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flour, yeast, pastry, or in scrapings collected from the table, all of which were tested. If these results are correct, the poison must have been introduced shortly before baking. Moreover, despite its ultimate failure, Lowe and McLaughlin argue that the incident had certain characteristics of careful strategic planning: the decision to poison
European-style bread, a food generally not eaten by Chinese at the time, would have served to separate the intended targets of the plot, while white arsenic (arsenic trioxide) was a fast-acting poison naturally available in China, and so well-suited to the task.
670:
433:. The quantity of arsenic involved was high enough to cause the poison to be vomited out before it could kill its victims. There were no deaths immediately attributable to the poisoning, though three deaths that occurred the following year, including that of the wife of Governor Bowring, would be ascribed to its long-term effects. The colony's doctors, led by Surgeon General Aurelius Harland, dispatched messages across the town advising that the bread was poisoned and containing instructions to induce vomiting and consume raw eggs.
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was carried out by two foremen at the bakery who fled Hong Kong immediately afterwards, and Cheong was uninvolved. Lowe and McLaughlin, in their 2015 investigation of the incident, classify the plausible hypotheses into three categories: that the poisoning was carried out by Cheong or an employee on orders from
Chinese officials, that the poisoning was an attempt by a rival to frame Cheong, and that the poisoning was accidental.
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308:. In Hong Kong, it sowed panic and insecurity among the local colonists, highlighting the precariousness of imperial rule in the colony. The incident contributed to growing tensions between Hong Kong's European and Chinese residents, as well as within the European community itself. The scale and potential consequences of the poisoning make it an unprecedented event in the history of the
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real criminals". Hulme retorted that "hanging the wrong man will not further the ends of justice". Cheong himself called for his own beheading, along with the rest of his family, if he were found guilty, in accordance with
Chinese practice. On 6 February, the jury rejected the arguments of the prosecution and returned a 5–1 verdict of 'not guilty'.
786:... the English barbarians are in very great perplexity; that a proclamation is issued every day, and three sets of regulations come out in two days. People out at night are taken up in a haste, and let go in a hurry; no one is allowed out after 8 o'clock; the shops are forced to take out tickets at sixteen dollars each.
340:. The colony's early administrators held high hopes for Hong Kong as a gateway for British influence in China as a whole, which would combine British good government with an influx from China of what were referred to at the time as "intelligent and readily improvable artisans", as well as facilitating the transfer of
515:
The defence noted that Cheong's own children had shown symptoms of poisoning; Attorney
General Anstey argued that they had merely been seasick, and added that even if Cheong were innocent, it was "better to hang the wrong man than confess that British sagacity and activity have failed to discover the
773:
was commissioned to patrol the waters surrounding Hong Kong. Governor
Bowring wrote to London requesting the dispatch of 5,000 soldiers to Hong Kong. A proclamation was issued reaffirming the curfew on Chinese residents, and Chinese ships were ordered to be kept beyond 300 yards (270 m) of Hong
695:
decried the poisoning in hyperbolic terms, describing it as a "hideous villainy, unparalleled treachery, of these monsters of China", "defeated ... by its very excess of iniquity"; its perpetrators were "noxious animals ... wild beasts in human shape, without one single redeeming value" and "demons
631:
to the drachm, common white arsenic. ... I also, on the afternoon of the 16th, had two jars brought me by a policeman, one containing yeast used on the night of the 14th, the other the materials for making yeast, together with some flour and some pastry from the bakery, paste scraped from the table,
591:
acting out of personal patriotism. Cheong's own clan record, written in China in 1904 at the command of the imperial court, states that the incident was entirely accidental, the result of negligence in preparing the bread rather than intentional poisoning. Yet another account says that the poisoning
450:
with his family early in the day. He was immediately suspected of being the perpetrator, and as news of the incident rapidly spread, he was detained there and brought back to Hong Kong the next day. By the end of the day, 52 Chinese men had been rounded up and detained in connection to the incident.
622:
Soon after the first alarm, I endeavoured to ascertain in a hasty way what was in the bread, and Dr
Bradford coming in, he and I satisfied ourselves that it was arsenic. Next day, at the request of the Colonial Secretary, we made a more careful analysis of each piece of bread separately, and found
511:
The arguments at the trial focused more on Cheong's personal character than on the poisoning itself: the defence argued that Cheong was a highly regarded and prosperous member of the local community with little reason to take part in an amateurish poisoning plot, and suggested that Cheong had been
599:
conducted at the time do not support the theory that the incident was accidental. Cheong's clan record reports that "one day, through carelessness, a worker dropped some 'odd things' into the flour", even though the arsenic was found only in the bread itself, and in massive quantities—not in the
499:
for dealing with the attempted murder of a whole community. One of the victims of the poisoning was selected, and Cheong and the nine other defendants were charged with "administering poison with intent to kill and murder James
Carroll Dempster, Colonial Surgeon". Attorney General Anstey led the
715:
on 22 May 1857, saying that the
Chinese now "poison the bread of the European community at Hong Kong by wholesale, and with the coolest premeditation". "In short, instead of moralizing on the horrible atrocities of the Chinese", he argued, "as the chivalrous English press does, we had better
609:
published a confiscated letter written to Chan Kwei-tsih, the head of the resistance committee in Xin'an County, from his brother Tsz-tin, informing him of the incident. The second-hand report in the missive suggests that the committee was unlikely to have instigated the incident directly.
769:", and the affair contributed to the tensions between the European and Chinese communities in Hong Kong. In a state of panic, the colonial government conducted mass arrests and deportations of Chinese residents in the wake of the poisonings. 100 new police officers were hired and a
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alleged that the incident had been fabricated as part of a campaign of disinformation justifying the Second Opium War. Much of the disbelief centred on Cheong's name, which became an object of sarcasm and humour—bakers in 19th-century
Britain often adulterated their dough with
512:
framed by his commercial competitors. The prosecution, on the other hand, painted him as an agent of the Qing government, ideally positioned to sabotage the colony. They claimed he was financially desperate and had sold himself out to
Chinese officials in return for money.
375:
in Hong Kong by a series of proclamations offering rewards for the deaths of what he called the French and British "rebel barbarians", and ordering Chinese to renounce employment by the "foreign dogs". A committee to organise resistance to the Europeans was established at
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had determined while the trial was still underway that Cheong should be detained indefinitely regardless of its outcome, and he was arrested soon afterwards under emergency legislation on the pretext of being what the authorities called a "suspicious character".
738:, or simply 'alum', as a whitener —and Lowe and McLaughlin note that "a baker named Cheong Alum would have been considered funny by itself, but a baker named Cheong Alum accused of adding poison to his own dough seemed too good to be true". An official of the
702:, published a fabricated letter by Cheong admitting that he "had acted agreeably to the order of the Viceroy ". By the time the news of Cheong's acquittal was published in London on 11 April, the election was all but over, and Palmerston was victorious.
348:. However, the colonial government soon found it difficult to govern Hong Kong's rapidly expanding Chinese population, and was also faced with endemic piracy and continued hostility from the Qing government. In 1856, the Governor of Hong Kong,
384:(1850–1864) was producing a surge of Chinese criminals into the colony. Tensions between Chinese and European residents ran high, and in December 1856 and January 1857 the Hong Kong government enacted emergency legislation, imposing a
547:, accepted a petition from the Chinese community for Cheong to be allowed to leave peaceably from Hong Kong after putting his affairs in order. Cheong was accordingly released and left the colony on 1 August, abandoning his business.
818:
for the Qing Empire in Vietnam. He died in 1900. A portion of the poisoned bread, well-preserved by its high arsenic content, was kept in a cabinet of the office of the Chief Justice of the Hong Kong Supreme Court until the 1930s.
648:. Murray found the incident to be scientifically interesting because of the low number of deaths that resulted from the ingestion of such a massive quantity of arsenic. Chemical tests enabled him to obtain 62.3 grains of
474:
after a preliminary examination. This took place on 21 January. The other detainees were taken to Cross Roads police station and confined in a small cell, which became known as the 'Black Hole of Hong Kong' after the
798:
incident on 6 March 1857, indicative of the continuing problems in the colony. In the same month, one of Duddell's employees was reported to have discussed being offered $ 2,000 to adulterate biscuit dough with a
411:
On 15 January 1857, between 300 and 500 predominantly European residents of the colony—a large proportion of the European population at the time—who had consumed loaves from the Esing Bakery (
2980:
722:, a popular war for the maintenance of Chinese nationality, with all its overbearing prejudice, stupidity, learned ignorance and pedantic barbarism if you like, but yet a popular war."
652:
per pound of bread (9 parts per thousand), while Liebig found 64 grains/lb (10 parts per thousand). Liebig theorised that the poison had failed to act because it was vomited out before
524:
The verdict triggered a sensation, and despite his acquittal, public opinion among the European residents of Hong Kong remained extremely hostile to Cheong. Governor Bowring and his
269:, found in bread produced by a Chinese-owned store, the Esing Bakery. The proprietor of the bakery, Cheong Ah-lum, was accused of plotting the poisoning but was acquitted in a
2945:
902:
is the smallest unit of weight, with 7000 grains in one pound (0.45 kg). A drachm of arsenic in this sized loaf of bread is therefore equivalent to 9 parts per thousand.
2975:
2431:
807:, a series of scandals and controversies involving Bridges, Tarrant, Anstey, and other members of the administration, similarly focused on race relations in the colony.
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853:
Murray lists the ten men as Cheong A-lum, Cheong Achew, Cheong Aheep, Cheong Achok, Lum Asow, Tam Aleen, Fong Angee, Cheong Amun, Fong Achut, and Cheong Wye Kong:
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at night-time. Well-off Chinese residents became increasingly disquieted by the escalating police brutality and the level of regulation of Chinese life.
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429:) fell ill with nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and dizziness. Later testing concluded that the bread had been adulterated with large amounts of
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George Duddell, described by the historian Nigel Cameron as "one of the colony's most devious crooks". Duddell's warehouse was attacked in an
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Aurelius Harland, the Surgeon General, conducted the initial tests on the bread and other materials recovered from the bakery. He recorded:
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1922:"Note of the Result of an Analysis of a Portion of the Bread with which A-lum was accused of Poisoning the European Residents at Hong-Kong"
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1734:"Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease"
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Both the scale of the poisoning and its potential consequences make the Esing bakery incident unprecedented in the history of the
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and was banished from the colony. The true responsibility for the incident and its intention—whether it was an individual act of
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The trial opened on 2 February. The government had difficulty selecting appropriate charges because there was no precedent in
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Portions of the poisoned bread were subsequently sealed and dispatched to Europe, where they were examined by the chemists
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of Lord Palmerston's support for the Second Opium War. Mustering support for Palmerston and his war policy, the London
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35:
360:, demanded reparations from the Qing government for the seizure of a Hong Kong Chinese-owned ship, which led to the
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1983:
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on Hong Kong Chinese and giving the police sweeping powers to arrest and deport Chinese criminals and to resort to
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on the mainland. At the same time, Europeans in Hong Kong became concerned that the turmoil in China caused by the
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1988:
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The Esing Bakery was closed, and the supply of bread to the colonial community was taken over by the English
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and some pastry in tin moulds. I found no trace of arsenic or other metallic poison in any of the materials.
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1965:
1793:
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479:. Some were deported several days later, while the rest remained in the Black Hole for nearly three weeks.
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they all indicated the presence of arsenic. ... we found that one pound loaf of bread contained nearly a
501:
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452:
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Attorney General Thomas Chisholm Anstey argued that Cheong should be hanged regardless of his innocence.
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Tarrant blamed Bridges publicly for permitting Cheong to escape, but was himself consequently sued for
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Modern scholars have been divided in attributing the responsibility for the incident. The historian
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63:
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Morris describes the incident as "a dramatic realization of that favourite Victorian chiller, the
762:, with the colonists believing at the time that its success could have destroyed their community.
2829:
2782:
2724:
2608:
2280:
1863:
254:
803:—the truth of this allegation is unknown. Soon after the poisoning, Hong Kong was rocked by the
1803:
Palmerston and The Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian Britain
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Also spelled A(-)lum, Allum, Ahlum, or Ah Lum instead of Ah-lum, or Cheung instead of Cheong.
312:, the colonists believing at the time that its success could have wiped out their community.
2807:
2719:
2699:
2547:
2517:
2133:
2048:"From Antiforeignism to Popular Nationalism: Hong Kong between China and Britain, 1839–1911"
1933:
1855:
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is a small weight, equal to one eighth of one troy ounce (31 g), or about 3.9 grams. A
791:
726:
706:
691:
645:
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377:
361:
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194:
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James Legge and the Chinese Classics: A Brilliant Scot in the Turmoil of Colonial Hong Kong
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Multiple currencies were in circulation in early British Hong Kong, including Mexican or
1956:
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1938:
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annotated a report on Cheong from Hong Kong with the remark, "Surely a mythical name".
735:
637:
333:
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309:
583:
argued that the poisoning was carried out on the instruction of Qing officials, while
487:
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2008:
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543:. He was awarded $ 1,010. Before the sentence could be executed, Bridges, now Acting
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1841:"'Caution! The bread is poisoned': The Hong Kong mass poisoning of January 1857"
892:
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Kong, by force if necessary. Chan Tsz-tin described the aftermath in his letter
572:
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1873:
750:
567:
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2090:
811:
575:, who was accused of masterminding the incident by newspapers in London
540:
274:
266:
74:
3186:
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Others in England denied that the poisoning had even happened. In the
2613:
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2141:
815:
624:
385:
341:
1902:
Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880
705:
In London, the incident came to the attention of the German author
367:
At the opening of the war in late 1856, Qing imperial commissioner
265:, several hundred European residents were poisoned non-lethally by
2567:
2219:
2052:
Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain, 1842–1992
795:
749:
668:
566:
551:
486:
447:
399:
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in human shape". Another newspaper supportive of Palmerston, the
293:
government, or purely accidental—both remain a matter of debate.
2094:
470:
On 19 January ten of the men were committed to be tried at the
2464:
404:
The examination at Central Police Station on 21 January, from
685:, which had been called following a successful parliamentary
451:
Many of the local Europeans, including the Attorney General,
296:
In Britain, the incident became a political issue during the
300:, helping to mobilise support for the war and the incumbent
2072:
Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China
436:
The proprietor of the bakery, Cheong Ah-lum (Chinese:
1714:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 279–98.
227:
95:
0 at the time of the event, 3 from long-term consequences
1984:"Racial tensions mixed with a dash of arsenic and yeast"
1708:"Sweet and Sour: Historic Presence and Diasporic Agency"
1905:(2nd ed.). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
2012:
814:
after his departure from Hong Kong, and later became
810:
Cheong himself made a prosperous living in Macau and
206:
3129:
3067:
2991:
2946:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
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221:
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176:
162:
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139:
127:
115:
107:
99:
91:
81:
70:
59:
44:
1848:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1824:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1710:. In Coloma, Ronald Sintos; Pon, Gordon (eds.).
1663:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
681:News of the incident reached Britain during the
273:. Nonetheless, Cheong was successfully sued for
784:
620:
1958:The History of the Laws and Courts of Hongkong
1514:
1502:
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1374:
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1234:
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1115:
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863:
554:by Bridges and forced to pay a fine of £100.
168:
154:
8:
3121:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
2936:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
2835:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1246:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1074:
1072:
21:
3059:United Kingdom food information regulations
1525:
1523:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1263:
1023:
1021:
508:, who had himself been poisoned, presided.
328:negotiated the cession of Hong Kong by the
2113:
2099:
2091:
1591:
1589:
1414:
1412:
1322:
1320:
1191:
1189:
185:
87:300–500 taken ill, predominantly Europeans
27:
20:
2897:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2075:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1937:
1752:
1540:
1538:
2941:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
2803:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1490:
1230:
1228:
1157:
1155:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1111:
1109:
1107:
504:and John Day the defence. Chief Justice
2911:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2013:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
1975:Half-Crown Colony: A Hong Kong Notebook
1961:. Vol. 1. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
1839:Lowe, Kate; McLaughlin, Eugene (2015).
1607:
1350:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1180:
1082:清代香山鐵城張氏家族與澳門的關係──以《曲江張氏族譜香山鐵城宗支譜》為中心展開
1012:
988:
964:
940:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
828:
463:. Governor Bowring insisted that he be
364:between Britain and China (1856–1860).
2926:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
2503:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2054:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 9–26.
1982:Schoonakker, Bonny (15 January 2007).
1619:
1529:
1466:
1430:
1403:
1386:
1311:
1299:
1287:
854:
835:Also spelled ESing, E-sing, or E Sing.
136:
1741:International Journal of Epidemiology
7:
3217:
3105:Institute for Food Safety and Health
2845:Australian meat substitution scandal
2813:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
2589:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
1955:Norton-Kyshe, James William (1898).
1805:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1691:. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield.
1595:
1580:
1568:
1454:
1442:
1418:
1326:
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1027:
1000:
976:
952:
878:
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3093:Food Information and Control Agency
1660:An Illustrated History of Hong Kong
1556:
1544:
1338:
777:
595:Lowe and McLaughlin state that the
754:Governor of Hong Kong John Bowring
229:Yuhsìhng baahngún duhk mihnbāau on
14:
3110:International Food Safety Network
3034:International Food Safety Network
2755:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2705:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2432:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
2019:(2nd ed.). Oxford, England:
1884:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin.
1777:Engels, Friedrich (22 May 1857).
675:National Portrait Gallery, London
261:. On 15 January 1857, during the
3236:
3226:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3185:
3115:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
2951:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
2882:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2877:ICA meat repackaging controversy
1964:
1882:Hong Kong: Epilogue to an Empire
1792:
1768:
257:scandal in the early history of
180:Esing Bakery poisoned bread case
16:1857 poisoning case in Hong Kong
3054:Quality Assurance International
2961:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
2931:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
2825:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
2740:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
442:
425:
228:
3083:European Food Safety Authority
2956:Food safety incidents in China
2793:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2760:Water fluoridation controversy
1688:A Concise History of Hong Kong
1636:Bowman, Marilyn Laura (2016).
437:
416:
207:
169:
155:
1:
1973:Pope-Hennessy, James (1969).
1822:Hong Kong: A Cultural History
1712:Asian Canadian Studies Reader
716:recognize that this is a war
320:In 1841, in the midst of the
208:Yùchéng bànguǎn dú miànbāo àn
3088:Food and Drug Administration
2770:Food contamination incidents
1860:10.1080/03086534.2014.974904
606:Hong Kong Government Gazette
3288:Arsenic poisoning incidents
3142:Food and drink prohibitions
2916:Bihar school meal poisoning
2840:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
2798:1900 English beer poisoning
2152:Antibiotic use in livestock
1685:Carroll, John Mark (2007).
1079:湯, 開建 (2018). 陳, 超敏 (ed.).
775:
644:, and the Scottish surgeon
459:—some called for him to be
406:The Illustrated London News
119:"Administering poison with
36:The Illustrated London News
3309:
3137:Curing (food preservation)
2210:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
2050:. In Chan, Ming K. (ed.).
1899:Munn, Christopher (2009).
1642:. Victoria: FriesenPress.
1515:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1503:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1479:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1375:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1363:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1276:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1235:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1208:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1196:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1162:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1135:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1116:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1064:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
1040:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
929:Lowe & McLaughlin 2015
111:Cheong Ah-lum and 9 others
3180:
3167:Genetically modified food
3019:Food labeling regulations
2887:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2046:Tsai, Jung-fang (2015) .
2017:Oxford English Dictionary
1926:Edinburgh Medical Journal
1801:Fenton, Laurence (2012).
1787:Marxists Internet Archive
673:Lord Palmerston in 1857 (
239:
184:
144:
121:intent to kill and murder
86:
48:15 January 1857
26:
3029:Food safety in Australia
2225:High-fructose corn syrup
1989:South China Morning Post
1977:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1920:Murray, J. Ivor (1858).
1820:Ingham, Michael (2007).
1081:
731:Thomas Perronet Thompson
371:unleashed a campaign of
150:Traditional Chinese
3009:Acceptable daily intake
2921:2013 horse meat scandal
2362:Clostridium perfringens
2021:Oxford University Press
1783:New York Herald Tribune
1657:Cameron, Nigel (1991).
1092:(88). 澳門基金會: 121, 123.
712:New York Herald Tribune
164:Simplified Chinese
3077:Centre for Food Safety
2892:2008 Irish pork crisis
2594:Benzene in soft drinks
788:
755:
678:
634:
576:
502:William Thomas Bridges
492:
477:Black Hole of Calcutta
455:, wished Cheong to be
453:Thomas Chisholm Anstey
440:; Cantonese Yale:
408:
354:British Prime Minister
3263:Scandals in Hong Kong
3099:Food Standards Agency
3049:Organic certification
3044:Nutrition facts label
2788:Esing Bakery incident
2576:environment pollution
1880:Morris, Jan (2007) .
1732:Dunnigan, M. (2003).
1678:registration required
753:
683:1857 general election
672:
660:Effects and aftermath
570:
490:
403:
338:Convention of Chuenpi
298:1857 general election
247:Esing Bakery incident
140:Esing Bakery incident
22:Esing Bakery incident
2868:2006 North American
2526:Acesulfame potassium
2355:Campylobacter jejuni
2249:Intestinal parasites
2122:Consumer food safety
2069:Wong, J. Y. (1998).
1874:open-access preprint
1727:(password-protected)
665:Reception in Britain
587:depicts Cheong as a
581:George Beer Endacott
533:, the editor of the
520:Banishment of Cheong
497:English criminal law
289:orchestrated by the
249:, also known as the
3268:Murder in Hong Kong
3172:Conspiracy theories
2725:Heterocyclic amines
2629:Shellfish poisoning
2009:Weiner, Edmund S.C.
1278:, pp. 199–200.
1198:, pp. 190–191.
709:, who wrote to the
483:Supreme Court trial
352:, supported by the
66:, British Hong Kong
33:Esing Bakery, from
23:
2830:Toxic oil syndrome
2783:Swill milk scandal
2609:Diethylstilbestrol
2281:Diphyllobothriasis
1754:10.1093/ije/dyg160
1706:Cho, Lily (2017).
1220:Pope-Hennessy 1969
1147:Pope-Hennessy 1969
955:, pp. 39, 38.
756:
679:
656:could take place.
627:of arsenic, sixty
603:In June 1857, the
577:
571:The Qing governor
545:Colonial Secretary
539:, sued Cheong for
493:
409:
255:food contamination
3293:1857 in Hong Kong
3273:British Hong Kong
3250:
3249:
3157:Food preservation
2966:Foodborne illness
2518:Sugar substitutes
2271:Cryptosporidiosis
2253:parasitic disease
2167:HGH controversies
2134:food contaminants
2030:978-0-19-861186-8
1481:, pp. 202–3.
1457:, pp. 227–8.
1421:, pp. 226–7.
1377:, pp. 197–8.
1314:, pp. 307–8.
1247:Norton-Kyshe 1898
1066:, pp. 193–4.
719:pro aris et focis
642:Justus von Liebig
597:chemical analyses
526:Executive Council
506:John Walter Hulme
426:Yuhsìhng baahngún
382:Taiping Rebellion
259:British Hong Kong
243:
242:
235:
234:
223:Yale Romanization
195:Standard Mandarin
135:
134:
3300:
3278:Second Opium War
3240:
3239:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3202:Drink portal
3200:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3101:(United Kingdom)
2850:Jack in the Box
2821:
2808:Minamata disease
2720:Food irradiation
2700:4-Hydroxynonenal
2548:Sodium cyclamate
2391:Escherichia coli
2383:Escherichia coli
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2065:
2042:
2005:Simpson, John A.
2000:
1998:
1996:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1941:
1916:
1895:
1871:
1845:
1835:
1816:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1779:"Persia — China"
1773:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1702:
1681:
1674:
1653:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1264:Schoonakker 2007
1261:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
979:, pp. 12–3.
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
903:
888:
882:
867:
858:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
781:
727:House of Commons
707:Friedrich Engels
646:John Ivor Murray
457:court-martialled
444:
439:
431:arsenic trioxide
427:
418:
396:Course of events
362:Second Opium War
332:of China to the
263:Second Opium War
231:
230:
210:
209:
186:
172:
171:
158:
157:
137:
55:
53:
31:
24:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3196:
3194:
3192:Food portal
3184:
3176:
3125:
3063:
3024:Food libel laws
2987:
2815:
2764:
2730:Modified starch
2692:Food processing
2686:
2633:
2562:
2512:
2508:Sodium benzoate
2484:
2446:
2441:Vibrio cholerae
2335:
2306:Gnathostomiasis
2291:Fasciolopsiasis
2243:
2191:
2182:Mercury in fish
2124:
2119:
2089:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2045:
2031:
2011:, eds. (1989).
2003:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1919:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1879:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1819:
1813:
1800:
1791:
1776:
1767:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
959:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
916:
912:
907:
906:
889:
885:
873:as well as the
871:Spanish dollars
868:
861:
852:
848:
843:
839:
834:
830:
825:
805:Caldwell affair
748:
740:Colonial Office
687:vote of censure
667:
662:
616:
565:
560:
536:Friend of China
531:William Tarrant
522:
485:
398:
358:Lord Palmerston
322:First Opium War
318:
306:Lord Palmerston
177:Literal meaning
51:
49:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Mass poisoning
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Food marketing
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3130:Related topics
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Food additives
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2341:Microorganisms
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Paragonimiasis
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Cyclosporiasis
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2197:Food additives
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Lead poisoning
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2043:
2029:
2001:
1979:
1970:
1952:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1891:978-0141001296
1890:
1877:
1854:(2): 189–209.
1836:
1831:978-0195314977
1830:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1774:
1729:
1721:978-1442630284
1720:
1703:
1698:978-0742534223
1697:
1682:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 276.
1585:
1583:, p. 257.
1573:
1571:, p. 284.
1561:
1559:, p. 279.
1549:
1547:, p. 280.
1534:
1519:
1517:, p. 189.
1507:
1505:, p. 201.
1495:
1493:, p. 341.
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1445:, p. 227.
1435:
1433:, p. 140.
1423:
1408:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1365:, p. 194.
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 282.
1331:
1329:, p. 283.
1316:
1304:
1292:
1290:, p. 307.
1280:
1268:
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 198.
1224:
1212:
1200:
1185:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1137:, p. 197.
1120:
1118:, p. 190.
1103:
1068:
1056:
1054:, p. 278.
1044:
1042:, p. 192.
1032:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
931:, p. 191.
913:
911:
908:
905:
904:
883:
881:, p. xiv.
875:pound sterling
859:
846:
837:
827:
826:
824:
821:
760:British Empire
747:
744:
736:potassium alum
666:
663:
661:
658:
638:Frederick Abel
615:
612:
564:
563:Responsibility
561:
559:
556:
521:
518:
484:
481:
421:Cantonese Yale
397:
394:
334:British Empire
326:Charles Elliot
317:
314:
310:British Empire
302:Prime Minister
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
225:
219:
218:
216:Yue: Cantonese
212:
211:
204:
198:
197:
191:
190:
189:Transcriptions
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
166:
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
142:
141:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
103:57 Chinese men
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
46:
42:
41:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3305:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Food politics
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:(South Korea)
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2981:United States
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2902:2011 Germany
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2859:1996 Odwalla
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:Preservatives
2487:
2481:
2480:Methamidophos
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Toxoplasmosis
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
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2014:
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1747:(3): 340–41.
1746:
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1694:
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1661:
1655:
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1649:9781460288849
1645:
1641:
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1621:
1616:
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1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
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1574:
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1553:
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1532:, p. 52.
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:Dunnigan 2003
1487:
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1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:, p. 16.
1405:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:, p. 14.
1388:
1383:
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1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:, p. 83.
1352:
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1344:
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1335:
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1328:
1323:
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1248:
1243:
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1221:
1216:
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1210:, p. 200
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
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1183:, p. 26.
1182:
1177:
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1164:, p. 196
1163:
1158:
1156:
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1148:
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1073:
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1033:
1030:, p. 13.
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:, p. 21.
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:, p. 57.
1002:
997:
994:
991:, p. 19.
990:
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
967:, p. 48.
966:
961:
958:
954:
949:
946:
943:, p. 12.
942:
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915:
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857:, p. 13.
856:
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771:merchant ship
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650:arsenous acid
647:
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619:
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519:
517:
513:
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500:prosecution,
498:
489:
482:
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473:
472:Supreme Court
468:
466:
465:tried by jury
462:
458:
454:
449:
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443:Jēung Puilàhm
434:
432:
428:
422:
414:
407:
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395:
393:
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387:
383:
379:
378:Xin'an County
374:
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281:, commercial
280:
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272:
271:trial by jury
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Ah Lum affair
248:
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69:
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62:
58:
47:
43:
38:
37:
30:
25:
19:
3162:Food quality
3069:Institutions
2903:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2787:
2735:Nitrosamines
2498:Benzoic acid
2460:Chlorpyrifos
2439:
2433:
2424:
2407:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2331:Trichuriasis
2316:Toxocariasis
2286:Enterobiasis
2162:Formaldehyde
2071:
2051:
2016:
1993:. Retrieved
1987:
1974:
1957:
1932:(1): 13–16.
1929:
1925:
1901:
1881:
1851:
1847:
1821:
1802:
1782:
1744:
1740:
1711:
1687:
1659:
1638:
1615:
1610:, p. 83
1608:Cameron 1991
1603:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1351:Cameron 1991
1346:
1334:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1242:
1215:
1203:
1181:Carroll 2007
1142:
1089:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1013:Carroll 2007
1008:
996:
989:Carroll 2007
984:
972:
965:Carroll 2007
960:
948:
941:Carroll 2007
936:
897:
891:
886:
849:
840:
831:
809:
792:entrepreneur
789:
785:
767:Yellow Peril
764:
757:
724:
717:
710:
704:
697:
692:Morning Post
690:
680:
635:
621:
617:
604:
602:
594:
578:
549:
534:
523:
514:
510:
494:
469:
446:), left for
441:
435:
424:
410:
405:
390:lethal force
366:
350:John Bowring
330:Qing dynasty
319:
295:
250:
246:
244:
202:Hanyu Pinyin
34:
18:
3242:WikiProject
3079:(Hong Kong)
2816: [
2778:Devon colic
2652:Breast milk
2624:Nonylphenol
2599:Bisphenol A
2536:controversy
2403:Hepatitis E
2398:Hepatitis A
2376:Enterovirus
2369:Cronobacter
2326:Trichinosis
2296:Fasciolosis
2266:Anisakiasis
2237:controversy
2130:Adulterants
1620:Ingham 2007
1530:Morris 2007
1467:Engels 1857
1431:Fenton 2012
1404:Murray 1858
1387:Murray 1858
1312:Bowman 2016
1300:Ingham 2007
1288:Bowman 2016
855:Murray 1858
573:Ye Mingchen
369:Ye Mingchen
346:West Indies
3257:Categories
2993:Regulation
2976:death toll
2745:Shortening
2710:Acrylamide
2639:Food fraud
2619:Mycotoxins
2452:Pesticides
2426:Salmonella
2301:Giardiasis
2261:Amoebiasis
2205:Flavorings
2082:0521552559
1670:0195849973
910:References
614:Toxicology
585:Jan Morris
324:, Captain
316:Background
131:Not guilty
82:Casualties
52:1857-01-15
3039:ISO 22000
3001:watchdogs
2997:standards
2971:outbreaks
2872:outbreaks
2750:Trans fat
2662:Olive oil
2584:Aflatoxin
2558:Sucralose
2543:Saccharin
2531:Aspartame
2475:Malathion
2420:Rotavirus
2415:Norovirus
1868:159790706
1596:Munn 2009
1581:Munn 2009
1569:Munn 2009
1455:Wong 1998
1443:Wong 1998
1419:Wong 1998
1327:Munn 2009
1098:0872-8526
1052:Munn 2009
1028:Tsai 2015
1001:Munn 2009
977:Tsai 2015
953:Munn 2009
879:Munn 2009
801:soporific
746:Hong Kong
654:digestion
589:lone wolf
373:terrorism
287:war crime
279:terrorism
77:poisoning
3232:Cookbook
3212:Category
3014:E number
2906:outbreak
2863:outbreak
2854:outbreak
2604:Dieldrin
2553:Sorbitol
2409:Listeria
2349:Botulism
2177:Melamine
2147:Aldicarb
2039:50959346
1948:29646651
1763:12777415
1557:Cho 2017
1545:Cho 2017
1339:Cho 2017
558:Analysis
283:sabotage
253:, was a
170:裕成办馆毒面包案
156:裕成辦館毒麵包案
64:Victoria
60:Location
3222:Commons
3095:(Spain)
2904:E. coli
2870:E. coli
2861:E. coli
2852:E. coli
2672:Seafood
2572:poisons
2470:Lindane
2434:E. coli
2393:O157:H7
2385:O104:H4
2187:Sudan I
2157:Cyanide
1995:12 July
1939:5309086
1629:Sources
812:Vietnam
541:damages
461:lynched
413:Chinese
344:to the
342:coolies
336:in the
275:damages
267:arsenic
128:Verdict
116:Charges
108:Accused
100:Arrests
75:Arsenic
50: (
2677:Shrimp
2614:Dioxin
2568:Toxins
2142:3-MCPD
2079:
2058:
2037:
2027:
1946:
1936:
1909:
1888:
1866:
1828:
1809:
1761:
1718:
1695:
1667:
1646:
1096:
893:drachm
816:consul
629:grains
625:drachm
423::
415::
386:curfew
92:Deaths
39:(1857)
2820:]
2667:Prawn
2647:Bread
2220:Sugar
1864:S2CID
1844:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
899:grain
823:Notes
796:arson
778:above
776:(see
699:Globe
552:libel
448:Macau
71:Cause
2215:Salt
2077:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2035:OCLC
2025:ISBN
1997:2019
1944:PMID
1907:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1759:PMID
1716:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1094:ISSN
1090:澳門研究
640:and
417:裕成辦館
291:Qing
285:, a
245:The
45:Date
2682:Tea
2657:Egg
2465:DDT
1934:PMC
1856:doi
1749:doi
890:A
438:張霈霖
3259::
2999:,
2995:,
2818:ar
2574:,
2570:,
2251:,
2132:,
2033:.
2023:.
2015:.
2007:;
1986:.
1942:.
1928:.
1924:.
1862:.
1852:43
1850:.
1846:.
1785:.
1781:.
1757:.
1745:32
1743:.
1739:.
1588:^
1537:^
1522:^
1411:^
1394:^
1319:^
1254:^
1227:^
1188:^
1169:^
1154:^
1123:^
1106:^
1088:.
1071:^
1020:^
917:^
877::
862:^
782::
729:,
467:.
419:;
356:,
304:,
2114:e
2107:t
2100:v
2085:.
2064:.
2041:.
1999:.
1950:.
1930:4
1915:.
1894:.
1876:)
1872:(
1870:.
1858::
1834:.
1815:.
1789:.
1765:.
1751::
1724:.
1701:.
1680:)
1676:(
1673:.
1652:.
1469:.
1266:.
1100:.
780:)
677:)
123:"
54:)
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