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807:. Thirty foundation inscriptions are known to date; they were found concealed in the interior of the podium. The practice of intentional inscription concealment can be traced back to Mesopotamian roots, and it has parallels in the royal buildings of the Achaemenids in Persia and Elam. A Phoenician inscription, located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) upstream from the temple, that dates to the 7th year of Bodashtart's reign, alludes to water adduction works from the Awali river to the "Ydll" source that was used for
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1423:, a Sidonian king to Eshmun, which illustrates the importance of the site to the Sidonian monarchy. These votive sculptures appear to have been purposely broken after dedication to Eshmun and then ceremoniously cast into the sacred canal, probably simulating the sacrifice of the sick child. All of these sculptures represent boys. A31.5 cm × 27 cm (12.4 in × 10.6 in) limestone bust of a
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916:. They noticed that certain blocks had inscriptions with the engravings painted in red. A local antiques dealer bought three of the stones, all with the same inscription. Due to the enormous size of the blocks, they were cut down to just 15 or 20 cm in thickness, and some stones were also cut into two or three pieces. The Ottoman authorities dispatched
924:, who cleared the temple remains between 1901 and 1903. Wilhelm Von Landau also excavated the site between 1903 and 1904. In 1920, Gaston Contenau headed a team of archaeologists who again surveyed the temple complex. The first extensive archaeological excavation revealing the Eshmun Temple remains was undertaken by
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podium constructed from heavily bossed limestone blocks that measured more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) across by 1 metre (3.3 ft) thick, which were laid down in courses 1-metre (3.3 ft) high. The podium stands 22 metres (72 ft) high, runs 50 metres (160 ft) into the hillside, and
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Eshmun's cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC. Aside from the extramural sanctuary at Bustan el-Sheikh, Eshmun also had a temple within the city. The extramural Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing; ritual lustral ablutions
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Widely known as the "Tribune of Eshmun" because of its shape, the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC. It is 2.15 metres (7.1 ft) long by 2.26 metres (7.4 ft) wide and 2.17 metres (7.1 ft) tall. Unearthed in 1963 by
Maurice Dunand, it stands on a
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Makarem, May (December 4, 2009). "Qui est responsable du pillage du temple d'Echmoun – Six cent pièces issues du temple d'Echmoun circulent sur le marché mondial des antiquités" [Who is responsible for the looting of the Temple of
Echmoun - Six hundred pieces from the Temple of Eshmun
764:. Archaeological evidence suggest that, at the time of the advent of the Eshmunazar dynasty, there already was a cultic space on the site of the temple, but there were no monumental constructions yet. Originally, the center of worship may have been a cave or a spring. In the following years,
1166:, rests against the chapel wall, which is embellished by relief sculptures of hunting scenes. The once important Astarte basin lost its function during the 2nd century AD and was filled with earth and statue fragments. The west base contains another 4th-century BC chapel—centered on a bull
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The Eshmun sanctuary was damaged by an earthquake in the fourth century BC, which demolished the marble temple atop the podium; this structure was not rebuilt but many chapels and temples were later annexed at the base of the podium. The temple site remained a place of pilgrimage in the
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were performed in the sanctuary's sacred basins supplemented by running water from the
Asclepius River and the "Ydll" spring water which was considered to have a sacred character and therapeutic quality. The healing attributions of Eshmun were combined with his divine consort Astarte's
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The dedication reads: "This (is the) statue which
Baalshillem son of King Ba'na, king of the Sidonians, son of King Abdamun, king of the Sidonians, son of King Baalshillem, king of the Sidonians, gave to his lord Eshmun at the "Ydll"-Spring. May he bless him" (taken from JCL Gibson's
2407:(2016). "Autres rois, autre temple: la dynastie d'Eshmounazor et le sanctuaire extra-urbain de Eshmoun à Sidon" [Other kings, other temple: the dynasty of Eshmunazor and the extra-urban sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon]. In Russo Tagliente, Alfonsina; Guarneri, Francesca (eds.).
2215:(2016). "Autres rois, autre temple: la dynastie d'Eshmounazor et le sanctuaire extra-urbain de Eshmoun à Sidon" [Other kings, other temple: the dynasty of Eshmunazor and the extra-urban sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon]. In Russo Tagliente, Alfonsina; Guarneri, Francesca (eds.).
1287:
channeling water from "Ydll" spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals, a series of retaining basins, sacred ablution basins and paved pools. This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in
Phoenician therapeutic cults. Later vestiges date from the
1150:, the sanctuary was extended from the base of the podium across the valley. To the east base of the podium stands a large chapel, 10.5 by 11.5 metres (34 ft × 38 ft), dating to the 4th century BC. The chapel was adorned with a paved pool and a large stone "
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traces of their devotion and proof of their cure. There is evidence that from the 3rd century BC onwards there have been attempts to
Hellenize the cult of Eshmun and to associate him with his Greek counterpart Asclepius, but the sanctuary retained its curative function.
944:, the temple site was neglected and was invaded by vegetation overgrowth; it was cleared and recovered its former condition after the Israeli withdrawal. Today the Eshmun sanctuary can be visited all year round and free of charge, it is accessible from an
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laid siege to the city. Abdi-Milkutti was captured and beheaded in 677 BC after a three-year siege, while his city was destroyed and renamed Kar-Ashur-aha-iddina (the harbor of
Esarhaddon). Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to
462:) and from the sacred "YDLL" spring; these installations were used for therapeutic and purificatory purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun. The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value, especially those inscribed with
1414:
occurred in Sidon. A number of fragmented votive life-size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site; among the best known of these is the
1274:
Northeast of the site, another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the
Astarte chapel. Its 22-metre (72 ft) façade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two-register relief decoration illustrating a
1419:, a sculpture of a royal child holding a dove with his right hand. The boy's head is shaved, his torso is bare and his lower body is wrapped in a large cloth. The socle of this sculpture is inscribed with a dedication from
1283:, the Greek god of wine. Among the temple reliefs, one shows a man attempting to seize a large rooster which was the common sacrificial animal for Eshmun-Asclepius. The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate
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411:. The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD, suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon. Although originally constructed by Sidonian king
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uncovered in the Eshmun sanctuary. This gift attests to the good relations between the
Pharaoh and the kings of Sidon. The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching. Cypriot pilgrims from
3940:
908:, that a local treasure hunter told him of a large edifice near the Awali bridge. The discovery was made in 1900 by four workers who were extracting blocks from the temple on behalf of
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city. These payments stimulated Sidon's search for new means of provisioning and furthered
Phoenician emigration and expansion, which peaked in the 8th century BC. When Assyrian king
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848:, an Italian Christian pilgrim, described the city as partly in ruins. For many years after the disappearance of the cult of Eshmun, the sanctuary site was used as a quarry: Emir
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who stands at the right corner, his foot resting on a rock. On the right short side, turning the corner from Eros, the standing figures and the charioteer are identified as
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993:, a Sidonian king, commemorate the construction of a "house" for the "holy prince" Eshmun by the king and his mother, queen Amashtart, at the "Ydll source by the cistern".
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with pictorial mosaics, that are still largely intact. Worn statuettes of three nymphs stand in the niches of a Roman fountain. Another earthquake hit Sidon around 570 AD;
1427:
dating from the 6th century BC was found at the site, but unlike the archaic Greek kouroi this figure is not bare. Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing
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powers; the latter had an annex chapel with a sacred paved pool within the Eshmun sanctuary. Pilgrims from all over the ancient world flocked to the Eshmun Temple leaving
2081:
The future of biblical archaeology: reassessing methodologies and assumptions: the proceedings of a symposium, August 12–14, 2001 at Trinity International University
1487:, 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Beirut. In 1981, the depot was looted and around 600 sculptures and architectural elements were stolen and smuggled out of Lebanon.
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1545:(vowel letters); for this reason the Phoenician inscription "YDLL" may be transcribed with a number of variant spellings (Yidlal, Yadlol etc.) Franz L. Benz (1982).
558:. His role later expanded within the Phoenician pantheon, and he gained celestial and cosmic attributes. The myth of Eshmun was related by the sixth century Syrian
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Based on retrieved marble fragments, Swiss classical archaeologist Rolf Stucky proposed that the second temple must have closely resembled the one depicted on the
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Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity; around 1900 artifacts bearing Phoenician inscriptions from the temple site found their way to
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as the setting where Bomilcar falls in love and rescues princess Chiboulet from the evil design of one of the temple's priests. The site was added to the
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Mediterranean sanctuaries between East and West: interactions and cultural contacts: Proceedings of the International Conference, Civitavecchia–Rome 2014
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Mediterranean sanctuaries between East and West: interactions and cultural contacts: Proceedings of the International Conference, Civitavecchia–Rome 2014
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1328:, also of Roman construction. Other Roman period structures include two columns of a great portico leading to pools and other cultic installations.
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Santuari mediterranei tra Oriente e Occidente: interazioni e contatti culturali : atti del Convegno internazionale, Civitavecchia - Roma 2014
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Santuari mediterranei tra Oriente e Occidente: interazioni e contatti culturali : atti del Convegno internazionale, Civitavecchia - Roma 2014
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capitals. The Babylonian-style temple was dismantled around the middle of the 4th century BC. The remains of the demolished temple were cast in a
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authorities and prompted a series of archeological digs. During the civil war, upon a request from then Lebanese director general of antiquities
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boasts a 70-metre (230 ft) wide façade. The terrace atop of the podium was once covered by a Greco-Persian style marble temple built in the
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that included an access ramp to a water cistern. Fragments of an early, Babylonian-style temple survived into modern time; these include marble
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unearthed by Dunand providing rare examples of cursive Phoenician writing in the Phoenician mainland. One of the recovered ostracon bears the
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used its massive blocks to build a bridge over the Awali river in the 17th century. The site later fell into oblivion until the 19th century
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and include a colonnaded road lined with shops. Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain. The
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From a historical perspective, the first written mention of Eshmun goes back to 754 BC, the date of the signing of the treaty between
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776:. Eshmunazar II displayed his new-found wealth by constructing numerous temples to Sidonian divinities. Inscriptions found on the king's
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1226:(his ecstatic retinue) in a dance to the music of pipe and cithara players. The Tribune is displayed at the National Museum of Beirut.
1395:
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between 1963 and 1975. Archaeological evidence shows that the site was occupied from the seventh century BC to the eighth century AD.
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840:. Furthermore, within the original Phoenician temple site the Romans added the processional stairway, the basins for ablutions and a
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803:. The first set of inscriptions bears the name of Bodashtart alone, while the second contains his name and that of the crown prince
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on the foundations of the monumental podium attest, construction of the sanctuary's podium did not begin until the reign of King
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of symmetrical composition. The upper register portrays 18 Greek deities, including two charioteers surrounding the Greek god
760:, a priest of Astarte, and the founder of his namesake dynasty, became king around the time of the Achaemenid conquest of the
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and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures. The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local
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patterns that leads to the top of the podium. To the right of the Roman road, near the entrance of the site stands a
2007:. Vol. 4 (reprint, revised ed.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 502, 934.
736:
Sidon returned to its former level of prosperity while Tyre was besieged for 13 years (586–573 BC) by the
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as a result of the Hellenic influence over Phoenicia; the earliest evidence of this equation is given by coins from
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543:
542:) was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life; he was one of the most important divinities of the
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and later monarchs. Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign
2333:"L'inscription phénicienne de Bodashtart in situ à Bustān ēš-Šēẖ (Sidon) et son apport à l'histoire du sanctuaire"
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during the early Roman Empire and until the advent of Christianity, when the cult of Eshmun was banned during the
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and died. The grieving goddess revived Eshmun and transported him to the heavens where she made him into a god of
423:
529–333 BC) to celebrate the city's recovered wealth and stature, the temple complex was greatly expanded by
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around 500 BC. The marble temple has been reduced to a few remaining stone fragments due to theft. During the
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and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of Sidon, the Eshmun Temple sits on the southern bank of the modern
784:, built temples to the gods of Sidon, including the Temple of Eshmun by the "Ydll source near the cistern".
695:
ascended to Sidon's throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king
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mountain range and its coastal cities. The new sovereigns exacted tribute from Sidon, along with every other
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467:
2506:"Une nouvelle inscription de Bodashtart, roi de Sidon, sur la rive du Nahr al-Awwali près de Bustān ēš-Šēẖ"
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at Astarte's shrine; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese directorate general of antiquities.
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1059:), occupy the ancient "sacred forests" of Asclepius and are a favorite summer picnic location for locals.
836:, and a Roman Villa showed a period of renewed relative importance for the city during the late period of
3577:
2183:. Peoples of the past (illustrated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 54–128.
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2376:"An updated chronology of the reigns of Phoenician kings during the Persian period (539–333 BC)"
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1029:, the Hellenized name of Eshmun, in written texts. Located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of
1012:
994:
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in 675 in which Eshmun's name features as one of the deities invoked as guarantors of the covenant.
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821:
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435:, the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences.
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3788:. Studia Phoenicia. Vol. 18 (illustrated ed.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 635.
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off the main Southern Lebanon highway near Sidon's northern entrance. The site holds a particular
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Stucky, Rolf A.; Stucky, Sigmund; Loprieno, Antonio; Mathys, Hans-Peter; Wachter, Rudolf (2005).
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2018:
2008:
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the successful identification and return of eight sculptures to the Lebanese national museum.
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1361:: a votive marble statue of a royal child, inscribed in Phoenician, from the temple of Eshmun
1162:
figures and surrounded by two lion sculptures. The throne, attributed to the Sidonian goddess
1151:
833:
749:
741:
688:
416:
341:
213:
51:
497:, a French archaeologist, thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the
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Lipiński, Edward (1985). "Phoenicia and the East Mediterranean in the first millennium BC".
3513:. Footprint series (illustrated ed.). Bath: Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 542–543.
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1929:
1714:
Antoine Vanel, Six "ostraca" phéniciens trouvés dans le temple d'Echmoun, près de Saida, in
1483:, Maurice Dunand moved more than 2000 artifacts from Sidon to a subterranean chamber at the
1428:
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648:
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388:
270:
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Direction Générale des Antiquités, Ministère de la Culture et de l'Enseignement Supérieur,
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1320:; only the villa's courtyard has survived along with the remains of a mosaic depicting the
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saw him and was stricken by his beauty. She harassed him with her amorous pursuit until he
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Witch-hunts, purity and social boundaries: the expulsion of the foreign women in Ezra 9–10
2909:
Auzias, Dominique; Jean-Paul Labourdette; Guillaume Boudisseau; Christelle Thomas (2008).
1932:
The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged
1542:
1403:
1375:
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and other Sidonian sources describe the sanctuary and its surrounding "sacred forests" of
952:
importance since it is the best preserved Phoenician site in Lebanon; it was added to the
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2659:
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marble head of a child, beginning of the 4th century BC, at the National Museum of Beirut
6006:
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Stucky's drawings architectural elements and reconstructed model of the Temple of Eshmun
3271:(in French) (7). Beirut: Directorate General of Antiquities (Lebanon): 4. Archived from
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3365:. Wisconsin studies in classics (illustrated ed.). University of Wisconsin Press.
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that only contained material dating from the 5th and first half of the 4th century BC.
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from the podium. A Roman colonnade was built in the third century, probably by emperor
601:
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494:
285:
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550:. Originally a nature divinity, and a god of spring vegetation, Eshmun was equated to
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6118:
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5890:
5825:
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5745:
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1930:
1925:
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1439:
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Apart from the large decorative elements, carved friezes and mosaics which were left
1034:
1001:
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built with 3.7-metre (12 ft) stone blocks near the Awali river. When the French
705:
692:
668:
652:
621:
459:
412:
400:
179:
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1371:
6268:
5915:
5905:
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5820:
5815:
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5775:
5765:
5740:
5715:
5470:
5455:
5385:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5245:
5235:
4954:
4944:
4827:
4662:
4482:
4478:
4241:
4216:
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3983:
3547:"El uso cúltico del agua en el mundo fenicio y Púnico. El caso de astarté en cádiz"
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891:
880:
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from the third century BC. This fact is exemplified by the Hellenized names of the
617:
608:; Eshmun figures in the text as a patron of the treaty. Eshmun was identified with
605:
582:
559:
478:
349:
221:
3332:
A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon
481:
with a colonnade street, but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as
3838:"Trafficked Lebanese Antiquities: Can They Be Repatriated from European Museums?"
3416:
2983:
2408:
2216:
2037:
1962:
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with marble blocks that rest against a retaining wall. The altar is adorned with
963:, 1996. In literature, the temple of Eshmun figures in Nabil Saleh's 2009 novel,
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3763:. Vol. 350. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 124.
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2556:(illustrated ed.). Kent Town, S. Aust.: Wakefield Press. pp. 200–202.
2123:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–60.
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777:
684:
630:, and the Eshmun Temple's surrounding groves, known as the groves of Asclepius.
474:, providing valuable insight into the site's history and that of ancient Sidon.
46:
2837:(in French). Leiden: Brill. pp. 21, 100–101, 120, 365, 460, 566–567, 617.
2554:
The pocket guide to Saint Paul: coins encountered by the apostle on his travels
2083:. The future of biblical archaeology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 270.
2077:"The future of biblical archaeology: reassessing methodologies and assumptions"
902:
blocks that originated from an earlier structure. He also noted in his report,
6278:
6258:
6218:
6183:
6158:
5990:
5970:
5860:
5785:
5705:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5625:
5575:
5465:
5380:
5305:
5210:
5185:
5180:
5135:
5130:
4924:
4888:
4883:
4621:
4226:
4078:
3877:
3643:
3615:
3546:
3034:
2521:
1678:
1666:
1284:
800:
781:
696:
675:
in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule, but was forced to flee to
486:
424:
183:
3861:
3573:
3565:
2928:
2788:
2470:
2348:
2036:
Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Sollberger, E.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1992).
2022:
154:
141:
17:
6499:
Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
6263:
6253:
6208:
5795:
5725:
5670:
5530:
5525:
5505:
5495:
5445:
5415:
5395:
5310:
5230:
5220:
5045:
5040:
5030:
4939:
4837:
4816:
4667:
4627:
4572:
4352:
4180:
4038:
4008:
3973:
3803:
3528:
3245:
3200:
3129:
2852:
2739:
2571:
2313:
2198:
1690:
1567:
1338:
1312:
once stood. The floor of the nymphaeum is covered by a mosaic depicting the
1301:
1183:
1091:
1026:
841:
804:
660:
656:
609:
562:
551:
443:
439:
428:
396:
337:
209:
4822:
4781:
4277:
3495:
3387:"Collections – The Hellenistic period (333 BC – 64 BC)"
2770:
2726:
Conteneau, Gaston (1924). "Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon (1920)".
2645:
2042:. Vol. 3, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
3848:(1). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press: 27–35.
1008:
temple by the Bostrenos River, and Antonin de Plaisance, a 6th-century AD
985:
A number of ancient texts mention the Eshmun Temple and its location. The
744:. Nevertheless, the Sidonian king was still held in exile at the court of
6364:
6323:
6153:
5995:
5980:
5485:
5440:
5420:
5285:
5125:
5004:
4807:
4772:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4642:
4602:
4567:
4515:
4498:
4316:
4307:
4098:
4087:
4057:
4048:
3998:
3703:
proceedings of the conference held in Leuven from November 14 to 16, 1985
1698:
1670:
1399:
1280:
1217:
1113:
1009:
895:
765:
432:
3913:
3602:
Masson O. (1982). "Pélerins chypriotes en Phénicie (Sarepta et Sidon)".
2478:
2454:
1386:, many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the
370:
to display the Phoenician alphabet characters in this article correctly.
6233:
6051:
5645:
5630:
5585:
5560:
5500:
5490:
5460:
5405:
5400:
5355:
5325:
5240:
5215:
5200:
5140:
5105:
5089:
5008:
4999:
4984:
4974:
4934:
4909:
4863:
4801:
4797:
4657:
4637:
4611:
4597:
4591:
4443:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4372:
4367:
4322:
4286:
4282:
4221:
4153:
4108:
4053:
4017:
4013:
3992:
3988:
3081:. Ancient Christian writers. Vol. 38. New York: The Newman Press.
1674:
1642:
1619:
in 1855 in the Magharet Adloun necropolis, now on display in the Louvre
1445:
1442:
1432:
1383:
1316:. Across the colonnaded road, facing the nymphaeum, are the ruins of a
1313:
1222:
1209:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1126:
1121:
1109:
966:
748:. Sidon reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicia's chief city in the
745:
737:
680:
644:
597:
578:
458:
basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river (modern
408:
3425:] (in German). Vereinigung der Freunde antiker Kunst. p. 91.
2755:"Mémoire sur les inscriptions de fondation du temple d'Esmoun à Sidon"
2457:[The sanctuary of Ešmun near Sidon in pre-Hellenistic times].
6293:
6228:
6198:
6163:
5615:
5450:
5300:
5265:
5250:
5225:
5155:
5115:
5035:
4989:
4979:
4963:
4928:
4893:
4878:
4873:
4787:
4705:
4691:
4652:
4607:
4541:
4428:
4417:
4388:
4211:
4190:
4149:
4128:
4112:
4093:
4073:
4033:
2660:"Roman Eshmoun: Roman Colonnade, villa & stairway with nimphaeum"
1694:
1685:. On the opposite short side, the three personages are assumed to be
1682:
1654:
1650:
1538:
1469:
1449:
1424:
1391:
1321:
1297:
1205:
1193:
1159:
1138:
1056:
1030:
1022:
1005:
998:
971:
953:
869:
761:
729:
709:
701:
676:
590:
574:
522:
502:
451:
447:
392:
3147:(3 ed.). Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. pp. 370–371.
1814:
van der Toorn, K.; Bob Becking; Pieter Willem van der Horst (1999).
883:, toured the Middle East and wrote of what he thought were ruins of
6298:
6143:
5945:
5620:
5120:
5110:
4993:
4969:
4858:
4853:
4766:
4736:
4732:
4525:
4448:
4393:
4357:
4342:
4327:
4296:
4245:
4231:
4195:
4023:
4002:
2286:
Curtis John, Sandra; Nigel Tallis; Béatrice André-Salvini (2005).
2265:(reprint ed.). Freeport, N.Y.: Ayer publishing. p. 137.
1604:
1534:
1492:
1453:
1435:
1411:
1370:
1353:
1325:
1324:. To the right of the processional Roman staircase stands a cubic
1309:
1117:
909:
859:
786:
723:
613:
547:
404:
126:
3842:
Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies
1245:
Ionian capital reconstruction from the classical temple of Eshmun
6213:
6168:
6148:
5375:
5350:
5340:
5190:
5175:
4617:
4531:
4457:
4438:
4398:
4185:
3230:(illustrated ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 129, 177.
3016:
The Persian Empire: A corpus of sources of the Achaemenid period
1662:
1658:
1646:
1638:
1398:. Some of these smaller finds include a collection of inscribed
1213:
664:
6010:
5060:
3922:
828:
and a Christian church was built at the temple site across the
5545:
4488:
3056:] (in French). Nonette: Editions Creer. pp. 100–101.
2884:
Monument: Temple d'Echmoun – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2455:"Das Heiligtum des Ešmun bei Sidon in vorhellenistischer Zeit"
691:
on the throne of Sidon and reimposed the annual tribute. When
586:
501:
in 1975. After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of
3423:
The Eshmun Sanctuary of Sidon: Architecture and Inscriptions
3418:
Das Eschmun-Heiligtum von Sidon: Architektur und Inschriften
1936:(6 ed.). Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
3330:
Charles Kettaneh Foundation; Omar Daouk Foundation (2008).
2504:
Xella, Paola; José-Ángel Zamora López; Astrid Nunn (2004).
1491:, ex-director of the Institute of Classical Archaeology of
977:
Tentative List on July 11, 2019, in the Cultural category.
894:
visited the area in 1860, he noticed that the Awali bridge
687:, Sargon II's son and successor. Sennacherib instated
683:
in Cyprus) with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by
2630:(illustrated ed.). New York: University of Michigan.
2417:] (in Italian). Rome: Scienze e lettere. p. 256.
2225:] (in Italian). Rome: Scienze e lettere. p. 254.
2121:
The Phoenicians and the West: politics, colonies and trade
27:
Ancient temple to the Phoenician god of healing in Lebanon
3635:
Lebanon in History from the earliest times to the present
3050:
Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident
2151:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Relating to the Old Testament
1108:(605–539 BC), the oldest monument at the site was a
3019:(illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 664.
1615:
Discovered by the general consulate of France in Beirut
1547:
Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions
1120:
column bases with moldings, facetted columns, and bull
3470:(5) (illustrated ed.). Ottawa: RSM press: 232–6.
3112:
Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique
1410:" which suggests that veneration of the lunar-goddess
772:
for employing Sidon's fleet in his service during the
450:
which was once topped by Eshmun's Greco-Persian style
3734:. Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 115.
1665:
standing by his side followed by standing figures of
1641:, an unidentified matronly goddess who stands behind
1452:
left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble
1097:
Base of a Babylonian-style column in Bustan el-Sheikh
493:
who stirred the curiosity of international scholars.
3302:
Ancien Liban: les monuments autrefois et aujourd'hui
3054:
Big book of saints: cult and iconography in the West
2690:"Eshmoun – A unique Phoenician site in Lebanon"
2294:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
1517: – Cultural heritage building in Bziza, Lebanon
1133:
The pyramidal structure was superimposed during the
6332:
6109:
6042:
5023:
4902:
4846:
4715:
4676:
4560:
4507:
4471:
4381:
4260:
4204:
4173:
4137:
3961:
3143:Carter, Terry; Lara Dunston; Amelia Thomas (2008).
1901:(in French). Peeters Publishers. pp. 120–496.
1200:, one of which divides the altar into two distinct
1038:
1016:
625:
333:
328:
320:
312:
302:
294:
263:
240:
232:
227:
205:
197:
189:
175:
170:
133:
121:
2946:. Etudes et Consultations Economiques. p. 46.
2626:The Christian world: a social and cultural history
2623:
2510:Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaise
2075:Hoffmeier, James Karl; Alan Ralph Millard (2004).
2005:The international standard Bible encyclopedia: Q-Z
1899:Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique
1083:Bull head protome in the National Museum of Beirut
509:, the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the
454:temple. The sanctuary features a series of ritual
6474:7th-century BC religious buildings and structures
3110:; Claude Domergue; Marie-Hélène Marganne (1996).
1817:Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD
3825:(in French) (12733 ed.). Beirut. p. 4.
3821:circulate on the world antiquities market].
1820:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 306–309.
868:from the temple's podium, now on display in the
477:The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early
1637:The front register depicts from left to right:
1296:also built a monumental staircase adorned with
942:Israeli occupation of South Lebanon (1985–2000)
6529:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
3334:. Anis commercial printing press. p. 96.
1586:Eshmun's name is transcribed in Akkadian as "
826:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
6022:
5072:
3934:
3177:Ancient building in south Syria and Palestine
2290:Forgotten Empire: The world of Ancient Persia
2263:Authority and archaeology, sacred and profane
2174:
2172:
2170:
1070:Remains from the early, oriental style temple
573:. They recount that Eshmun, a young man from
8:
2913:(in French). Paris: Petit Futé. p. 12.
1158:in the Egyptian style; it is flanked by two
32:
3263:[The sanctuary of Eshmun in Sidon]
2459:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
2337:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
1396:Lebanese directorate general of antiquities
6029:
6015:
6007:
5079:
5065:
5057:
3941:
3927:
3919:
3761:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
3680:] (1 ed.). Beirut: Dar an-Nahar.
2153:(3 ed.). Princeton University Press.
1788:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 136–140.
1511: – Historic temple remains in Lebanon
1495:affirmed during a conference in Beirut in
1043:in ancient texts. Citrus groves, known as
403:, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of
45:
31:
3485:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
2778:
1037:, previously referred to as Bostrenos or
768:awarded king Eshmunazar II with the
3389:. Beirut National Museum. Archived from
3363:Fourth-century styles in Greek sculpture
1703:Fourth-century styles in Greek sculpture
446:terrace wall that supports a monumental
101:
73:
6390:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
3815:
3813:
3732:Textbook of Syrian Semitic inscriptions
2891:from the original on September 13, 2019
2876:
2874:
2683:
2681:
2598:. Beirut: Dar el Mashreq. p. 287.
2547:
2545:
2543:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1998:
1996:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1743:
1730:Textbook of Syrian Semitic inscriptions
1526:
1475:where they stirred the interest of the
1196:sculptures and is framed by decorative
399:god of healing. It is located near the
3892:from the original on November 23, 2022
3667:
3665:
3627:
3625:
3597:
3595:
3353:
3351:
3295:
3293:
3168:
3166:
3164:
2834:La civilisation phénicienne et punique
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2385:from the original on September 9, 2016
2097:from the original on December 17, 2019
1920:
1918:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1232:The second, classical temple of Eshmun
1015:recorded the shrine as near the river
959:Tentative List's Cultural category on
732:temple, Bustan esh-Sheikh (near Sidon)
6447:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
6405:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
6037:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
3540:
3538:
3325:
3323:
3321:
2982:UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2019).
2942:Najjar, Charles; Tyma Daoudy (1999).
2795:from the original on February 8, 2023
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2485:from the original on January 31, 2021
2448:
2446:
1981:from the original on February 7, 2023
1834:from the original on January 22, 2021
1809:
1807:
1805:
1786:Healing Gods of Ancient Civilizations
1779:
1777:
1549:. Pontificio Istituto Biblico. p199,
1431:, a Hellenic symbol of Eshmun. and a
7:
6549:Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire
3464:Canadian Medical Association Journal
2431:from the original on August 17, 2023
2239:from the original on August 17, 2023
2056:from the original on August 17, 2023
1701:. (from Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway's
442:and a grand court limited by a huge
3836:Tahan, Lina G. (February 1, 2017).
3580:from the original on April 22, 2018
1052:
384:
3709:. Peeters Publishers. p. 81.
3638:. London: Macmillan. p. 137.
3439:from the original on July 31, 2023
3181:. Leiden: Brill Archive. pp.
2994:from the original on April 1, 2023
2944:The indispensable guide to Lebanon
2700:from the original on July 14, 2016
2666:from the original on July 14, 2016
2528:from the original on July 21, 2011
2355:from the original on July 21, 2011
1967:. Atlanta: SBL Press. p. 58.
1653:stands, playing a cithara next to
316:Directorate General of Antiquities
25:
6324:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
3870:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027
3854:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.5.1.0027
3650:from the original on May 10, 2021
3261:"Le sanctuaire d'Echmoun à Sidon"
2859:from the original on May 10, 2021
2552:Lewis, Peter; Ron Bolden (2002).
1928:; William Leonard Langer (2001).
6100:
5088:
3949:
3730:Gibson, John Clark Love (1982).
3460:"Asclepius: the god of medicine"
2986:[The temple of Eshmun].
2759:Mémoires de l'Institut de France
1509:Phoenician sanctuary of Kharayeb
1252:
1238:
1090:
1076:
577:, was hunting in the woods when
359:
100:
93:
72:
65:
6494:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
6479:1900 archaeological discoveries
6451:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
5095:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
4583:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
3707:Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta
2261:; Samuel Rolles Driver (1971).
1174:—that remains preserved at the
780:reveal that he and his mother,
712:to Esarhaddon. Baal I and
6514:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
6224:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
5951:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
3955:Phoenician cities and colonies
3674:Liban une mosaïque de cultures
3466:. History of Medicine Series.
2688:Lebanese Ministry of Tourism.
1784:Jayne, Walter Addison (2003).
1751:Lebanese Ministry of Culture.
1599:Territory south of Sidon from
1154:" carved of a single block of
1039:
1017:
626:
546:and the main male divinity of
1:
6539:World Heritage Tentative List
3114:(in French). Paris: Brepols.
3079:Egeria: diary of a pilgrimage
2039:The Cambridge Ancient History
1716:Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth
1661:appears next, enthroned with
1645:who is crowning an enthroned
1533:The Phoenicians did not mark
1362:
1263:, which was unearthed in the
1216:). The lower register honors
753:
438:The sanctuary consists of an
420:
3678:Lebanon a mosaic of cultures
3511:Syria & Lebanon handbook
3300:Strazzulla, M. José (2004).
3173:Wright, George R. H (1985).
2988:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2149:Pritchard, James B. (1992).
1964:Sennacherib, King of Assyria
1456:inscribed both in Greek and
1394:or are in possession of the
1208:, who is depicted playing a
1063:Architecture and description
991:sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
791:Plan of the temple of Eshmun
109:Temple of Eshmun (Near East)
6489:Phoenician sites in Lebanon
6380:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
6360:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
6299:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
6139:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
6129:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
6092:Roman Law school of Berytus
6087:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
5636:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
5596:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
3458:Hart, Gerald David (2000).
3077:Gingras, George E. (1970).
2003:Bromiley, Geoffrey (1995).
1755:(in French). Archived from
1590:" in the Esarhaddon treaty
1541:fitfully added a system of
643:In the 9th century BC, the
567:Patriarch of Constantinople
6570:
6400:Catholic Church in Lebanon
4935:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
3545:Rodriguez, Raquel (2008).
3359:Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo
2831:Krings, Veronique (1995).
1429:a snake curling on a staff
838:Phoenicia under Roman rule
714:Esarhaddon signed a treaty
663:died in 705 BC, King
527:Ancient Canaanite religion
520:
6443:
6345:Phoenice (Roman province)
6204:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
6098:
6077:Berytus Colonnaded street
6067:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
5886:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
5536:Phoenician port of Beirut
5456:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
5101:
4688:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
4252:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
3784:Lipiński, Edward (2004).
3632:Hitti, Philip K. (1957).
3048:Baudoin, Jacques (2006).
2961:. London: Quartet books.
2753:Berger, Philippe (1904).
1753:"Ministère de la Culture"
1628:In Strabo's "Geographica"
1388:National Museum of Beirut
1261:Weeping Women sarcophagus
1176:National Museum of Beirut
728:The ashlar podium at the
539:
59:
44:
38:
37:
6304:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
6244:Monastery of Saint Maron
6194:Canalizations of Zenobia
5256:Canalizations of Zenobia
4434:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
3259:Stucky, Rolf A. (1998).
2453:Stucky, Rolf A. (2002).
1265:royal necropolis of Aaya
922:Museum of Constantinople
560:Neoplatonist philosopher
6504:Phoenician inscriptions
6395:Christianity in Lebanon
6159:Ain Harcha roman temple
6134:Temples of Mount Hermon
6072:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
5441:Kouachra megalith field
5331:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
3672:Jidejian, Nina (2001).
3509:Mannheim, Ivan (2001).
2780:2027/mdp.39015011698654
2740:10.3406/syria.1924.3094
2596:Sidon, through the ages
2594:Jidejian, Nina (1971).
2374:Elayi, Josette (2006).
2329:José-Ángel Zamora López
1961:Elayi, Josette (2018).
875:Between 1737 and 1742,
866:Bodashtart inscriptions
797:Bodashtart inscriptions
624:river which was dubbed
468:Bodashtart inscriptions
125:Bustan el-Sheikh, near
6430:6th century in Lebanon
6425:5th century in Lebanon
6420:4th century in Lebanon
6415:3rd century in Lebanon
6410:2nd century in Lebanon
6370:Marcus Valerius Probus
6057:Roman Forum of Berytus
5941:Temple of the Obelisks
5591:Roman Forum of Berytus
5491:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
5241:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
3755:Janzen, David (2002).
3013:Kuhrt, Amélie (2007).
2771:10.3406/minf.1904.1582
2331:; Astrid Nunn (2005).
2179:Markoe, Glenn (2000).
1485:Byblos crusader castle
1417:Baalshillem Temple Boy
1379:
1368:
1359:Baalshillem Temple Boy
1285:hydraulic installation
1112:building resembling a
872:
792:
733:
6435:551 Beirut earthquake
6375:Eudokia of Heliopolis
6309:Tripolis in Phoenicia
5601:Roman temple of Bziza
5146:Akkar plain foothills
4278:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
3304:(in French). Vision.
2957:Saleh, Nabil (2009).
2887:(in French), UNESCO,
2620:Barraclough, Geoffrey
2259:Hogarth, David George
1576:Bibliotheca Codex 242
1515:Roman temple of Bziza
1374:
1357:
1308:where statues of the
898:were built of finely
863:
846:Antoninus of Piacenza
815:Roman era and decline
790:
727:
649:Ashurnasirpal II
639:Historical background
604:and Mati'el, king of
307:Government of Lebanon
241:Excavation dates
155:33.58556°N 35.39806°E
112:Show map of Near East
6509:Temples of Asclepius
6294:Schleem roman temple
6274:Qal'at Bustra temple
6239:Monastery of Qozhaya
6234:Libbaya roman temple
4955:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
4793:Carthage (Cartagena)
4181:Callista (Santorini)
4119:Tipasa in Mauretania
4079:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
3786:Itineraria Phoenicia
3269:National Museum News
2959:The Curse of Ezekiel
2117:Aubet, María Eugenia
1762:on November 24, 2004
1438:bearing the name of
1137:period by a massive
995:Dionysius Periegetes
989:inscriptions on the
704:, the king of rival
334:Architectural styles
81:Shown within Lebanon
54:at the Eshmun Temple
6355:Phoenice Libanensis
6229:Labweh Roman temple
6062:Berytus Roman Baths
5856:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
4692:Olissipona (Lisbon)
3278:on January 15, 2021
3145:Syria & Lebanon
2911:Le Petit Futé Liban
2381:. digitorient.com.
1473:antiquities markets
1350:Artifacts and finds
1055:, the grove of the
905:Mission de Phénicie
822:classical antiquity
809:ritual purification
544:Phoenician pantheon
511:World Heritage Site
151: /
84:Show map of Lebanon
34:
6534:Temples in Lebanon
6524:Tourism in Lebanon
6484:Phoenician temples
6350:Palaestina Secunda
6249:Nahle roman temple
6219:Kafr Zabad temples
5896:Tell Sultan Yakoub
5846:Tell Neba'a Litani
5841:Tell Neba'a Chaate
5206:Baidar ech Chamout
4864:Balanaea (Baniyas)
4094:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
3102:Lipiński, Edward;
2984:"Temple d'Echmoun"
2493:– via JSTOR.
2405:Zamora, José-Ángel
2213:Zamora, José-Ángel
1718:, 20, (1967), p.53
1380:
1369:
1148:Hellenistic period
938:Lebanese Civil War
873:
793:
774:Greco-Persian Wars
756:529–333 BC).
734:
565:and ninth century
499:Lebanese Civil War
472:Eshmun inscription
321:Public access
276:Wilhelm Von Landau
160:33.58556; 35.39806
6459:
6458:
6289:Saraain El Faouqa
6124:Temple of Bacchus
6082:Byzantine mosaics
6004:
6003:
5936:Temple of Jupiter
5926:Temple of Bacchus
5686:Tell Ain Ghessali
5681:Tell Ain el Meten
5611:Saraain El Faouqa
5054:
5053:
4684:Portus Hannibalis
4573:Arambys (Mogador)
4458:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
4439:Porphyreon (Jieh)
4308:Kapara (Soluntum)
4124:Tipasa in Numidia
4074:Rusicade (Skikda)
3705:. Vol. v.22
3224:Moscati, Sabatino
2765:(1). Paris: 270.
1537:at all until the
1458:Cypriot syllabary
1406:Phoenician name "
1191:Hellenistic style
1152:Throne of Astarte
1040:Asclepius fluvius
1018:Asclepius fluvius
1004:, identified the
920:, curator of the
834:Septimius Severus
750:Achaemenid Empire
742:Nebuchadnezzar II
627:Asclepius fluvius
368:rendering support
355:
354:
52:Throne of Astarte
16:(Redirected from
6561:
6554:Temple of Eshmun
6254:Nebi Safa temple
6209:Hebbariye temple
6164:Amioun Monastery
6112:(actual Lebanon)
6104:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6008:
5931:Temple of Eshmun
5541:Plain of Zgharta
5481:Maronite mummies
5436:Khirbet El-Knese
5391:Kamouh el Hermel
5321:Haret ech Cheikh
5291:Douris (Baalbek)
5271:Deir El Aachayer
5093:
5092:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5058:
4823:Tagilit (Tíjola)
4598:Shalat (Chellah)
4568:Azama (Azemmour)
3953:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:L'Orient-Le Jour
3817:
3808:
3807:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3286:– via AHL.
3285:
3283:
3277:
3266:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3220:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2828:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2782:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2629:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2343:(121): 119–129.
2324:
2318:
2317:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1895:Lipiński, Edward
1891:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1748:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1564:
1558:
1543:matres lectionis
1531:
1498:
1367:
1364:
1256:
1242:
1220:, who leads his
1094:
1080:
1054:
1045:Bustan el-Sheikh
1042:
1041:
1020:
1019:
962:
918:Theodore Makridi
856:Modern discovery
755:
667:joined with the
629:
628:
585:himself with an
541:
513:tentative list.
507:Southern Lebanon
491:treasure hunters
464:Phoenician texts
422:
407:in southwestern
389:place of worship
387:) is an ancient
386:
377:Temple of Eshmun
363:
271:Theodore Makridi
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
113:
104:
103:
97:
85:
76:
75:
69:
49:
35:
33:Temple of Eshmun
21:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6455:
6439:
6328:
6319:Tyre Necropolis
6284:Castra El Banat
6154:Ain Aata temple
6111:
6110:Roman Phoenicia
6105:
6096:
6045:(actual Beirut)
6044:
6038:
6035:
6005:
6000:
5956:Tyre Necropolis
5851:Tell Qasr Labwe
5801:Tell Kabb Elias
5771:Tell Hoch Rafqa
5751:Tell El Ghassil
5721:Tell Bir Dakoue
5696:Tell Ain Saouda
5691:Tell Ain Nfaikh
5641:Tahun ben Aissa
5606:Sands of Beirut
5346:Jabal es Saaïdé
5296:Elaea (Lebanon)
5281:Deir Mar Maroun
5097:
5087:
5085:
5055:
5050:
5019:
4910:Aspis (Kelibia)
4898:
4842:
4711:
4697:Ossonoba (Faro)
4672:
4556:
4503:
4467:
4404:Athar (Tripoli)
4377:
4256:
4200:
4169:
4133:
4009:Iol (Cherchell)
3957:
3947:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3796:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3478:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3433:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3396:on June 2, 2009
3393:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3238:
3228:The Phoenicians
3222:
3221:
3208:
3193:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3155:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3122:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3027:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2845:
2830:
2829:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2638:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2233:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1893:
1892:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1572:Life of Isidore
1565:
1561:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1505:
1496:
1466:
1365:
1352:
1334:
1277:drunken revelry
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1106:Babylonian rule
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1065:
983:
960:
934:
914:Nassib Jumblatt
885:defensive walls
877:Richard Pococke
858:
850:Fakhr-al-Din II
817:
811:at the temple.
722:
641:
636:
529:
521:Main articles:
519:
373:
372:
371:
364:
324:Yes (for a fee)
290:
281:Gaston Contenau
259:
159:
157:
153:
150:
145:
142:
140:
138:
137:
117:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
55:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6519:Sidon District
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6466:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Temnin el-Foka
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5901:Tell Taalabaya
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5836:Tell Nahariyah
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:Tell Majdaloun
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:Tell El Hadeth
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:Tell Derzenoun
5733:
5731:Tell Delhamieh
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5711:Tell Bar Elias
5708:
5703:
5701:Tell Ain Sofar
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5676:Tell Ain Cerif
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5556:Qalaat Tannour
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5516:Nahle, Lebanon
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5426:Khallet Michte
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Anjar, Lebanon
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4987:
4982:
4980:Sicca (El Kef)
4977:
4972:
4967:
4957:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4547:Ras il-Wardija
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Gebal (Byblos)
4426:
4424:Botrys (Teros)
4421:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4310:
4305:
4303:Heraclea Minoa
4300:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Kissi (Djinet)
4031:
4021:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3908:External links
3906:
3904:
3903:
3828:
3809:
3794:
3776:
3769:
3747:
3740:
3722:
3715:
3693:
3686:
3661:
3621:
3604:Semitica Paris
3591:
3556:(in Spanish).
3534:
3519:
3501:
3476:
3450:
3431:
3407:
3378:
3371:
3347:
3340:
3317:
3310:
3289:
3251:
3236:
3206:
3191:
3160:
3153:
3135:
3120:
3104:Marcel Le Glay
3094:
3087:
3069:
3062:
3040:
3025:
3005:
2974:
2967:
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2934:
2919:
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2806:
2745:
2711:
2677:
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2611:
2604:
2577:
2562:
2539:
2516:(8): 273–300.
2496:
2442:
2423:
2396:
2366:
2327:Xella, Paola;
2319:
2304:
2278:
2271:
2250:
2231:
2204:
2189:
2166:
2159:
2136:
2129:
2108:
2089:
2067:
2048:
2028:
2013:
1992:
1973:
1953:
1946:
1926:Stearns, Peter
1914:
1907:
1845:
1826:
1801:
1794:
1773:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1720:
1707:
1630:
1621:
1608:
1592:
1579:
1574:and Photius's
1559:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1481:Maurice Chehab
1465:
1462:
1421:Baalshillem II
1351:
1348:
1333:
1330:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
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1228:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1061:
982:
979:
975:World Heritage
957:World Heritage
950:archaeological
933:
930:
926:Maurice Dunand
881:anthropologist
857:
854:
816:
813:
721:
718:
640:
637:
635:
632:
602:Ashur-nirari V
518:
515:
495:Maurice Dunand
466:, such as the
417:Achaemenid era
365:
358:
357:
356:
353:
352:
335:
331:
330:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
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300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
289:
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286:Maurice Dunand
283:
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267:
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264:Archaeologists
261:
260:
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251:
248:
244:
242:
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230:
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207:
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201:4th century AD
199:
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193:7th century BC
191:
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186:
177:
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135:
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108:
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42:
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26:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
6566:
6555:
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6527:
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6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6462:
6452:
6449:
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6436:
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6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6340:Roman Lebanon
6338:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
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6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6199:Dakoue temple
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:Augusti Pagus
6172:
6170:
6169:Arca Caesarea
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6103:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:Roman Berytus
6041:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6009:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
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5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:Tell Shamsine
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Tell Mureibit
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:Tell Khardane
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Tell el-Burak
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
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5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Ras Baalbek I
5569:
5567:
5566:Qasr el Banat
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:Qal'at Bustra
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Hermel plains
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:Deir Al-Ahmar
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:Dahr El Ahmar
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Augusti Pagus
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Antelias cave
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Marat (Amrit)
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Gadir (Cadiz)
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Caricus Murus
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Gaulos (Gozo)
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4373:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4085:
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4080:
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4042:
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4037:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3891:
3887:
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3867:
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3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3795:9789042913448
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3770:9781841272924
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3741:9780198131991
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3716:9789068310733
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3687:2-84289-344-1
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:(in French).
3605:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3584:September 17,
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:9781900949903
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3477:9781853154096
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3438:
3434:
3432:9783909064199
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3394:(educational)
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3372:9780299154707
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3341:9789953000381
3337:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3311:9788881621415
3307:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3237:9781850435334
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3192:9789004070912
3188:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:9781741046090
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:9782503500331
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:René Rebuffat
3105:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3088:9780809100293
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3063:9782848190419
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3026:9780415436281
3022:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3006:
2998:September 22,
2993:
2990:(in French).
2989:
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2968:9780704371675
2964:
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2734:(5–1): 9–23.
2733:
2730:(in French).
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2559:
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2540:
2532:September 17,
2527:
2523:
2519:
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2512:(in French).
2511:
2507:
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2497:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
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2461:(in German).
2460:
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2447:
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2430:
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2424:9788866870975
2420:
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2400:
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2359:September 17,
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2339:(in French).
2338:
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2307:
2305:9780520247314
2301:
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2272:9780836957716
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2232:9788866870975
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2156:
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2130:9780521795432
2126:
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2090:9780802821737
2086:
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2051:
2049:9780521227179
2045:
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2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:9780802837844
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1974:9781628372175
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1947:9780395652374
1943:
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1908:9789068316902
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1795:9780766176713
1791:
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1766:September 23,
1760:(ministerial)
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1497:December 2009
1494:
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1366: 400 BC
1360:
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1024:
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1007:
1003:
1002:travel writer
1000:
997:, an ancient
996:
992:
988:
980:
978:
976:
973:
969:
968:
965:The Curse of
958:
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947:
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927:
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919:
915:
911:
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890:
886:
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879:, an English
878:
871:
867:
864:Three of the
862:
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843:
839:
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827:
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731:
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698:
694:
693:Abdi-Milkutti
690:
686:
682:
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658:
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633:
631:
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441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
418:
414:
413:Eshmunazar II
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:dedicated to
390:
382:
378:
369:
366:You may need
362:
351:
347:
343:
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327:
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319:
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223:
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211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
180:Eshmunazar II
178:
174:
169:
164:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
96:
68:
58:
53:
48:
43:
39:𐤁𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍
36:
30:
19:
18:Eshmun Temple
6461:
6279:Castra Chbib
6269:Qalaat Faqra
6189:Bziza temple
6179:Bakka temple
6144:Aaqbe temple
5930:
5916:Tell Zeitoun
5906:Tell Wardeen
5876:Tell Saoudhi
5871:Tell Safiyeh
5866:Tell Saatiya
5831:Tell Murtafa
5821:Tell Meouchi
5816:Tell Mekhada
5791:Tell Jezireh
5776:Tell Karmita
5766:Tell Hazzine
5741:Tell Dibbine
5716:Tell Beshara
5521:Neba'a Faour
5471:Majdal Anjar
5386:Kamid el-Loz
5371:Joub Jannine
5366:Jeita Grotto
5361:Jebel Aabeby
5316:Hadeth south
5246:Bustan Birke
5236:Belat temple
4663:Thymiaterium
4537:Għajn Qajjet
4362:Sant'Antioco
3984:Hippo Regius
3894:. Retrieved
3845:
3841:
3831:
3822:
3785:
3779:
3756:
3750:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3677:
3673:
3654:September 1,
3652:. Retrieved
3634:
3607:
3603:
3582:. Retrieved
3557:
3553:
3510:
3504:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3422:
3417:
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3391:the original
3381:
3362:
3331:
3301:
3280:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3268:
3254:
3227:
3176:
3144:
3138:
3111:
3097:
3078:
3072:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3015:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2987:
2977:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2910:
2904:
2895:December 26,
2893:, retrieved
2883:
2861:. Retrieved
2833:
2797:. Retrieved
2762:
2758:
2748:
2731:
2727:
2704:September 4,
2702:. Retrieved
2693:
2670:September 4,
2668:. Retrieved
2654:
2625:
2614:
2595:
2553:
2530:. Retrieved
2513:
2509:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2465:(1): 69–80.
2462:
2458:
2433:. Retrieved
2414:
2409:
2399:
2389:September 5,
2387:. Retrieved
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2340:
2336:
2322:
2289:
2281:
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2222:
2217:
2207:
2180:
2150:
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2080:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2038:
2031:
2004:
1983:. Retrieved
1963:
1956:
1931:
1898:
1838:November 29,
1836:. Retrieved
1816:
1785:
1764:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1746:
1729:
1723:
1710:
1702:
1633:
1624:
1617:Aimé Pérétié
1611:
1601:Mount Carmel
1595:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1546:
1529:
1467:
1407:
1381:
1335:
1322:four seasons
1279:in honor of
1273:
1221:
1180:
1132:
1125:
1118:torus-shaped
1104:Built under
1103:
1044:
984:
964:
935:
904:
892:Ernest Renan
874:
830:Roman street
818:
794:
770:Sharon plain
758:Eshmunazar I
735:
720:Construction
708:, and loyal
642:
595:
535:form of the
530:
483:Christianity
479:Roman Empire
476:
437:
376:
374:
329:Architecture
29:
6385:Coele-Syria
6214:Iaat column
5976:Wadi Yaroun
5966:Umm al-Amad
5911:Tell Zenoub
5881:Tell Serhan
5811:Tell Masoud
5761:Tell Fadous
5581:Ras El Kelb
5511:Nachcharini
5411:Kafr Tebnit
5161:Amlaq Qatih
4915:Bulla Regia
4463:Umm al-Amad
4348:Pantelleria
4217:Akka (Acre)
4103:Aïn Oulmene
4084:Rusubbicari
4068:Tamentfoust
4028:Constantine
3282:January 15,
2799:February 8,
2489:January 27,
2435:February 7,
2243:February 7,
2181:Phoenicians
2060:February 7,
1985:February 7,
1588:Ia-su-mu-nu
1489:Rolf Stucky
1339:fertilizing
1318:Roman villa
1290:Roman epoch
1212:(a type of
1187:socleplated
1144:Ionic order
1053:بستان الشيخ
1035:Awali river
936:During the
889:orientalist
778:sarcophagus
685:Sennacherib
653:the Lebanon
583:emasculated
401:Awali river
346:Hellenistic
218:Hellenistic
158: /
134:Coordinates
6468:Categories
6184:Batroumine
6119:Heliopolis
5991:Ain W Zain
5971:Wadi Koura
5861:Tell Rayak
5786:Tell Kirri
5706:Tell Ayoub
5666:Tell Addus
5661:Tell Ablah
5656:Tell Aalaq
5626:Sin el Fil
5576:Ras Beirut
5476:Mansourieh
5466:Lion Tower
5381:Kafr Zabad
5306:Fadous Sud
5211:Batroumine
5186:Ard Tlaili
5181:Ard Saouda
5136:Ain Harcha
5131:Ain Choaab
4925:Hadrumetum
4743:Akra Leuka
4622:Casablanca
4454:Sur (Tyre)
3878:8870783268
3644:1390289985
3616:1082376089
3554:Herakleion
3400:August 28,
3035:1103630119
2522:1136050029
1739:References
1697:driving a
1679:Persephone
1667:Amphitrite
1404:theophoric
987:Phoenician
932:After 1975
900:rusticated
801:Bodashtart
782:Amoashtart
697:Esarhaddon
657:Phoenician
651:conquered
552:Babylonian
537:Phoenician
487:polytheism
425:Bodashtart
397:Phoenician
385:معبد أشمون
342:Achaemenid
338:Phoenician
313:Management
233:Discovered
228:Site notes
214:Achaemenid
210:Phoenician
184:Bodashtart
146:35°23′53″E
143:33°35′08″N
6264:Hosn Niha
5796:Tell Jisr
5726:Tell Deir
5671:Tell Ahle
5531:Hosn Niha
5526:Nebi Safa
5506:Nabi Zair
5496:Moukhtara
5446:Ksar Akil
5416:Kfar Qouq
5396:Karak Nuh
5311:Hebbariye
5231:Beit Mery
5221:Bechamoun
5046:Tahpanhes
5041:Gibraltar
5036:Phoenicus
5031:Myriandus
4940:Kerkouane
4817:Almunecar
4628:Volubilis
4499:Tsabratan
4353:Selinunte
4323:Lilybaeum
4090:El Bahri)
4064:Rusguniae
4039:Macomades
3974:Cartennae
3886:164865577
3862:2166-3548
3610:: 45–49.
3574:695327562
3566:1988-9100
3560:: 21–40.
2929:470949164
2863:March 17,
2789:603590108
2471:0012-1169
2349:0012-1169
2023:971421203
1691:Aphrodite
1568:Damascius
1464:Pillaging
1302:nymphaeum
1267:in Sidon.
1202:registers
1184:limestone
1110:pyramidal
1027:Asclepius
946:exit ramp
896:abutments
842:nymphaeum
805:Yatonmilk
669:Egyptians
661:Sargon II
610:Asclepius
563:Damascius
533:Latinized
485:replaced
444:limestone
440:esplanade
429:Yatonmilk
303:Ownership
295:Condition
256:1963–1975
250:1903–1904
247:1901–1903
198:Abandoned
129:, Lebanon
6365:Ulpianus
5981:Yammoune
5486:Mayrouba
5431:Kharayeb
5421:Kfarhata
5286:Dekwaneh
5151:Al-Bireh
5126:Ain Aata
5005:Thysdrus
4949:Monastir
4920:Carthage
4828:Toscanos
4808:Saguntum
4798:Rushadir
4747:Alicante
4677:Portugal
4643:Oualidia
4603:Tamusida
4552:Tas-Silġ
4516:Cospicua
4514:Maleth (
4333:Neapolis
4317:Cagliari
4283:Drepanum
4242:Shikmona
4160:Lapathus
4088:Zemmouri
4058:Azeffoun
4049:Rachgoun
3999:Igilgili
3969:Camarata
3896:June 14,
3890:Archived
3804:52090604
3648:Archived
3578:Archived
3529:46500081
3496:14246298
3443:July 31,
3437:Archived
3361:(1997).
3246:47953853
3226:(2001).
3201:12299065
3130:29031989
2992:Archived
2889:archived
2857:Archived
2853:31376448
2793:Archived
2698:Archived
2694:Lebmania
2664:Archived
2622:(1981).
2572:50646537
2526:Archived
2483:Archived
2479:27931685
2429:Archived
2383:Archived
2353:Archived
2314:62279815
2237:Archived
2199:45096924
2119:(2001).
2101:July 15,
2095:Archived
2054:Archived
1979:Archived
1897:(1995).
1832:Archived
1699:quadriga
1671:Poseidon
1503:See also
1470:Beirut's
1440:Egyptian
1332:Function
1281:Dionysus
1218:Dionysus
1198:moldings
1114:ziggurat
981:Location
940:and the
912:notable
766:Xerxes I
738:Chaldean
689:Ittobaal
679:(modern
645:Assyrian
598:Assyrian
540:𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍
531:Eshmun (
470:and the
456:ablution
433:hegemony
206:Cultures
122:Location
6544:Astarte
6333:Related
6052:Berytus
5631:Sarepta
5586:Rashaya
5561:Qaraoun
5501:Mtaileb
5461:Libbaya
5406:Kefraya
5401:Kaukaba
5356:Jdeideh
5326:Hashbai
5216:Batroun
5201:Baalbek
5141:Akbiyeh
5106:Aadloun
5009:El Djem
5000:Thapsus
4990:Tayinat
4985:Tabarka
4975:Ruspina
4903:Tunisia
4838:Tyreche
4802:Melilla
4763:Iboshim
4668:Rusibis
4638:Rusadir
4633:Mogador
4612:Tangier
4592:Larache
4561:Morocco
4493:Tripoli
4444:Sarepta
4409:Baalbek
4382:Lebanon
4368:Tharros
4287:Trapani
4154:Larnaca
4109:Thagora
4054:Rusazus
4018:Tigzirt
4014:Iomnium
3993:Algiers
3989:Icosium
3962:Algeria
3487:1927741
2646:7204600
1675:Demeter
1643:Artemis
1477:Ottoman
1446:Achoris
1443:Pharaoh
1433:granite
1400:ostraca
1384:in situ
1314:Maenads
1223:thiasos
1210:cithara
1172:capital
1170:topped
1168:protome
1164:Astarte
1156:granite
1135:Persian
1127:favissa
1122:protome
1013:pilgrim
1010:Italian
967:Ezekiel
795:As the
746:Babylon
681:Larnaca
634:History
579:Astarte
571:Photius
415:in the
409:Lebanon
190:Founded
176:Builder
171:History
5651:Tayibe
5616:Shheem
5451:Labweh
5301:Flaoui
5266:Dakoue
5251:Byblos
5226:Beirut
5176:Apheca
5156:Amioun
5116:Aammiq
4964:Djerba
4960:Meninx
4945:Lepcis
4929:Sousse
4894:Ugarit
4884:Shuksi
4879:Safita
4874:Paltus
4782:Málaga
4778:Malake
4723:Abdera
4706:Tavira
4588:Likush
4542:Mtarfa
4479:Lepcis
4418:Beirut
4313:Karaly
4237:Reshef
4227:Michal
4212:Achzib
4205:Israel
4191:Rhodes
4174:Greece
4165:Marion
4150:Kition
4138:Cyprus
4129:Timici
4113:Taoura
4044:Malaca
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3802:
3792:
3767:
3738:
3713:
3684:
3642:
3614:
3572:
3564:
3527:
3517:
3494:
3484:
3474:
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1683:Helios
1655:Athena
1651:Apollo
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1535:vowels
1450:Paphos
1425:Kouros
1392:Louvre
1390:, the
1376:Votive
1343:votive
1310:nymphs
1306:niches
1298:mosaic
1294:Romans
1206:Apollo
1194:relief
1160:sphinx
1139:ashlar
1057:Sheikh
1049:Arabic
1031:Beirut
1023:Strabo
1006:Eshmun
972:UNESCO
961:July 1
954:UNESCO
870:Louvre
762:Levant
730:Eshmun
710:vassal
702:Baal I
677:Kition
591:heaven
575:Beirut
556:Tammuz
554:deity
523:Eshmun
517:Eshmun
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