240:. . As for the Homeritae, it was desired that they should establish Caïsus , the fugitive, as captain over the Maddeni , and with a great army of their own people and of the Maddene Saracens make an invasion into the land of the Persians. This Caïsus was by birth of the captain’s rank and an exceptionally able warrior, but he had killed one of the relatives of Esimiphaeus and was a fugitive in a land which is so utterly destitute of human habitation. So each king, promising to put this demand into effect, dismissed the ambassador, but neither one of them did the things agreed upon by them.
212:, sometime between Pentecost 525 and February 531. A fragmentary inscription appears to give Kaleb's full title as the King of Saba', Dhu Raydan, Hadramawt, Yamnat and their Arabs, on Tawdum and Tihamat. The text records the founding of a building, most likely a church. After his victory, Caleb returned to Aksum but left part of his army behind as a garrison.
267:, of later Islamic accounts may be partially based on Sumyafa' Ashwa. Later Christian historiography generally omitted Sumyafa' Ashwa in order not to expose Abraha—a Christian hero in these accounts—as an usurper. This often extended to falsely lengthening the reign of Abraha to include that of his predecessor. Thus, Sumyafa' Ashwa is not mentioned in the
256:, the commander of the Aksumite forces in Ḥimyar, revolted and overthrew Sumyafa' Ashwa, who was imprisoned in a fortress. Caleb sent two further military expeditions to restore Sumūyafaʿ Ashwaʿ, but both ended in failure. The details of these events are found in Procopius. In the 540s, when Abraha had inscriptions added to the
239:
At that time, when
Hellesthaeus was reigning over the Aethiopians , and Esimiphaeus over the Homeritae , the Emperor Justinian sent an ambassador, Julianus, demanding that both nations on account of their community of religion should make common cause with the Romans in the war against the Persians.
180:
from
February 530 or 531 by a Sumyafa' Ashwa and his sons Sharhabil Yakmul and Ma'dikarib Ya'fur. He was the son of Lakhni'ah Yarkham, from western Ḥimyar and had been in exile in Aksum, only returning with the Aksumite invasion force.It is not certain that this was the same Sumyafa' Ashwa who was or
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sent two embassies to Ḥimyar during the brief reign of Sumūyafaʿ Ashwaʿ. Sometime between April and
September 531, he sent an embassy to the court of Aksum and to Sumyafa' Ashwa, hoping for an alliance against
649:
533:
Edwell, Peter; Fisher, Greg; Greatrex, Geoffrey; Whately, Conor; Wood, Philip (2015). "Arabs in the
Conflict between Rome and Persia, AD 491–630". In Greg Fisher (ed.).
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argued that Sumūyafaʿ Ashwaʿ took the throne name
Abraham, causing confusion between him and his successor because of the similarity of their names.
523:
349:
585:
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Robin, Christian Julien (2015). "Before Ḥimyar: Epigraphic
Evidence for the Kingdoms of South Arabia". In Greg Fisher (ed.).
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It is not possible to be precise about the date of accession of Sumūyafaʿ Ashwaʿ. A native Ḥimyarite and a
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Life and Works of Saint
Gregentios, Archbishop of Taphar: Introduction, Critical Edition and Translation
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and Aksum, but "in addition to these goals to visit the
Ameritae", that is, the Ḥimyarites. In 535,
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Bury, J. B. (1923). History of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. II. Macmillan & Co. pp. 325–326.
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There is an inscription mentioning
Sumyafa' Ashwa, which commemorates the refortification of
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350:"DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian Inscriptions: Epigraph details"
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family. Some have suggested that
Sumyafa' Ashwa was the father of the Himyarite prince,
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Another inscription also indicates that Sumyafa' Ashwa was from the influential elite
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to commemorate its repair, he noted his victory over a son of Sumyafa' Ashwa.
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545:(2006). "Gregentios in the Land of the Homerites". In Albrecht Berger (ed.).
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
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The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam
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156:. He was also the viceroy of the Aksumite king
235:details the embassy of the ambassador Julian:
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537:. Oxford University Press. pp. 214–275.
645:"Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A. D."
599:. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–126.
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164:. Sumyafa' Ashwa was a native convert to
152:, ruling in the 6th century CE under the
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204:, he was appointed by the Aksumite king
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580:. State University of New York Press.
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607:(1979). "Byzantium in South Arabia".
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576:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
263:The Aksumite military general,
597:Arabs and Empires before Islam
549:. De Gruyter. pp. 48–82.
535:Arabs and Empires before Islam
148:sources, was a vassal king of
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653:, 16 (1954), pp. 425-468
229:Qays ibn Salama ibn al-Ḥārith
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572:Peters, Francis E. (1994).
518:. Oxford University Press.
172:Archaeological Inscriptions
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66:Overthrown and deposed by
248:was sent on a mission to
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555:10.1515/9783110911060.48
130:Sumyafa' Ashwa al-Yazani
109:Sumyafa' Ashwa al-Yazani
667:6th-century Arab people
289:Theophanes of Byzantium
181:became king of Himyar.
543:Fiaccadori, Gianfranco
301:Laws of the Ḥimyarites
299:. On the basis of the
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231:. The Roman historian
609:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
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682:Middle Eastern kings
672:6th-century regents
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512:Bowersock, Glen W.
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419:Edwell et al. 2015
297:Michael the Syrian
190:Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan
140:: Esimiphaeus) in
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354:dasi.cnr.it
220:Justinian I
134:Esimiphaios
53:Predecessor
48:522/530–535
18:Esimiphaios
661:Categories
392:Robin 2015
380:Robin 2015
359:2024-04-21
337:Robin 2015
315:References
281:Gregentios
258:Maʾrib Dam
94: 535
81: 460
615:: 23–94.
293:Chronicle
269:Martyrion
233:Procopius
210:Dhū Nuwās
202:Christian
186:Dhu Yazan
178:Bi'r `Ali
162:Dhu Nuwas
63:Successor
57:Dhu Nuwas
514:(2013).
246:Nonnosos
118:Religion
629:1291433
291:or the
273:Arethas
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283:, the
275:, the
254:Abraha
225:Persia
150:Himyar
142:Syriac
68:Abraha
625:JSTOR
265:Aryat
250:Kinda
206:Caleb
196:Reign
158:Kaleb
146:Greek
138:Latin
104:Names
45:Reign
582:ISBN
559:ISBN
520:ISBN
305:Bios
277:Bios
215:The
144:and
87:Died
74:Born
617:doi
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295:of
287:of
279:of
271:of
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