgen, Inc.
783:haematocrit
704:HIF-1-alpha
671:in London,
630:snowshoeing
606:horseracing
389:Darbepoetin
219:biosimilars
194:growth, or
137:bone marrow
133:medications
117:In Wikidata
2494:Categories
2260:2012-10-28
2217:2013-07-25
2017:10553/6534
1868:(1): 1â6.
1789:2009-03-31
1695:2011-12-22
1495:2018-03-21
1470:2009-04-29
1387:2009-04-29
1210:August 17,
911:References
890:and other
665:Don Catlin
604:, such as
600:agents in
515:Retacrit (
409:, made by
305:Malignancy
235:speciality
168:joint pain
40:Drug class
2346:31 August
2074:Bicycling
1808:story in
1784:USA Today
1151:: 33â36.
1068:Drugs.com
1003:: c1050.
677:race walk
646:triathlon
481:Shire plc
391:(Aranesp)
361:(Mircera)
355:(Aranesp)
274:Vitamin B
2484:Medicine
2236:BBC News
2076:: 50â59.
2026:18535134
1981:34350476
1973:22276416
1890:11677786
1882:18050057
1846:12470670
1762:Archived
1738:21652677
1671:10928340
1642:10 March
1613:10 March
1584:10 March
1552:10 March
1523:10 March
1444:10 March
1415:10 March
1358:36791280
1309:32790892
1260:31990982
1165:18458123
1115:(2019).
1017:72017313
942:Archived
905:Rabobank
879:company
759:l'Equipe
638:biathlon
508:Silapo (
456:Recormon
180:headache
176:vomiting
157:HIV/AIDS
100:ATC code
93:HIV/AIDS
68:Synonyms
2256:. USADA
2157:30 June
1911:: 3â6.
1746:2685044
1349:9924302
1300:8095002
1251:6986694
809:In the
734:at the
710:Cycling
685:Beijing
679:in the
614:cycling
517:Hospira
433:Procrit
323:Mircera
263:Failure
147:due to
83:due to
2470:Portal
2375:
2024:
1979:
1971:
1888:
1880:
1844:
1744:
1736:
1669:
1356:
1346:
1307:
1297:
1258:
1248:
1163:
1095:
1015:
867:Dynepo
663:, Dr.
644:, and
618:rowing
610:boxing
592:Misuse
493:Epomax
477:Dynepo
426:Sandoz
415:Epogin
407:Epogen
246:anemia
217:, and
192:cancer
188:stroke
178:, and
145:anemia
131:) are
81:Anemia
2505:Amgen
2340:(PDF)
2329:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
1977:S2CID
1886:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1718:Blood
1714:(PDF)
1636:(EMA)
1607:(EMA)
1578:(EMA)
1546:(EMA)
1517:(EMA)
1438:(EMA)
1409:(EMA)
1204:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
1013:S2CID
982:(PDF)
975:(PDF)
826:USADA
800:franc
700:xenon
464:Roche
411:Amgen
334:(Epo)
315:Types
105:B03XA
2373:ISBN
2348:2015
2159:2011
2022:PMID
1969:PMID
1878:PMID
1842:PMID
1734:PMID
1667:PMID
1644:2020
1615:2020
1586:2020
1554:2020
1525:2020
1446:2020
1417:2020
1354:PMID
1332:2023
1305:PMID
1283:2020
1256:PMID
1212:2012
1161:PMID
1093:ISBN
1075:2017
1045:2017
745:Dr.
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