Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape

1258:. After completion of 3–4 years as a "field instructor," specialists may be tasked to train students worldwide. USAF SERE specialists are encouraged to complete an associate degree in survival and rescue sciences through the USAF Community College to continue to advance in the SERE career field. (SERE Specialists complete additional qualification training at specialized schools as required. Examples are Scuba Courses, Military Freefall Parachuting, Altitude chamber, etc. Assignment to each of the outlying schools requires additional training by the SERE Specialist. Upon reporting to the new assignment, each SERE specialist must first complete that school's course (the same as an aircrew member), and then be trained by the school's cadre in the specialized subject matter (and carry crews under supervision) before the newly assigned specialist is "qualified" to teach without supervision. At Edwards AFB, USAF SERE specialists are tasked as "test parachutists" and required to perform multiple jumps on newly introduced / modified rescue systems, aircraft, and parachuting and / or ejection systems. This includes test parachuting newly designed canopies, harnesses, etc. Currently, they are the only test parachutists in the Department of Defense. USAF SERE specialists are considered DOD-wide subject matter experts in their field and are assigned to base level and command staff as advisers). 1278:"Preserving the lives and well-being of U.S. military, Department of Defense (DoD) civilians, and DoD contractors authorized to accompany the force (CAAF) who are in danger of becoming, or already are beleaguered, besieged, captured, detained, interned, or, otherwise missing or evading capture (hereafter referred to as "isolated") while participating in U.S.-sponsored activities or missions, is one of the highest priorities of the DoD. The DoD has an obligation to train, equip, and protect its personnel, to prevent their capture and exploitation by adversaries, and to reduce the potential for the use of isolated personnel as leverage against U.S. security objectives. Personnel Recovery (PR) is the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel." MSGID/GENADMIN/CG MCCDC QUANTICO VA REF/A/DODI O-3002.05//REF/B/CJCSM 3500.09//REF/C/MCO 3460.3| MARADMINS Number: 286/18 23 May 2018 announcing that "Training and Education Command (TECOM) in a joint effort with U.S. Army Forces Command, and with the assistance of the Joint Personal Recovery Agency, has developed a SERE Level A Training Support Package (TSP) that enables deploying units to self-train SERE Level A in an instructor guided group setting." 1353:, Okinawa, Japan. The skills, leaders, and endurance courses intend to teach Marines the skills they need should they become separated from their units in a combat zone and must survive off the land while evading the enemy. The Jungle Tracking, Trauma, and Medicine Courses have more specific goals. The rigorous eight-day Basic Skills Course teaches skills such as first aid, communication, booby traps, knot tying, rappelling, and land navigation. Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape training (SERE) is conducted monthly and includes a 12-day course, 3 days of classroom learning of the basics of survival (how to identify and catch food, build tools, start fires and construct shelter), 5 days on a beach where the Marines survive on their own (with nothing but a knife, a canteen and the uniforms on their backs), and 4 days of "team" evasion through the muddy and tangled jungle (to avoid being captured by students from the man-tracking course). Captured student get placed into an improvised POW camp and the instructors interrogate them to test their "resistance" skills. 1374:

Conventions related to treatment of prisoners of war, gave American soldiers some legal and moral argument for their right to such protections. To soldiers who are legally required to follow the directives of their commander-in-chief, this declaration offered a potential excuse for harsh techniques or even torture by American personnel or those who captured Americans. (As such, a soldier's claim that this was an "unlawful order" would be a difficult defense to establish because the specific legal definition of torture – "intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering" – remains unresolved in many contexts. An alleged torturer's intent is hard to prove, and the meaning of "severe" in this application is discretely debated as well.)

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military branches, the Army operates under DOD Directive 1300.7 which requires and specifies Code of Conduct training for military personnel. Because the Army views a large portion of its training as "survival" related and since the Army has more soldiers than the other branches, there are many modes and schools for survival and SERE training (as indicated above and below). Army Airborne School, for example is largely about surviving parachute jumps but is not deemed a "survival school". US Army Green Berets, Army Rangers, Delta Force and other SoF soldiers receive extensive survival training as an inherent part of their overall combat training (as well as specific SERE training).

1506:. Jessen was a senior psychologist at the Defense Department who had worked with Army special forces in resistance training. The report states that the contractor "developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques and personally conducted interrogations of some of the CIA's most significant detainees using those techniques. The contractors also evaluated whether the detainees' psychological state allowed for continued use of the techniques, even for some detainees they themselves were interrogating or had interrogated." Mitchell, Jessen & Associates developed a "menu" of 20 potential enhanced techniques including waterboarding, sleep deprivation and stress positions. 305:, where training could be done in Level A SERE (as below). "Survival training" for soldiers has ancient origins as survival is a goal of combat. Survival training was not distinct from "combat training" until navies realized the need to teach sailors to swim. Such training was not related to combat and was intended solely to help sailors survive. Similarly, firefighting training has long been a navy focus and remains so today (although survival of the ship may be the primary goal). Water survival training has been a distinct and formal part of Navy basic training since World War II, although its importance was greatly increased with the advent and expansion of naval aviation. 433:

opened a separate "Instructor Training Branch" (ITB) under the 3636th Combat Crew Training Squadron where all Air Force Survival Instructors received their specialist training, composed of six months of classroom and field training, and initial qualification rating, which was "Global Survival Instructor". They then had to complete six months of On-the-Job Training (OJT) before they were qualified to teach SERE (aka "Combat Survival Training" or "CST"). Years of additional training for added specialties (such as arctic, jungle, tropics, and water survival, "resistance training", and "academic instruction") yield some of the most trained personnel in the U.S. military.

1254:, Washington and other regional locations. After a grueling selection process, successful students relocate to Fairchild, where they experience what they will teach by completing the SV-80-A course. Then they undertake a series of challenging field training exercises over a 5 month period to develop broad first-hand knowledge and experience in different terrains, weather, and situations (and differing gear). Those who graduate (less than 10%) are awarded the Sage Beret (with insignia pin), SERE Arch and SERE Flash – only to enter another 45 weeks of intensive on-the-job training. At some point, graduates must complete 1533:

pried apart. The subsequent investigations failed to affirm the allegations and she filed a lawsuit that was confidentially settled out-of-court. In 1995, abuse allegations were made by one male cadet: "They dressed me up as a woman. They put me in a skirt, put makeup all over my face, and made me follow around one of the like his little toy." The cadet also claimed that while he was tied to a bench, another cadet was forced to "get on top of me and act like he's having sex with me.". Following this allegation, cadet SERE training was suspended until 1998 when it resumed without the "Sexual Exploitation" element.

1002:(JPRA, as above). Because the JPRA has "primary responsibility for DoD-wide personnel recovery matters," (which specifically includes Level C SERE training), it integrates, coordinates, mandates, and draws from all military branches as needed. It is also worthy to note that much of military SERE is viewed as "joint operations" and cross-branch training is common (or required). SERE training detachments (usually, USAF) often work with different branches, especially where bases have been combined as "Joint Bases" and for update/review training. In that regard, designating schools by branch may be less meaningful. 414: 1549:

from an internal JPRA memorandum regarding North Island SERE school waterboarding, which says, in part: "Out of the four water boards we observed, the instructor did not stop watering students when they started tapping their toes, but instead continued watering until stopped by the watch officer or until the totally defeated student gave an answer through the water. In one case two full canteen cups were poured after the student started tapping..." (The tapping of toes is an instructional signal given to students so they may temporarily stop the training simulation.)

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SERE Level C course exposes students to various captor exploitation efforts including interrogation (eight methods), indoctrination, propaganda, video propaganda, concessions, forced labor, and reprisals. A simulated captivity environment provides experience which includes wartime, peacetime governmental detention, and hostage detention scenarios with content involving resistance postures, techniques and strategies, establishing overt and covert organizations, establishing overt and covert communications, and planning and executing escapes in captivity environments.

448:, Texas via a SERE specialist orientation course, potential SERE instructors are assigned to the 66th Training Squadron to learn how to instruct SERE in any environment: the "field" survival course at Fairchild, the non-ejection water survival course at Fairchild AFB (which trains aircrew members of non-parachute-equipped aircraft), and the resistance training orientation course (which covers the theories and principles needed to conduct Level C Code of Conduct resistance training laboratory instruction). USAF SERE specialists also earn their jump wings at the 1515:

if any, were ever legitimate SERE instructors; how many were, in reality, private contractors who used (or, more likely, misused) the title "SERE Instructor; or how many CIA operatives may have misleadingly referred to themselves as "SERE interrogators," solely because they used stolen and/or distorted SERE training techniques. They were purportedly derived from classified training materials, both historical and instructional in nature, that were used for curriculum development in military and JPRA Level-C "resistance training."

4144: 3909:"Department of Justice to Guantanamo Bay: From the Department of Justice to Guantanamo Bay : administration lawyers and administration interrogation rules : hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session", United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008 102:, with the necessary skills to survive in hostile environments. The program emphasised the importance of adhering to the military code of conduct and developing techniques for escape from captivity. Following the foundation laid by the British, the U.S. Air Force formally established its own SERE program at the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War. This program was extended to include the Navy and United States Marine Corps and was consolidated within the Air Force during the 498:

part of combat readiness (per FM 7-21.13 "The Soldier's Guide") and combat training is largely about an individual soldier's survival as opposed to the enemy's non-survival. "Survival", as a distinct part of modern military training, largely emerges in special environment operations (as shown in "Mountain Operations", FM 3-97.6, "Jungle School", the Marine Corps' mountain warfare training center, the Air Force's Desert and Arctic Survival Schools (as above), and the Navy's

1020: 1342:(MWTC) at Pickel Meadows in the Toiyabe National Forest (~20 miles northwest of Bridgeport, California) offers "specialized training in technical climbing, military mountaineering, snow mobility, field craft, survival, CASEVAC, navigation, use of pack animals and high angle marksmanship. Medical challenges include treatment of high altitude and cold weather illness and injuries, and casualty transport in a snow covered mountainous environment." 1394:"SERE techniques" involving torture: the "R" in SERE is about "Resistance training," intended solely to assist American POWs (or captives) in resisting unlawful force or methods intended to compel them to act against their fellow prisoners or their honor as soldiers. Nonetheless, the collective actions of the U.S. military as well as military contractors – including tangible proof of torture in some locations, most infamously 1265:(AFA) in Colorado. Since 2011, this program has been significantly reduced (following problems and controversies detailed below). With most academy graduates now required to attend the SV-80-A course at Fairchild, the AFA program is limited to some survival and Level B Code of Conduct training. As of 2022, the course has been reintroduced to the AFA curriculum, with the intent of providing all AFA Cadets and select 4720: 277:

i.e., as a place where soldiers were expected to accept death as a possible duty. President Eisenhower then issued Executive Order 10631 which stated: "All members of the Armed Forces of the United States are expected to measure up to the standards embodied in this Code of Conduct while in combat or in captivity." The U.S. military likewise began the process for training and implementing this directive.

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or other designated activities that involve two or more of the DOD Components." DoD chose the U.S. Air Force as its Executive Agency for joint escape and evasion in 1952 and it was therefore the candidate to be chosen as the EA for SERE and CoC training in 1979. The Air Force remained EA for most survival, evasion, escape and rescue related matters until 1995. But, with the growing importance of

388:(PR), the United States Department of Defense established the Joint Services Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Agency (JSSA) in 1991 and designated it the DoD EA for DoD Prisoner of War / Missing in Action (POW / MIA) matters. In 1994 the JSSA was designated as the central organizer and implementer for PR and the USAF as the EA for Joint Combat Search and Rescue (JCSAR) 1189: 56: 1217:, Alaska – a five-day course consisting of both classroom instruction and a 3-day field experience where students from all military branches along with "the Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other organizations that find their members operating in arctic conditions" get to build snow shelters, trap rabbits, and deal with being cold. 64: 332:

Force Base, Florida, which operated under separate commands. In April 1971, these schools were brought under the same Group and squadrons were organized to conduct training at Clark, Fairchild and Homestead, while detachments were used for other localized survival training (the acronym "SERE" was not used extensively in the Air Force until later in the 1970s).

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suddenly finding yourself alone, lost, or outside your "comfort zone" can be debilitating, seriously depressing, and even fatal (via panic). Isolation survival also focuses upon the broader view of captivity to include kidnapping and non-combatant captivity. Isolation survival training has more focus on psychological preparedness and less upon "skills".

734:"Escape Training" has elements similar to evasion and resistance training – if details are revealed, it potentially helps adversaries. Much of this training has to do with observation, planning, preparation, and contingencies. And much of this comes from historical experience so public sources are revealing (such as the movies 452:. SERE Specialists who work in the "dunker" portion of the water survival course at Fairchild are certified through the Navy Salvage Dive Course. The SERE training instructor "7-level" upgrade course is a 19-day course that provides SERE instructors with advanced training in barren Arctic, barren desert, jungle, and open-ocean environments. 1336:

Conduct, should they become captured or detained. The training consists of classroom academic instruction, vicarious learning evolutions consisting of Academic Role-Play Laboratories (ARL), field survival exercises, an evasion exercise, experiential resistance training laboratories (RTL), an urban movement phase and a course debrief.

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Special Operations Forces (SOF) war fighting skills training. In the ten-week Phase I portion, Marines learn basic Spec Ops skills including SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape), TCCC (Tactical Combat Casualty Care), fire support training and communications. Survivability is a focus in all phases of the ITC course.

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to attend formal courses. MI9 went on to devise a multitude of evasion and escape tools; These tools included overt items to aid immediate evasion after bailing out and covert items for use to aid escape following capture which were hidden within uniforms and personal items (concealed compasses, silk and tissue maps, etc.).

730:: For troops at a high risk of capture and whose position, rank, or seniority make them vulnerable to greater than average exploitation efforts by any captor. Level C training focuses on resistance to exploitation and interrogation, survival during isolation and captivity, and escape from hostiles (e.g., "prison camps"). 650:. American soldiers are still taught the standards of international law for humanitarian treatment in war, but they are less likely to receive those protections than to offer them. Because details cannot be offered, a few examples of well-known resistance methods provide clues as to the nature of resistance techniques: 1456:(JPRA) said a team of trainers whom he was leading in Iraq were asked to demonstrate SERE techniques on uncooperative prisoners. He refused, but his decision was overruled. He was quoted as saying, "When presented with the choice of getting smarter or getting tougher, we chose the latter." Secretary of State 3976:"Survival, Evasion. Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Training: Preparing Military Members for the Demands of Captivity", by Anthony P. Duran, Gary Hoyt, and Charles A. Morgan III, in Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applicalions, edited by Carrie H. Kennedy and Eric A. Zillmer, Guilford (2006) 1061:

where 21 days of SERE training is included in the Army aviators curriculum. The program has a Level C course with both academics and resistance training labs. The Basic Officer's Leadership Course (BOLC) includes introductory SERE training including Helicopter Over-water Survival Training (HOST). The

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where Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) personnel complete their Special Forces Qualification Course (SFQC – Phase III "SF Tactical Combat Skills") with a 19-day SERE course (including the Special Operations Forces' (ARSOF) Resistance Training Laboratory (RTL)) that includes Level

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The DoD defines Executive Agency as "the Head of a DOD Component to whom the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) or the Deputy Secretary of Defense (DEPSECDEF) has assigned specific responsibilities, functions, and authorities to provide defined levels of support for operational missions, or administrative

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In 1976, following accusations and reports of abuses during Navy SERE training, DoD established a committee (i.e., "Defense Review Committee") to examine the need for changes in Code of Conduct training. After hearing from experts and former POWs, they recommended the standardization of SERE training

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While it was accepted that the Code of Conduct would be taught to all U.S. soldiers at the earliest point of their military training, the Air Force believed more was needed. At the USAF "Survival School" (Stead AFB), the concepts of evasion, resistance, and escape were expanded and new curricula were

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The committee's key recommendation was the implementation of a military "Code of Conduct" that embodied traditional American values as moral obligations of soldiers during combat and captivity. Underlying this code was the belief that captivity was to be thought of as an extension of the battlefield;

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in evading enemy troops following bail-out, forced landings, or being cut off behind enemy lines. A training school was established in London, and officers and instructors from MI9 also began visiting operational air bases, providing local training to air crews unable to be detached from their duties

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has had several sex/sex abuse scandals, some involving SERE. In 1993 a female cadet stated that she was particularly selected as a participant in a simulated rape and exploitation scenario where, while hooded and other cadets stood by, she had to lie on the ground with her shirt removed and her legs

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reported that the senior Pentagon lawyer Mark Schiffrin requested information in 2002 from the leaders of the Air Force's captivity-resistance program, referring to one based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The information was later used on prisoners in military custody. In written testimony presented in

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promulgates the Navy's SERE training. The mission of the Command is "to educate and train those who serve, providing the tools and opportunities which enable life-long learning, professional and personal growth and development, ensuring fleet readiness and mission accomplishment; and to perform such

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Desert Warrior Course outside of Fort Bliss, Texas where a 20-day course emphasizes the "individual strain on the body from the heat, sun, high winds and dryness." There is also special focus on desert hazards ("rattlesnakes, cobras, vipers, scorpions, tarantulas, camel spiders, coyotes, camels, big

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If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information nor take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every

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The military "has an obligation to the American people to ensure its soldiers go into battle with the assurance of success and survival. This is an obligation that only rigorous and realistic training, conducted to standard, can fulfill". The U.S. Army has long taken survival training as an integral

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and as organizing agency (OA) for all DoD "resistance" training, it has close ties with the 336th Training Group (which was given the role of organizing and operating the Personnel Recovery Academy or PRA). JPRA and the PRA now coordinate PR activities and train PR/SERE globally with American allies

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in Washington State (where it is centered today). The Air Force also had other survival schools including the "Tropical Survival School" at Howard Air Force Base in the Panama Canal Zone, the "Arctic Survival School" at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, and the "Water Survival School" at Homestead Air

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showed that traditional notions about captives during wartime were no longer valid as North Koreans, with Chinese backing, ignored the Geneva Conventions regarding treatment of POWs. This mistreatment was especially true for American airmen because of North Korean hatred of bombardments and airmen's

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There were also several unofficial private "clubs" created during World War II by British and American pilots who had escaped from German forces during the war and returned to friendly lines. One such club was the "Late Arrivals' Club". This strictly nonmilitary club had a flying boot which was worn

3927:"Training Success for U.S. Air Force Special Operations and Combat Support Specialties: An Analysis of Recruiting, Screening, and Development Processes" by Maria C. Lytell, Sean Robson, David Schulker, Tracy C. McCausland, Miriam Matthews, Louis T. Mariano, Albert A. Robbert, RAND Corporation (2018) 3548:

Department of Justice to Guantanamo Bay: From the Department of Justice to Guantanamo Bay : Administration lawyers and administration interrogation rules : Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary, One Hundred

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Claims of resistance training involving "torture": "The experience of torture at SERE surely plays a role in the minds of the graduates who go on to be interrogators, and it must on some level help them rationalize their actions." The most credible claim of simulations escalating into torture come

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aired pictures from Abu Ghraib in May 2004, the shock was "heard around the world." Americans, for the most part, began hearing of "SERE" for the first time during this period. While Mitchell, Jessen & Associates claim to have hired ex-"SERE instructors," it has never been established how many,

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Special Operations Training Course (SOTC) is taught at the Marine Raider Training Center (MRTC) at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina in four phases under the general title Individual Training Course (ITC). The entire course includes six months of unhindered, realistic, challenging basic and intermediate

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As with the other branches, the Air Force offers a wide scope of survival training within other courses, but unique to the Air Force is the stationing of career SERE specialists at bases around the world as renewal and upgrade SERE instructors, advisors, and PR specialists. In the mid-80s, the USAF

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1. Water (ocean, river, littoral) Survival: Military personnel are much more likely to find themselves in a water survival situation than others. How to survive in water is taught at Navy Recruit Training, Navy SUBSCOL Submarine Escape Training, the Air Force Water Survival Course and at a separate

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Evading an enemy consists of certain well-known basic skills, but the military has an interest in not openly discussing its practices since this may assist an enemy. Major militaries spend considerable time and energy preparing for evasion with extensive planning (routes, practices, pick-up points,

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Military personnel are almost always better prepared for survival situations because of obvious inherent risk in their activities (and their training and equipment). Conversely, military personnel are subject to a much wider variety of likely scenarios as any given mission may expose them to a wide

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The Air Force's SERE instructors play key roles in DoD-wide training and in implementing other branches SERE training programs; both the Navy and Army send their SERE instructors to take the basic 9-day SERE course (SV-80-A) taught by the 22nd TS since these other branches have no career option for

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in Florida. With the move to Stead AFB and the opening of a full-time survival school, the USAF initiated the military's only full-time, career survival instructor program (with the Air Force Specialty Code 921). By the time the Air Force opened the survival school at Fairchild AFB in 1966, it also

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The concept of SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape) training was first developed by the British during World War II. The United Kingdom initiated survival training for their aircrew, focusing on skills needed for evasion and survival in hostile environments. This laid the groundwork for

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The Army position statement on SERE training is clear: "The Army has an obligation to the American people to ensure its soldiers go into battle with the assurance of success and survival. This is an obligation that only rigorous and realistic training, conducted to standard, can fulfill." Like all

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In late 1984, the Pentagon issued DoD Directive 1300.7 which established three levels of SERE training with the "resistance portion" incorporated at "Level C". That level of training was specified for soldiers whose "assignment has a high risk of capture and whose position, rank, or seniority make

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During WWII, the U.S. Navy discovered that 75% of its pilots who had been shot or forced down came down alive, yet barely 5% of them survived because they could not swim or find sustenance in the water or on remote islands. Since the ability to swim was an essential survival skill for Navy pilots,

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realized that it was cheaper and more effective to train aircrews in Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape techniques than to have them lost in the arctic (or ocean) or languishing (or lost) in enemy hands. Thus, he supported the establishment of formal SERE training at several bases/locations

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It was subsequently confirmed that in 2002 JPRA was asked by the CIA to provide advisors on topics such as "deprivation techniques ... exploitation and questioning techniques, and developing countermeasures to resistance techniques." While the identities of the alleged JPRA instructors have never

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provides 19 days of full spectrum Level C SERE training to MARSOC personnel encompassing Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP) to plan for evasion, effect personnel recovery, survive and evade capture in austere environments and resist exploitation appropriately, in accordance with the Code of

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where sailors and marines learn basic skills necessary for worldwide survival, facilitating search and rescue efforts, and evading capture by hostile forces. Additional Level C Code of Conduct training includes a five-day Peacetime Detention and Hostage Survival (PDAHS) course providing skills to

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The vast majority of SERE/Survival Schools mentioned in "History" above are still operating. There has also been growth in private sector SERE Schools and training (which are not relevant herein). However, there has been a significant change in military use of private sector SERE training that is

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Military personnel are often subject to enhanced risks and unique situations and, therefore, beyond basic combat skills and specialty skills, many U.S. military personnel receive training in survival skills specific to their assignment. Such general survival training may include the basics listed

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Soon after the Korean War ended, the DoD initiated the Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War to study and report on the problems and possible solutions regarding the Korean War POW fiasco. The charter of the committee was to find a suitable approach for preparing the U.S. armed forces to

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SV-80-A – the USAF aircrew SERE course is the largest in the military with 6,000+ attendees in an average year. This 19-day course mixes classroom, field, and "laboratory" (captive simulation) experiences to prepare students to "Return with Honor". The course is the "standard" for

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and while modern arctic survival situations are rare, the training remains useful and worthwhile because its content obviously relates to winter survival anywhere. All U.S. military branches have some type of cold/winter/mountain survival training originating from hard-learned lessons during the

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in Maine with a 12-day Code of Conduct course designed to give Navy pilots and aircrew the skills necessary to survive and evade capture, and if captured, resist interrogation and escape. Later, the course was expanded so that other Navy and Marine Corps troops, such as SEALs, SWCC, EOD, RECON /

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Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command (NSWATC) courses (4) providing advanced training related to SERE and Personnel Recovery (PR) to Naval Special Warfare (NSW) trainees (SEAL/Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewman pipeline students and Combat Support/Combat Service Support (CS/CSS)

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regarding POWs did not apply to the conflict with Al-Qaeda or the Taliban as those "detainees" were not entitled to POW status or those legal guarantees of humane treatment has led to serious problems for SERE training. The military Code of Conduct, based upon American adherence to the Geneva

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5. Isolation Survival: Isolation is not just "being alone", it's being away from the familiar and comforting. Isolation survival has long been part of SERE in the "resistance" portion of training, but has more recently been recognized as worthy of broader attention. The psychological impact of

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Military survival often involves exposure to an enemy. The basic survival skills taught in SERE programs include common outdoor/wilderness survival skills such as firecraft, sheltercraft, first aid, water procurement and treatment, food procurement (traps, snares, and wild edibles), improvised

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during resistance training (ordered stopped in 2007 by JPRA): "For years, the U.S. military used waterboarding, a centuries-old torture technique, to train American troops to resist interrogation if captured." JPRA (the controlling agency) compelled the Army and Navy to discontinue simulated

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at Fairchild AFB, Washington has the mission to "provide high risk of isolation personnel with the skills and confidence to "Return With Honor" regardless of the circumstances of isolation." It is also the largest U.S. Military SERE training provider training more than 20,000 students, in 19

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From its origins in the 1950s, the "Resistance" portion of SERE was based upon a firm belief in and commitment to the protections of the Geneva conventions (as above). That opposing forces chose to ignore those protections was the very reason for creating the Code of Conduct and the ensuing

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relevant here. That change has produced one odd outcome – the military has found it difficult to keep their well-trained and highly experienced SERE instructors because of lucrative private sector opportunities. The vast majority of those jobs require military SERE training.

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The teaching of "resistance" is typically done in a "simulation laboratory" setting where "resistance training" instructors act as hostile captors and soldier-students are treated as realistically as possible as captives/POWs with isolation, harsh conditions, close confinement, stress, mock

1072:) where several courses are intended to maintain the U.S. Army's abilities in cold weather and mountain warfare. The Cold Weather Orientation Course (CWOC), Cold Weather Indoctrination Course (CWIC), and Basic Military Mountaineering Course (BMMC) each have specific "survival" sections. 367:). Individual bases may conduct SERE courses which include C-level elements (see "Schools" below). The required (every 3 years) Level C refresher course is commonly taught by USAF "detachments" (often just one SERE specialist/instructor) stationed at a base or a traveling specialist. 1509:

Over the six years following their hiring, Mitchell, Jessen & Associates would hire over 100 staff, bill the CIA for over $ 80 million, and lead the American military (and other parts of the government) into one of their largest public relations fiascos in modern times. When

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JPRA courses: The Personnel Recovery Academy is located with the SERE school at Fairchild and there is significant overlap in instruction and facility. The west coast JPRA facility is just across the highway at White Bluffs where separate Level C(+) training is offered (mostly

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The mission of the United States Army SERE training is "to ensure each student gains the ability to effectively employ the SERE tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) necessary to return with honor regardless of the circumstances of separation, isolation or capture."

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interrogation, and torture "simulations". While it is impossible to simulate the reality of hostile captivity, such training has proven very effective in helping those who have endured captivity know what to expect of their captivity and themselves under such conditions.

646:. Thus, it is important to know who one's captors are likely to be and what to expect from them. Intelligence regarding such things is sensitive, but in the modern era, captives are less likely to enjoy the status of "prisoner of war" and so to gain protections under the 1437:

involved the use of techniques used in SERE training. Human Rights First claimed that "internal FBI memos and press reports have pointed to SERE training as the basis for some of the harshest techniques authorized for use on detainees by the Pentagon in 2002 and 2003."

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training programs were developed to ensure pilot trainees could swim (requiring cadets to swim one mile and dive 50 feet underwater to be able to escape bullets and suction from sinking aircraft). Soon, the training was expanded to include submerged aircraft escape.

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Military survival schools also teach unique skills such as parachute landings, basic and specialized signalling, vectoring a helicopter, use of rescue devices (forest-tree penetrators, harnesses, etc.), rough terrain travel, and interaction with indigenous peoples.

1544:

Claims of psychological and/or physical harm from resistance training: It has been suggested that training exercises during SERE courses are harsh enough to cause students to become "psychologically defeated" and impaired in the ability to develop "psychological

1286:, North Carolina. Marine Spec Ops often train with Navy Spec Ops and utilize Navy training when it fits their needs and there is no equivalent USMC course. The Corps like to stand apart and have their own specifications for required "Code of Conduct" training: 1209:

Combat "Desert" Survival Course was established by the 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing and USAF Survival Training Schools began emphasizing "Combat SERE Training" (CST) instead of "Global SERE Training". The primary Air Force survival schools/courses are:

484:

equipment, self-defense (natural hazards), and navigation (map and compass, etc.). More advanced survival training focuses on mental elements such as will to survive, attitude, and "survival thinking" (situational awareness, assessment, prioritization).

264:

prestige among soldiers. North Koreans were interested in the propaganda value of American captives given their new methods for gaining compliance, extracting confessions, and gathering information, which proved successful against American soldiers.

1386:

in the torture of Guantanamo POWs. These allegations remain unproven, however, though some persist in conflating "SERE techniques" in misguided fashion with alleged incidents of "detainee interrogation/torture" by CIA and U.S. military personnel.

1281:

The U.S. Marine Corps operates jointly with the Navy and cooperatively with the other branches in much of its SERE training, but operates its own Level C course at the Full Spectrum SERE Course, U.S. Marines Special Operations School (MSOS),

117:. These efforts throughout the 1940s laid the foundation for formal SERE programs, which focused on survival, evasion, and resistance, ensuring that military personnel were equipped to perform effectively under potential captivity scenarios. 396:

was created as an agency under the Commander in Chief, US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) and was named the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) for DoD-wide PR matters. JPRA has been designated a Chairman's Controlled Activity since 2011.

4109: 1098:

other functions and tasks assigned by higher authority". This includes basic survival training for all Navy sailors and DOD Directive 1300.7 requiring "Code of Conduct" training (as above). The major Navy SERE schools and courses include:

469:

The anticipated military survival situation almost always begins with exiting a vehicle – an aircraft or ship. Thus, the scenario begins with exit strategies, practices, and means (ejecting, parachuting, underwater escape,

464:

SERE curriculum has evolved from being primarily focused on "outdoor survival training" to increasingly focus upon "evasion, resistance, and escape". Military survival training differs from typical civilian programs in several key areas:

374:

continues to provide the only U.S. military career SERE specialists and instructors who are part of Air Force Special Warfare Operations and are utilized in varied roles throughout the Air Force and DoD. See USAF "Survival Instructors".

1468:

been confirmed or denied, a number of media sources continued referring to them as "SERE instructors." JPRA has no direct relation to SERE, and many of its resistance training instructors are not SERE instructors (they are from the

3101: 1164:(NAVSTA Great Lakes), Illinois offers introductory survival training including: basic sea survival training; lifeboat organization, survival kit contents and usage, abandon ship procedures, and swim qualification (3rd class). 1006:

SERE 100.2 (J3TA-US1329) is a joint services Level A SERE education and training course supporting the military-wide "Code of Conduct" training requirement. It is 4 hour course available on-line or as an on-base classroom

4565: 2013: 4082: 1378:

development of "Resistance Training" (as above). However, some have argued that SERE's "Resistance" protocols were subverted by the U.S. military, and that it used Resistance-rooted training designed to help soldiers

4489: 4092: 4087: 1227:

Evasion and Conduct After Capture (ECAC) Course, also conducted by the 66th TRS, Det. 3 at Lackland. A Level B code of Conduct course that may act as partial/preparation course for Level C Code of Conduct (completed

1741:"Every soldier, regardless of rank, position, and MOS must be able to shoot, move, communicate, and survive in order to contribute to the team and survive in combat." Army FM 7-21.13 ("The Soldier's Guide"), p. A-1 4131: 4114: 2458: 1174:

Naval Aviation Survival Training Centers: The Navy operates eight water survival training centers for its aviators (Miramar, Jacksonville, Norfolk, Cherry Point, Pensacola, Patuxent River, Lemorre, and Whidbey

3687:

In sworn depositions, Mitchell states unequivocally and repeatedly that he didn't "design" or "develop" the North Korean/Chinese/Vietnamese techniques that he sold to the CIA (which became the basis for the

1751: 4399: 4387: 2931: 637:

I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of

3389:

Careers, Full Bio Rod Powers was the U. S. Military expert for The Balance; Powers, was a retired Air Force First Sergeant with 22 years of active duty service Read The Balance's editorial policies Rod.

1110:, a "Risk of Isolation Brief" course, and the SERE Instructor Under Training course. The school employs approximately 100 military and civilian personnel and trains an average of 1,200 students per year. 676:: "Take physical torture until you are right at the edge of losing your ability to be rational. At that point, lie, do, or say whatever you must do to survive. But you first must take physical torture." 933:

Survival: Staying alive in the jungle is relatively easy, but doing so comfortably can be very difficult. There are good reasons why soldiers deemed JWS (Jungle Warfare School) in Panama "Green Hell":

859:

Survival: While desert survival training was part of U.S. military survival courses since their inception (see Air Forces Manual No. 21) the focus of survival training went that direction in 1990 with

4097: 1469: 755: 4745: 424:

The first USAF "survival instructors" were experienced civilian wilderness volunteers and USAF personnel with prior instructor experience (and they included a small cadre of "USAF Rescuemen", i.e.

336:

among all branches of the military and the expansion of SERE to include "lessons learned from previous US Prisoner of War experiences" (intending to make the training more "realistic and useful").

31: 1129: 611:

If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and to aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy.

594:. This is especially true for "resistance" training where one hopes to prepare those who might be captured for hardship, stress, abuse, torture, interrogation, indoctrination, and exploitation. 4126: 1525: 132:

became more involved with SERE as Special Forces and "spec ops" grew. Today, SERE is taught to a variety of personnel based upon risk of capture and exploitation value with a high emphasis on

4266: 706:: Entry level training. These are the Code of Conduct classes (now commonly taken online) required for all military personnel – normally at recruit training, "basic" and "OCS" 4416: 3722:"It is both illegal and deeply unethical to use techniques that profoundly disrupt someone's personality" Leonard S. Rubenstein, the executive director of Physicians for Human Rights from 1121: 4484: 1718:

It wasn't until 1977 that the code was modified with the intent to make it more practical by removing or changing wording that implied death was often the most suitable course of action.

4177: 3975: 1928:

DoD Directive 1300.7; see also: "Return With Honor: Code of Conduct Training In the National Military Strategy Security Environment" by Maj. Laura M. Ryan, Thesis NPS, September 2004

2232: 1418:

said "SERE instructors" taught their methods to interrogators of the prisoners in Cuba. The article also stated that physical and mental techniques used against some detainees at

181:

Evasion and Escape ("E&E") organization began to help the escape lines once the British realized they could be effective. Led by World War I veteran Colonel (later Brigadier)

4218: 3305: 2349: 1487: 634:. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability, I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause. 1094: 4423: 499: 320:, where jungle warfare and survival training was offered to soldiers headed for Vietnam. As the Vietnam War progressed, the Air Force also opened a "Jungle Survival School" at 312:

in Panama (known as "Green Hell"). Operations there were ramped up during the 1960s to meet the demand for jungle-trained soldiers in Vietnam. In 1958, the Marine Corps opened

1494:

81 million for their services and identified the contractors, who were referred to in the report via pseudonyms, as principals in Mitchell, Jessen & Associates from

1481: 3744: 4411: 4074: 4057: 2000:"Personnel Recovery: Strategic Importance and Impact" by Pera, Miller, & Whitcomb, Air & Space Power Journal, Nov.–Dec. 2012, pp. 83-122 (A history of U.S. PR) at 866:(1990–1991). Desert survival training is likely to remain a major focus in the foreseeable future. While there is a common mistake to think of deserts as hot, much of the 193:

Once the United States entered the war in 1941, MI9 staff traveled to Washington, D.C., to discuss their now mature E&E training, devices, and proven results with the

4504: 4007: 1043: 2466: 4575: 4203: 4121: 4062: 456:

SERE. Because the Air Force has the largest and best trained SERE staff, it assumes diverse roles DoD wide, such as furnishing SERE training for Red Flag exercises.

4532: 4104: 3409: 3888: 444:

Currently, USAF SERE specialist/instructor training is conducted under the 66th Training Squadron at Fairchild AFB. After selection and qualification conducted at

4670: 4509: 4467: 4462: 4040: 1490:

released a report ("SASC report", hereafter) which detailed how contractors who developed the "enhanced interrogation techniques" used by U.S. personnel received

1292:

is taught to recruits and candidates in Officer Candidate School and the Recruit Depots, or under professional military education (but note the JPRA note above).

1145: 2928: 2109: 4457: 4182: 4052: 3632: 1796:"NVN: REVIEW OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT/Committee Recommends Changes in the PW Code of Conduct Based on Experiences of U.S. Servicemen Imprisoned in North Vietnam" 4382: 233:, Colorado, under the 3904th Training Squadron, and, in 1947, the Arctic Indoctrination Survival School (colloquially known as "the Cool School") opened at 473:

Military survival training has greater focus on specialized military survival equipment, survival kits, signaling, rescue techniques, and recovery methods.

40: 480:

In almost all military survival situations someone knows you're missing and will be looking for you with advanced equipment and pre-established protocols.

4547: 1411: 217:(from July 1942 to May 1944) hosting the 336th Bombardment Group (now the 336th Training Group), including a small program for Cold Weather Survival at 3835: 4449: 4406: 4030: 2050: 608:

I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist.

428:). When the Army Air Force formed the Air Rescue Service (ARS) in 1946, the 5th Rescue Squadron conducted the first Pararescue and Survival School at 2317: 4699: 4608: 4527: 4152: 4035: 2828: 2307:

See "Lessons from the Hanoi Hilton: Six Characteristics of High Performance Teams" by Peter Fretwell, Taylor B. Kiland, Naval Institute Press (2013)

1266: 598: 4585: 4499: 4494: 3919: 3546: 1705: 1149: 1125: 170: 94:. It is best known by its military acronym and prepares a range of Western forces to survive when evading or being captured. Initially focused on 4603: 4394: 4067: 2147: 72: 4570: 4000: 3371: 3129: 2777: 2068: 597:

The foundation for capture preparedness lies in knowing one's duty and rights if taken prisoner. For American soldiers, this begins with the

3780: 437: 281:

developed as "Code of Conduct Training". Those curricula have remained the foundation of modern SERE training throughout the U.S. military.

4750: 4694: 4251: 1090: 2335: 1224:, Texas – a rigorous pre-screening intended to save the Air Force time and money, and students needless pain and suffering. 3525: 2121: 2001: 1113:

Cold Weather Environmental Survival Training (CWEST) at Rangeley, Maine – the US Navy's only cold weather survival school.

4689: 4655: 4612: 2240: 253: 2357: 1011:

It is common practice for joint operation SERE training to be conducted at, through, or in conjunction with individual military bases.

4479: 4339: 4231: 2885: 1197: 882:(a climate in which there is an excess of evaporation over precipitation), some deserts are deemed "cold weather deserts" such as the 449: 425: 3955: 724:

of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. Level B focuses on survival and evasion, with resistance in terms of initial capture.

4522: 3689: 3557: 1584: 605:

I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.

4704: 3656:

See also: Report of the Office of the Inspector General (OIG): "Review of DoD-Directed Investigations of Detainee Abuse" (2006) at

3341: 3225: 505:

Certain skills have been identified that enhance every soldier's chance for survival (whether they are on the battlefield or not):

284:

The Navy also recognized the need for new training, and by the late 1950s, formal SERE training was initiated at "Detachment SERE"

2564: 1845: 1686: 4723: 4665: 4616: 4198: 3993: 3816: 2960: 2645: 1770: 1339: 1299: 1065: 298: 294: 177:

soldiers and airmen stranded or shot down behind enemy lines evade capture by the German occupiers of western Europe. Britain's

4517: 4236: 4208: 3612: 1604: 1529: 1453: 1262: 1200:(AETC) has over 60,000 personnel and is responsible for all Air Force training programs, including SERE training. In AETC, the 999: 393: 3970: 2261: 2206: 642:

Training on how to survive and resist an enemy in the event of capture is generally based on past experiences of captives and

4755: 4660: 4620: 3817:"Air Force To Tone Down Training Role Playing To Resist Sexual Abuse Went Too Far, Cadets Charge | The Spokesman-Review" 2947: 2488: 1634: 1407: 1117: 352: 290: 413: 4675: 4628: 2986: 1599: 1415: 194: 76: 1971: 4640: 4624: 3065: 1651: 1168: 110: 1460:

has acknowledged that the use of the SERE program techniques to conduct interrogations in Iraq was discussed by senior

1116:

The Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) School (A-2D-4635 or E-2D-0039) at CENSECFOR Detachment SERE West,

1102:

The Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) School (A-2D-4635 or E-2D-0039) at CENSECFOR Detachment SERE East,

3438: 2380:"What I've Learned Since College: An interview with R. Dale Storr :: Fall 2006 :: Washington State Magazine" 1594: 1589: 1137: 285: 1901: 830:

Snow/Ice/Cold Issues: snow blindness, avalanches/ice fall, icebergs, wind chill, shock therapy (internal or external)

3280: 256:(DoD) designated the United States Air Force (USAF) as executive agent (EA, as below) for joint escape and evasion. 4765: 4241: 2854: 2682: 1324:

is held at Camp Lejeune, as above, although some Marine personnel are trained at the Navy facilities listed above.

1153: 1086: 890:

Conserve water (but don't over-do it): If it's hot, avoid perspiration; if it's cold, avoid dehydrating respiration

3391: 2287: 4634: 4246: 4167: 4047: 3912:"Special Operations Forces Reference Manual", Fourth Edition, The JSOU Press, MacDill AFB, Florida, June 2015 at 3243: 3046: 1161: 1106:, New Hampshire offers several SERE courses including the outdoor/field course at the Navy Remote Training Site, 1103: 348: 3951:

Airmen Against the Sea: An Analysis of Sea Survival Experiences" by George Albert Llano (1956) Free Google Books

590:

methods, "friendlies", "chits", weapons, etc.). Some elements of hostile survival preparedness and teaching are

4760: 4537: 4474: 3762: 3693: 2398: 1251: 1133: 707: 389: 328: 218: 3980: 3424: 2663: 229:

aircrews received basic survival training. In 1945, a consolidated survival training center was initiated at

4650: 4580: 4369: 4016: 3913: 1862: 860: 735: 683: 571:

Prioritizing needs and planning actions for personal protection, survival, and recovery (survival decisions)

562:

Special survival practices and procedures (shipboard firefighting, abandon ship procedures, liferafts, etc.)

445: 154:

the formalised SERE programs that were later expanded upon by other countries, including the United States.

3657: 3323: 3028: 2857:

major branches: U.S. Army 471,513, U.S. Navy 325,802, U.S. Air Force 323,222, U.S. Marine Corps 184,427

1665: 679:

A pilot POW who gave the name of comic book heroes when his captors demanded the name of his fellow pilots.

3595: 2321: 1303: 1247: 1232: 665:

was forced to appear at a televised press conference, he repeatedly blinked the word "T-O-R-T-U-R-E" with

591: 429: 418: 302: 174: 114: 30:

This article is about SERE training in the United States. For a similar course in the United Kingdom, see

886:. Because the unifying feature of all deserts is a lack of water, that is the focus for desert survival: 3956:

Survival, Evasion, and Recovery – Multiservice Procedures for Survival, Evasion, and Recovery FM 21-76-1

3856: 3523:"Command's Responsibility: Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody in Iraq and Afghanistan: Abed Hamed Mowhoush" 3324:"Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command > Units > Marine Raider Training Center > SERE" 197:("USAAF"). As a result, the United States initiated their own Evasion and Escape organization, known as 2169: 568:

Situational awareness and assessment / Understanding the mission environment: hazards and opportunities

39: 2748: 2417:"Army Regulation 350–30: "Training Code of Conduct, Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE)"" 2002:

https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-26_Issue-6/F-Pera-Miller-Whitcomb.pdf

816:

Korean War (see above and below). Dealing with cold conditions presents several unique content areas:

673: 124:(1959–1975), there was clear need for "jungle" survival training and greater public focus on American 4359: 4354: 4256: 2032: 1503: 1201: 1141: 1054: 371: 234: 182: 2911: 699:

Under current DoD public policy, SERE Code of Conduct (aka "Resistance") training has three levels:

4364: 4349: 4344: 3864: 3133: 1495: 1434: 717: 128:. As a result, the U.S. military expanded SERE programs and training sites. In the late 1980s, the 113:(SOE) to train operatives in evasion and resistance techniques, supporting resistance movements in 3705: 2076: 1941: 1246:

SV-81-A – the U.S. military's only career SERE Specialist Course is offered by the

4329: 4276: 4261: 4226: 4172: 3724: 3581: 3533: 2627: 1579: 1574: 1447: 1426: 1370: 1349:

Jungle Warfare Training Center (JWTC) offers various courses taught by the 3d Marine Division at

1311: 647: 385: 249: 226: 137: 3950: 2051:"SERE: Water survival - preparing Airmen for the sea > Fairchild Air Force Base > Display" 1816: 565:

Preparing for survival (mission briefings, personal survival gear/kits, special knowledge, etc.)

3836:"The Military Banned Waterboarding Trainees Because It Was Too Brutal – And Never Announced It" 2440: 982:

Stress "fight or flight" coping response, the "stress cycle", and things to help you stay calm.

559:

Specialty rescue devices (e.g. forest penetrator, personal lowering and hoisting devices, etc.)

363:) were officially authorized to conduct Level C training, other bases have been added (such as 4645: 4334: 4309: 3798: 3781:"The US Military's Forgotten Sex-Abuse Scandal That Foretold CIA Torture in the War on Terror" 3617: 3576: 3553: 3522: 3403: 2773: 2619: 2546: 2505:

AFM 64-3 "Survival Training Edition"(1977); NAVAER 00-80T-56, "Survival Training Guide" (1955)

1630: 1607: – an analogous training program used by the armed forces of the United Kingdom 1419: 1213:

Arctic Survival School – the "Cool School" offered by the 66th TRS, Det. 1, at

1019: 48: 4427: 4314: 4299: 4289: 2767: 2722: 2609: 2536: 2528: 2204:

The release of a previously classified "PREAL" training guide provides detailed information-

1457: 643: 3965: 2889: 2399:"What It's Like At The Training Camp Where US Troops Learn To Survive If They Are Captured" 98:

and evading capture, the curriculum was designed to equip military personnel, particularly

4324: 4319: 4304: 4294: 4284: 3529: 3500: 3186: 2935: 1564: 1559: 1255: 1069: 998:

Branch distinctions for SERE have become less clear or relevant since the creation of the

662: 550:

Special survival equipment and procedures (specific vehicle exiting, first aid kits, etc.)

125: 95: 3926: 1331:

Full Spectrum SERE Training taught by the MARSOC Personnel Recovery (PR)/ SERE Branch at

574:

If an enemy is involved – evasion (camouflage, travel techniques, et al.).

289:

MARSOC, and Navy Combat Medics would attend. Subsequently, a second school was opened at

3349: 2187: 3729: 3207: 2541: 2516: 1690: 1569: 1398:– has raised questions over whether certain SERE techniques were inappropriately used. 1366: 1350: 1307: 1107: 879: 825: 752: 627: 321: 317: 313: 186: 99: 3633:"Senate Report Accidentally Reveals SERE Instructors Trained CIA Officials In Torture" 3261: 3083: 2532: 946:

Jungle ailments: trench foot, insect bites, bad food, bad water, parasites, snake bite

71: 4739: 4684: 4680: 3572: 3469: 1902:"Department of Defense Executive Agent Responsibilities of the Secretary of the Army" 1537: 1442: 1406:

An online magazine article from June 2006 referenced a 2005 document obtained by the

631: 623: 344: 297:) in 1951, where Marines would be trained in outdoor survival and, later, opened the 3670: 63: 2631: 1499: 1332: 1283: 1221: 1058: 1047: 1027:

to conceal a fire in order to better protect their position from enemy observation.

875: 812: 720:

rear boundary and up to the forward line of own troops (FLOT). Normally limited to

436: 401: 364: 356: 309: 213: 158: 91: 3960: 3889:"The military should close its torture school. I know because I graduated from it" 2950:, Army.mil, by CPT Erik Olsen, dated 21 November 2014, last accessed 22 April 2017 1179:

personnel) and other select groups at Kodiak, Alaska and Virginia Beach, Virginia.

811:) Survival: Air Force aircrews spend considerable time flying over arctic regions 17: 3015: 2938:, U.S. Army Special Operations Center of Excellence, last accessed 22 April 2017] 1357:

Marines often participate in "exercises" and some of them have a survival focus.

1880: 1461: 1214: 883: 786:

Aquatic environment first aid (seasickness, immersion injuries, animal injuries)

739: 230: 121: 2994: 2416: 2098: 1863:"Inside Air Force SERE Specialist Training, America's Toughest Survival School" 536:

Know and utilize emergency procedures, survival equipment, and recovery systems

370:

As the designated executive agency for U.S. military SERE training, the USAF's

43:

Knife slashing through barbed wire in alien territory: the West and East Coast

3945: 3455: 1979: 1511: 1395: 1188: 938: 821: 666: 360: 260: 245: 103: 55: 3495: 2708: 1239:

Level C Code of Conduct training and is offered broadly beyond the Air Force.

1157:

survive captivity by a hostile government or terrorist cell during peacetime.

293:. The Marine Corps opened their Pickel Meadow camp (initially established by 3694:

https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/176-1.-Exhibit-1.pdf

2800: 2336:"This Medal of Honor Recipient Was Executed for Singing "God Bless America"" 2220: 1795: 1039:

The major "specialized schools" and courses for Army SERE training include:

871: 202: 129: 44: 3920:

Remembered Prisoners of a Forgotten War: An Oral History of Korean War POWs

2623: 2578: 2550: 1706:

Remembered Prisoners of a Forgotten War: An Oral History of Korean War POWs

340:

them vulnerable to greater than average exploitation efforts by a captor".

3985: 2262:

Code of Conduct, Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) Training

758:(PME) courses. Featured in such courses are topics and exercises such as: 618:

When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give

3914:

https://www.socom.mil/JSOU/JSOUPublications/2015SOFRefManual_final_cc.pdf

3613:"Rice admits Bush officials held White House talks on CIA interrogations" 3599: 1728: 1024: 863: 655: 308:

In 1953, the Army established the "Jungle Operations Training Center" at

222: 3658:

https://media.defense.gov/2016/May/19/2001774103/-1/-1/1/06-INTEL-10.pdf

2379: 90:

is a training concept originally developed by the United Kingdom during

3342:"Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center > About > Mission" 2233:"Navy Legend Vice Adm. Stockdale Led POW Resistance | The Sextant" 2188:"Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center > About > History" 930: 804: 721: 327:

When Stead AFB closed in 1966, the USAF "survival school" was moved to

166: 133: 2614: 2597: 2929:

Survival, Evasion Resistance and Escape (SERE) Course (Phase II SFQC)

1846:"SERE Specialists Working to Expand Their Ranks, Improve Recruitment" 1452:

a Senate Armed Forces Committee hearing, Col. Steven Kleinman of the

1220:

SERE Specialist Selection Course offered by the 66th TRS, Det. 3, at

926: 867: 856: 808: 800: 248:(1950–1953), the Air Force moved their survival school to Stead AFB, 162: 3923:

by Lewis H. Carlson, Macmillan (2002) – first-hand accounts of POWs.

3799:"Air Force Academy Changes Simulated Rape Training After Complaints" 3262:"Air Force Academy Changes Simulated Rape Training After Complaints" 2867: 252:

as the 3635th Combat Crew Training Wing. In 1952, the United States

3147: 1235:

at Fairchild – a 2-day course with an obvious focus.

1192:

USAF SERE Instructor explaining how to jump safely with a parachute

1171:, Coronado, California (mostly classified personnel recovery TTPs). 1120:, California provides all levels of "Code of Conduct" training for 762:

Underwater escape from vessel/vehicle (from submarines to aircraft)

1414:

in which the former chief of the Interrogation Control Element at

1315: 1187: 1018: 435: 412: 198: 70: 62: 54: 38: 3306:"Air Force Special Tactics integrate into Marine Raider training" 533:

Evade, resist, and escape (aka "kidnapping and hostage survival")

3971:

Instruction implementing Air Force Policy Directive 16-13 - SERE

3165: 1752:"US Navy Phase 1 Basic Military Training, aka US Navy Boot Camp" 1430: 897: 619: 3989: 2567:. Training Aids Division. 2 July 1944 – via Google Books. 2683:"What Isolation Does to Your Brain (and How You Can Fight It)" 1470:

Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency

1382:

illegal and immoral means of torture for purposes of actively

209:

under the left collar of a uniform as its identifying symbol.

178: 59:

Specialist patch worn by U.S. Air Force "survival instructors"

3439:"Article 92 Failure to Obey an Order | Articles of UCMJ" 3084:"Desert Warfare: 20-Day Course Focuses on Small-Unit Tactics" 903:

Hot desert – shelter by day, move/act by night

32:

Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract Training Organisation

3281:"Summertime course provides cadets combat survival training" 1687:"Commentary - The military Code of Conduct: a brief history" 1422:

are similar to the ones SERE students are taught to resist.

716:: For those operating or expected to operate forward of the 515:

Navigate from one point to another given point on the ground

3181: 3179: 1526:

2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal

106:(1950–1953) with a greater focus on "resistance training." 3981:

Interview of Malcolm Nance, Chief of Training US Navy SERE

2163: 2161: 1811: 1809: 937:

The jungle environment: conditions (wet, wetter, wettest)

2170:"What It's Like to Go Through Marine Corps SERE Training" 3577:"Ex-Pentagon Lawyers Face Inquiry on Interrogation Role" 3187:"USAF Survival Evasion Resistance Escape | Baseops" 2801:"DOD Has Taken Steps to Assess Common Military Training" 2489:"SERE training develops leaders for complex environment" 2148:"Soldiers train for jungle warfare at Hawaii rainforest" 2069:"Preparing the best for the worst: SERE trains aircrews" 842:

Saving calories, burning calories, and finding calories.

577:

Signaling (radios, mirrors, fire/smoke, flares, markers)

3470:"Torture as a Problem in Ordinary Legal Interpretation" 2014:"US Air Force SERE Specialist Selection & Training" 1949: 1152:. The school operates the Navy Remote Training Site at 4132:

Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

3851: 3849: 3552:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008. pp. 219-221. 2948:

SERE training develops leaders for complex environment

1327:

USMC courses or training with survival focus include:

1269:(AFROTC) Cadets with accredited Level B SERE training. 1160:

Recruit Training Command's Water Survival Division at

521:

Perform first aid (evaluate, stabilize, and transport)

4115:

House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

2829:"Marines Learn Survival Skills in Scottish Highlands" 2646:"Why Jungle Warfare School was called a 'Green Hell'" 2288:"The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 commentary" 1771:"Why Jungle Warfare School was called a 'Green Hell'" 1666:"Teaching America's WWII Navy Fighter Pilots to Swim" 1629:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 50–51. 1488:

United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

140:, and foreign diplomatic and intelligence personnel. 4746:

Military education and training in the United States

3763:"Saum v. Widnall, 912 F. Supp. 1384 (D. Colo. 1996)" 3372:"Guide to MARSOC Training and Being a Marine Raider" 3016:

Cold Weather (CWLC, CWOC & CWIC) Student Handout

2350:"Navy Legend Vice Adm. Stockdale Led POW Resistance" 527:

Select and utilize offensive and defensive positions

512:

Move safely and efficiently through various terrains

500:

Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak

4594: 4556: 4440: 4275: 4217: 4191: 4160: 4151: 4023: 3456:

Definition of Torture Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340–2340A

3226:"SERE specialists showcase training for recruiters" 2886:"Inside the SFQC | Special Forces Association" 2596:Zieliński, Jakub; Przybylski, Jacek (2 July 2012). 1652:"Escape Master of WWII - Brigadier Norman Crockatt" 1482:

Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture

1476:

Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture

836:

Why an igloo or snow cave is far better than a tent

4110:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces 3961:Army Regulation for Code of Conduct/ SERE Training 2097:"US Army Survival Manual, FM 21-76, Chapter 7" at 1681: 1679: 1524:USAFA "sex abuse" during resistance training: See 1068:(NWTC) at Black Rapids, Alaska (administered from 3706:"Officer 'Unpopular' For Opposing Interrogations" 1044:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 906:Cold desert – trap breath moisture 2318:"Surviving Torture | Philadelphia Inquirer" 1942:"Joint Personnel Recovery Agency (Public Entry)" 1095:Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story 553:Communication devices, practices, and procedures 273:deal with the combat and captivity environment. 225:, Alberta where American, British, and Canadian 109:In 1940, the British government established the 1167:Naval Special Warfare (NSW) SERE (K-431-0400), 1076:cats and antelope") and related medical skills. 990:U.S. military SERE/Survival Schools and courses 976:The importance of "keeping your wits about you" 3966:Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 16-13 - SERE 2122:USMC Survival, Evasion and Recovery MCRP 3-02H 672:The "code" of prisoners at the "Hanoi Hilton" 4001: 3745:"National Security Experts on Torture Report" 3474:Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository 3244:"USAFA Summer Training | Air Force ROTC" 2769:Seasons of Captivity: The Inner World of POWs 2441:"Boot Camp – Today's Military" 2219:See "Evasion", pp. K-1 et seq. in JP 3-50 at 2132: 2130: 1429:, the interrogation that led to the death of 1261:Combat Survival Training (CST) taught at the 477:variety of risks, environments, and injuries. 8: 3596:"Officer: Military Demanded Torture Lessons" 3392:"How to Survive Marine Corps Basic Training" 409:USAF "Survival Instructors"/SERE Specialists 3946:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AERMhn1me_8 3932:Beyond Survival: Building on the Hard Times 3408:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1936: 1934: 1231:Non-ejection Water Survival offered by the 979:Focus, Observe, Plan, and Envision ("FOPE") 405:making extensive use of USAF SERE experts. 4157: 4008: 3994: 3986: 3047:"U.S. Special Forces Alpine Warfare Guide" 2598:"How much water is lost during breathing?" 2565:"Army Air Forces Survival on Land, at Sea" 2136:FM 7-21.13 ("The Soldier's Guide"), p. 5-2 2018:Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 1756:Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 789:Food and water procurement and preparation 343:While initially only four military bases ( 3425:"Obama, Bush, and the Geneva Conventions" 3423:III, John B. Bellinger (11 August 2010). 2613: 2540: 2221:https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp3_50.pdf 658:to secretly communicate between captives. 84:Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape 67:USAF Resistance Training Specialist patch 3944:SERE Survival Training (Navy) - YouTube 3536:, February 2006. Accessed 4 August 2008. 3443:Gary Myers, Daniel Conway and Associates 2912:"CNN Programs – Presents" 2823: 2821: 1857: 1855: 1267:Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps 1023:US Army aviation SERE students create a 909:Desert shelters (above or below surface) 599:Code of the United States Fighting Force 185:, MI9 were formed to train air crew and 3611:Rice, Condoleezza (26 September 2008). 3166:"Home page of Fairchild Air Force Base" 2517:"Cold Injuries : The Chill Within" 1625:Foot, M. R. D.; Langley, J. M. (1980). 1617: 820:Cold injuries: frostbite, hypothermia, 774:Boarding and getting out of a life raft 4204:Operational Test and Evaluation Center 4068:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 3401: 3029:"Basic Military Mountaineering Course" 580:Rescue contact and recovery procedures 530:Maintain personal health and readiness 524:Identify and react properly to hazards 3521:Hina Shamsi; Deborah Pearlstein, ed. 3088:Association of the United States Army 2650:Americas Military Entertainment Brand 2033:"USAF SERE Specialist Career Profile" 1369:'s January 2002 declaration that the 27:US military survival training program 7: 3887:Morris, David J. (29 January 2009). 3834:Schulberg, Jessica (29 March 2018). 2707:Heckman, William (8 November 2019). 2295:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 1250:at the Air Force Survival School at 1136:, enlisted Navy and Marine aircrew, 1091:Naval Education and Training Command 509:Use weapons properly and effectively 2521:Medical Journal, Armed Forces India 2110:USAF AFR 64-4 Vol 1 Survival Manual 1402:Allegations of SERE training misuse 792:Drown-proofing, swimming, flotation 768:Swimming out from under a parachute 4705:Air & Space Forces Association 4122:Senate Committee on Armed Services 3310:Air Force Special Tactics (24 SOW) 3066:"Army to launch new desert school" 2602:Pneumonologia I Alergologia Polska 1769:Elphick, James (1 February 2018). 1498:. Two of them were psychologists, 1306:, and at the North Training Area, 1198:Air Education and Training Command 450:United States Army Airborne School 426:United States Air Force Pararescue 25: 3725:"The Experiment | The New Yorker" 3690:enhanced interrogation techniques 1817:"Department of Defense DIRECTIVE" 1650:Knighton, Andrew (22 June 2018). 1585:Enhanced interrogation techniques 4719: 4718: 4617:Division of Military Aeronautics 4142: 4041:Under Secretary of the Air Force 3631:Beutler, Brian (24 April 2009). 1729:"Naval Air Station North Island" 1340:Mountain Warfare Training Center 1300:Mountain Warfare Training Center 1066:Northern Warfare Training Center 973:Understanding and avoiding panic 299:Mountain Warfare Training Center 295:Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton 3934:, Gerald Coffee, Putnam (1990). 3494:Benjamin, Mark (29 June 2006). 3285:United States Air Force Academy 3064:Tan, Michelle (7 August 2017). 2237:usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil 2146:Audrey McAvoy (7 August 2017). 1709:, New York: St. Martin's (2002) 1689:. 16 March 2013. Archived from 1605:Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract 1530:United States Air Force Academy 1454:Joint Personnel Recovery Agency 1205:different courses, each year." 1000:Joint Personnel Recovery Agency 851:Hazards of moisture/Keeping dry 756:Professional Military Education 695:Code of Conduct training levels 585:Evasion, resistance, and escape 394:Joint Personnel Recovery Agency 4528:Reserve Officer Training Corps 4485:Judge Advocate General's Corps 4127:Senate Subcommittee on Airland 4105:House Armed Services Committee 3549:Tenth Congress, second session 3468:Hyde, Alan (5 February 2007). 2664:"How to Survive in the Jungle" 2515:Nagpal, BM; Sharma, R (2004). 2320:. 30 June 2009. Archived from 1408:American Civil Liberties Union 1298:is taught at the Marine Corps 1118:Naval Air Station North Island 878:. And under the definition of 795:Special Psychological Concerns 440:SERE Instructor Red Flag Patch 353:Naval Air Station North Island 291:Naval Air Station North Island 1: 4676:Women Airforce Service Pilots 3109:doni.documentservices.dla.mil 2749:"Keeping Calm Under Pressure" 2533:10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80111-4 1600:Torture and the United States 915:Desert hazards and treatments 556:Navigation devices (e.g. GPS) 400:JPRA has its headquarters at 379:Selecting an Executive Agency 195:United States Army Air Forces 77:United States Army Air Forces 2681:Diab, Emma (11 April 2016). 2168:Service, Marine Corps News. 1972:"Personnel Recovery Academy" 1541:waterboard training in 2007. 1464:officials in 2002 and 2003. 1169:Naval Special Warfare Center 964:Jungle signalling and rescue 780:Use of aquatic survival gear 111:Special Operations Executive 4751:Physical torture techniques 4031:Department of the Air Force 2723:"The Stress Response Cycle" 2266:U.S. Army Regulation 350-30 1595:Special Activities Division 1590:Resistance to interrogation 985:The psychology of captivity 952:Water preparation/treatment 783:Aquatic environment hazards 746:Special survival situations 417:A SERE Specialist with the 286:Naval Air Station Brunswick 4782: 4036:Secretary of the Air Force 2855:United States Armed Forces 2833:U.S. Department of Defense 1479: 1412:Freedom of Information Act 1126:Marine Corps Scout Snipers 1087:Center for Security Forces 173:as early as 1940 to help 29: 4713: 4378: 4140: 2753:Psychological Health Care 2277:USAFA 2010–2011 Contrails 1486:On December 9, 2014, the 1390:By definition, there are 1162:Naval Station Great Lakes 1144:, Naval Flight Surgeons, 1104:Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 893:Understanding dehydration 661:When U.S. Navy Commander 349:Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 75:Survival handbook of the 4538:Airman Leadership School 4340:Thirteenth Expeditionary 4178:Field Operating Agencies 2772:. NYU Press. p. 3. 2459:"Joint Knowledge Online" 1519:SERE abuses and scandals 1252:Fairchild Air Force Base 771:Dealing with rough water 708:Officer Candidate School 390:Combat search and rescue 329:Fairchild Air Force Base 221:(RCAF) Station Namao in 219:Royal Canadian Air Force 171:escape and evasion lines 161:, private citizens from 4523:Officer Training School 4017:United States Air Force 3346:www.29palms.marines.mil 2991:www.wainwright.army.mil 2192:www.29palms.marines.mil 2073:www.mountainhome.af.mil 861:Operation Desert Shield 765:Water parachute landing 736:The Great Escape (film) 684:The Great Escape (book) 446:Lackland Air Force Base 4566:Awards and decorations 4199:District of Washington 4192:Direct Reporting Units 3328:www.marsoc.marines.mil 3248:www.afrotc.msstate.edu 3230:Joint Base San Antonio 2709:"Can stress kill you?" 2445:www.todaysmilitary.com 1775:www.wearethemighty.com 1627:MI9 Escape and Evasion 1304:Bridgeport, California 1193: 1028: 441: 430:MacDill Air Force Base 421: 419:22nd Training Squadron 303:Bridgeport, California 80: 68: 60: 52: 4756:Psychological warfare 4609:Aeronautical Division 3671:"Abuse At Abu Ghraib" 3136:on 21 September 2012. 2961:"Resistance training" 2766:Lieblich, A. (1994). 1361:Allegations of misuse 1191: 1142:Naval Flight Officers 1022: 518:Communicate as needed 439: 416: 254:Department of Defense 169:created and financed 74: 66: 58: 42: 4480:Aeronautical ratings 4079:Three-star generals 3170:www.fairchild.af.mil 2872:Thomas Solutions Inc 2360:on 13 September 2017 2055:www.fairchild.af.mil 1672:. 19 September 2018. 1202:336th Training Group 1055:Army Aviation School 961:Jungle improvisation 392:. In 1999, the JPRA 372:336th Training Group 324:in the Philippines. 235:Marks Air Force Base 4277:Numbered Air Forces 4058:Vice Chief of Staff 3865:The Washington Post 3637:Talking Points Memo 3396:The Balance Careers 3376:Indeed Career Guide 3051:Secrets of Survival 2755:. 14 November 2017. 2463:jkosupport.jten.mil 2243:on 5 September 2020 2174:The Balance Careers 2154:. Associated Press. 2057:. 14 December 2015. 2037:The Balance Careers 1824:biotech.law.lsu.edu 1800:Library of Congress 1758:. 14 February 2019. 1500:John "Bruce" Jessen 1496:Spokane, Washington 1435:Abed Hamed Mowhoush 1089:(CENSECFOR) of the 4635:The U.S. Air Force 4548:Fitness Assessment 4505:Chief of Chaplains 4424:Civilian auxiliary 4173:Air National Guard 4075:Four-star generals 3749:Human Rights First 3594:Kleinman, Steven. 3582:The New York Times 3534:Human Rights First 3528:2006-08-15 at the 3496:"Torture teachers" 3279:e (14 July 2022). 3102:"Support services" 2934:2018-07-13 at the 2652:. 1 February 2018. 2579:"Types of Deserts" 2268:, 10 December 1985 2079:on 19 January 2022 1952:on 6 February 2013 1869:. 1 February 2019. 1580:Personnel recovery 1575:Special Operations 1448:The New York Times 1441:On June 17, 2008, 1427:Human Rights First 1371:Geneva Conventions 1312:Okinawa Prefecture 1194: 1029: 845:Arctic/Snow Travel 648:Geneva Conventions 546:above along with: 442: 422: 386:personnel recovery 250:Reno Stead Airport 138:special operations 81: 79:(USAAF) from 1944. 69: 61: 53: 18:Escape and evasion 4766:Survival training 4733: 4732: 4518:Air Force Academy 4436: 4435: 4063:Director of Staff 3821:www.spokesman.com 3618:Los Angeles Times 3152:www.gosere.af.mil 2997:on 7 January 2003 2892:on 8 October 2020 2779:978-0-8147-5273-9 2615:10.5603/ARM.27572 2031:Luckwaldt, Adam. 1982:on 12 August 2014 1909:armypubs.army.mil 1848:. 1 January 2019. 1826:. 8 December 2000 1693:on 16 March 2013. 1420:Abu Ghraib Prison 1263:Air Force Academy 955:Jungle shelter(s) 896:Water sources in 541:Military survival 268:A change in focus 237:in Nome, Alaska. 49:U.S. Marine Corps 16:(Redirected from 4773: 4722: 4721: 4621:Army Air Service 4613:Aviation Section 4428:Civil Air Patrol 4158: 4146: 4145: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3987: 3897: 3896: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3861: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3702: 3696: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3609: 3603: 3592: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3543: 3537: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3399: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3352:on 7 August 2020 3348:. 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