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197:
back home, their involvement in bombing campaigns caused widespread outrage. The
Literary Digest headlined the news as "U.S. bombs and Rif babies". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said it would've been one thing if the mercenaries were fighting for the Riffians, but that there was "nothing gallant or chivalrous in the rain of bombs, dropped on defenseless villages." The Christian Century, a leading Protestant magazine, remarked, "These American soldiers of fortune have no pretexts other than the exaltation of the manhunt. This is a royal sport and the fact that these women and children who have had the misfortune to be born in the Rif villages as victims has no more meaning for them than the death of a rabbit during a hunt."
139:
20:
201:
diplomatic pressure by the United States. According to
Marshal Philippe PĂ©tain, the unit carried out 350 combat missions in six weeks and dropped more than 40 tons of ammunition. According to Lieutenant Colonel Charles Kerwood, the squadron had bombed villages and caused caused considerable civilian casualties. There was even a proven instance of the American squadron bombing a village which had previously surrendered.
196:
issued instructions to its consul in
Morocco to warn the Americans that they would risk the revocation of their citizenship, imprisonment, and fines under the Neutrality Act of 1794 if they did not end their involvement in the war. While the initial public reception to the mercenaries had been mixed
200:
The State
Department repeated its threat to prosecute the pilots for violating American neutrality laws if they did not immediately cease their participation in the war, but the pilots rejected the warnings. Nevertheless, after only six weeks of operations, the French disbanded the squadron under
310:
On the motivation of the rogue
American volunteer pilots, Sweeny wrote, "In our view, France, in fighting Abdel Krim, is fighting the cause of the white man's civilization, and all who have formed this squadron know enough of the world to appreciate what the white man's civilization means."
125:
said: "This
American expression of solidarity seems particularly interesting at the moment and capable of bringing a share of American propaganda to our cause, strengthening American sentiment against the aggression of
830:
825:
96:
Seeking "volunteers," Sweeny sent a telegram to a number of World War I veterans in the US in June 1925. By July, he had 17 volunteers, 12 of whom were pilots, including
29:
from August 6, 1925. Translation: "The
American volunteer pilots left yesterday for Morocco / Before departure: General Dumesnil gives the American colonel Sweeny a
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108:, 19th Squadron of the Moroccan Aviation Regiment. It was legally attached to the Sultan's Guard, and not to French forces.
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595:"Excelsior : journal illustré quotidien : informations, littérature, sciences, arts, sports, théâtre, élégances"
24:
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Most of the pilots were interested in an adventurous life and the historian
William Dean refutes the importance of the
19:
174:
293:
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89:, proposed organizing a squadron of American pilots to assist the French in Morocco, to French Prime Minister
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256:
Commander James Sussan/Susson, Canadian former commander pilot in the Royal Air Force of the United
Kingdom
54:
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Under diplomatic pressure from the United States, the
Squadron was disbanded on November 15, 1925.
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Baltimore Sun, U.S. Flyers in Riff Termed Civilian Slayers in Report, 17 Oct 1925, p. 1, 10
517:"L'escadrille Lafayette : des aviateurs américains dans la guerre du Rif: (1921-1926)"
398:"History : When an American squadron violated US neutrality laws, bombing Chefchaouen"
315:
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was cited at the order of the (French) Occupation Troops of Morocco on October 15, 1925.
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100:, had served France in World War I. The American volunteers were inducted into the
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146:, where the escadrille was based. The image shows the escadrille's emblem: an
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659:
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746:"Bulletin de l'Association des dames françaises / Croix-rouge française"
58:
362:
338:"Why Americans Volunteered to Bomb a Moroccan Mountain Town in 1925"
744:
texte, Association des dames françaises Auteur du (January 1926).
265:
Captain Samuel J. Mustain, former pilot of United States Air Force
229:
137:
18:
781:
One Man's Wars: The Story of Charles Sweeny, Soldier of Fortune
215:
The French aviators in Morocco and the French new commander
158:
light bombers. The Squadron was assisted by a 59-man French
154:
The unit was activated on August 7, 1925. It operated seven
565:"L'aéronautique militaire française dans la guerre du Rif"
702:
texte, Parti social français Auteur du (1925-08-06).
831:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1925
121:, the Prime Minister and Minister of War of France
826:Military units and formations established in 1925
619:Roberts, Charley; Hess, Charles P. (2017-10-20).
451:Roberts, Charley; Hess, Charles P. (2017-09-08).
421:Roberts, Charley; Hess, Charles P. (2017-09-08).
93:, who "warmly welcomed the Colonel’s request."
622:Charles Sweeny, the Man Who Inspired Hemingway
454:Charles Sweeny, the Man Who Inspired Hemingway
424:Charles Sweeny, the Man Who Inspired Hemingway
364:Charles Sweeny, the man who inspired Hemingway
268:Doctor James V Sparks, who enlisted as a medic
49:(American Squadron) was an American mercenary
212:as a Republican leader fighting for liberty.
8:
219:disapproved the use of foreign mercenaries.
521:Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains
165:In Morocco, the American volunteers of the
192:After learning about the mercenaries, the
532:
326:
175:bombed the Moroccan city of Chefchaouen
821:French expatriate units and formations
697:
695:
693:
691:
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648:"Des Américains dans la guerre du Rif"
487:"Des Américains dans la guerre du Rif"
104:in July, and their squadron was named
85:, an American pilot who had served in
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841:White supremacy in the United States
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242:held at Majestic, December 12, 1925.
283:Lieutenant-Colonel Austin G. Parker
259:Donald Mac Gibeny, former pilot of
23:Front page of the Paris edition of
16:Pro-French American mercenary unit
14:
234:Photo of American members of the
240:Association des Dames Françaises
625:. McFarland. pp. 150–156.
836:Mercenary units and formations
142:Paul Rockwell photographed at
1:
301:Lieutenant William S. Cousins
277:Lieutenant Charles W. Kerwood
646:Dean, William (2007-03-15).
485:Dean, William (2007-03-15).
280:Commander Grandville Pollock
238:, at a charity ball for the
111:In a telegram to the French
652:Revue historique des armées
491:Revue historique des armées
253:Captain Paul Ayres Rockwell
857:
654:(in French) (246): 46–55.
515:Azzou, El-Mostafa (2003).
493:(in French) (246): 46–55.
457:. McFarland. p. 153.
286:Captain Reginald H. Weller
208:also saw Rifian commander
69:. The squadron was led by
563:Pesquies, Simone (1990).
298:Captain William G. Bullin
294:Lansing Colton Holden Jr.
61:. It was attached to the
778:Deacon, Richard (1972).
194:U.S. Department of State
43:(Cherifian Squadron) or
581:10.3406/rnord.1990.4530
261:United States Air Force
177:on September 17, 1925.
249:Charles Michael Sweeny
243:
236:Escadrille Cherifienne
167:Escadrille Cherifienne
151:
106:Escadrille Cherifienne
55:French colonial empire
40:Escadrille Chérifienne
34:
534:10.3917/gmcc.209.0057
318:views of the pilots.
233:
141:
102:French Foreign Legion
46:Escadrille Américaine
22:
816:American mercenaries
271:Captain George Butts
63:Moroccan Royal Guard
98:Paul Ayres Rockwell
704:"Le Petit journal"
361:Roberts, Charley.
244:
152:
35:
632:978-1-4766-6994-6
316:white supremacist
173:. The Escadrille
67:Garde Chérifienne
53:fighting for the
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114:résident général
26:Le Petit Journal
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342:Code and Dagger
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217:Philippe PĂ©tain
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396:Yabiladi.com.
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289:Captain Graham
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169:were based in
148:American bison
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119:Hubert Lyautey
83:Charles Sweeny
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71:Charles Sweeny
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569:Revue du Nord
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523:(in French).
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427:. McFarland.
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603:. Retrieved
601:. 1925-10-03
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274:George Rehm
210:Abd el-Krim
206:French Left
160:ground crew
128:Abd el-Krim
117:in Morocco
87:World War I
57:during the
805:Categories
784:. Barker.
755:2019-07-19
713:2019-07-19
605:2019-07-15
407:2019-07-14
383:1011663811
374:1476669945
347:2019-07-14
322:References
306:Motivation
182:Escadrille
171:Beni Malek
156:Bréguet 14
144:Beni Malek
134:Operations
31:bon voyage
660:0035-3299
543:0984-2292
527:(1): 57.
499:0035-3299
77:Formation
292:Captain
247:Colonel
188:Polemics
81:Colonel
51:squadron
811:Rif War
750:Gallica
708:Gallica
599:Gallica
226:Members
59:Rif War
33:toast."
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65:, or
786:ISBN
656:ISSN
627:ISBN
539:ISSN
495:ISSN
459:ISBN
429:ISBN
379:OCLC
369:ISBN
204:The
180:The
37:The
577:doi
529:doi
525:209
130:."
807::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
