353:
36:
362:
225:
contribute to a delay in diagnosis and a poor outcome. Spontaneous effort rupture of the cervical esophagus, leading to localized cervical perforation, may be more common than previously recognized and has a generally benign course. Pre-existing esophageal disease is not a prerequisite for esophageal perforation, but it contributes to increased mortality.
145:
416:. If esophageal perforation is suspected, even in the absence of physical findings, chest xray, water soluble contrast radiographic studies of the esophagus and a CT scan should be promptly obtained. In most cases, non-operative management is administered based on radiological evidence contained in mediastinal collection.
224:
In most cases of
Boerhaave's syndrome, the tear occurs at the left postero-lateral aspect of the distal esophagus and extends for several centimeters. The condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is fatal without treatment. The occasionally nonspecific nature of the symptoms may
313:
within the pharynx) to relax. As the intra-oesophageal pressure increases, the bolus within the oesophagus has nowhere to go superiorly (as the cricopharyngeus fails to relax) which causes the oesophagus to rupture. The syndrome is commonly associated with the consumption of excessive food and/or
377:
The diagnosis of esophageal perforation could also be confirmed by water-soluble contrast esophagram (Gastrografin), which reveals the location and extent of extravasation of contrast material. Although barium is superior in demonstrating small perforations, the spillage of barium sulfate into the
373:
Hours to days later, pleural effusion(s) with or without pneumothorax, widened mediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema is typically seen. CT scan may show esophageal wall edema and thickening, extraesophageal air, periesophageal fluid with or without gas bubbles, mediastinal widening, and air and
369:
The diagnosis of
Boerhaave's syndrome is suggested on the plain chest radiography and confirmed by chest CT scan. The initial plain chest radiograph is almost always abnormal in patients with Boerhaave's syndrome and usually reveals mediastinal or free peritoneal air as the initial radiologic
200:
is most commonly a full-thickness tear in the esophageal wall due to a sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure combined with relatively negative intrathoracic pressure caused by straining or vomiting (effort rupture of the esophagus or
Boerhaave's syndrome). Other causes of spontaneous
378:
mediastinal and pleural cavities can cause an inflammatory response and subsequent fibrosis and is therefore not used as the primary diagnostic study. If, however, the water-soluble study is negative, a barium study should be performed for better definition.
1084:
1069:
424:
With the exception of a few case reports describing survival without surgery, the mortality of untreated
Boerhaave syndrome is 100%. With surgical intervention, the mortality rate decreases to 30%. Its treatment includes immediate
356:
Upright chest radiography showing mediastinal air adjacent to the aorta and tracking cephalad adjacent to the left common carotid artery. This patient presented to the emergency department with severe chest pain after
304:
Esophageal rupture, in
Boerhaave syndrome, is thought to be the result of a sudden rise in internal esophageal pressure produced during vomiting, as a result of neuromuscular incoordination causing failure of the
644:
2006:
240:
perforation is the cervical esophagus just above the upper sphincter, whereas spontaneous rupture as seen in
Boerhaave's syndrome perforation commonly occurs in the lower third of the esophagus.
381:
Endoscopy has no role in the diagnosis of spontaneous esophageal perforation. Both the endoscope and insufflation of air can extend the perforation and introduce air into the mediastinum.
881:
2477:
1184:
1688:
321:
The most common anatomical location of the tear in
Boerhaave syndrome is at left posterolateral wall of the lower third of the esophagus, 2–3 cm before the
796:
Matsuda, Akihisa; Miyashita, Masao; Sasajima, Koji; Nomura, Tsutomu; Makino, Hiroshi; Matsutani, Takeshi; Katsuno, Akira; Sasaki, Junpei; Tajiri, Takashi (2006).
1283:
552:
332:. However, iatrogenic perforations, while still constituting a serious medical condition, are easier to treat and less prone to complications, particularly
286:
Mackler's triad includes chest pain, vomiting, and subcutaneous emphysema, and while it is a classical presentation, it is only present in 14% of people.
1322:
248:
The classic history of esophageal rupture is one of severe retching and vomiting followed by excruciating retrosternal chest and upper abdominal pain.
1177:
279:(crepitation) is an important diagnostic finding but is not very sensitive, being present in only 9 of 34 patients (27 percent) in one series. A
989:
Patton, Anthony S.; Lawson, Dexter W.; Shannon, James M.; Risley, Thomas S.; Bixby, Frank E. (1979). "Reevaluation of the
Boerhaave syndrome".
1550:
463:
649:
289:
Pain can occasionally radiate to the left shoulder, causing physicians to confuse an esophageal perforation with a myocardial infarction.
917:
Henderson, John A.M.; Péloquin, AndréJ.M. (1989). "Boerhaave revisited: Spontaneous esophageal perforation as a diagnostic masquerader".
53:
1763:
1170:
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manifestation. With cervical esophageal perforations, plain films of the neck show air in the soft tissues of the prevertebral space.
2435:
2282:
119:
2180:
100:
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1933:
1916:
1421:
1416:
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72:
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2025:
1847:
57:
2386:
888:
Arens, Ann; Ben-Youssef, Leila; Hayashi, Sandra; Smollin, Craig (2016). "Esophageal
Rupture After Ghost Pepper Ingestion".
437:
since oral rehydration is not possible. Even with early surgical intervention (within 24 hours) the risk of death is 25%.
2232:
79:
152:
Axial CT image through the upper chest showing extraluminal air (Pneumomediastinum) surrounding the trachea and esophagus
2472:
2141:
1660:
1268:
1355:
1251:
365:
Sagittal reformatted CT image showing discontinutity in the wall of the posterolateral aspect of the distal esophagus
86:
1721:
1650:
185:
causes account for approximately 56% of esophageal perforations, usually due to medical instrumentation such as an
522:
Bitter or the results were registered before the history of the disease. According to the written laws of medicine
433:
and sepsis, surgical repair of the perforation, and if there is significant fluid loss it should be replaced with
46:
1994:
1950:
1903:
1709:
1327:
839:"Primary esophageal repair for Boerhaave's syndrome whatever the free interval between perforation and treatment"
2020:
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1194:
602:
Bautz, B; Schneider, JI (May 2020). "High-Risk Chief
Complaints I: Chest Pain-The Big Three (an Update)".
306:
276:
233:
210:
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or paraesophageal surgery. The 10% of esophageal perforations caused specifically by vomiting are termed
2277:
2185:
2146:
2074:
397:
2196:
1377:
1018:
Ivey, Tom D.; Simonowitz, David A.; Dillard, David H.; Miller, Donald W. (1981). "Boerhaave syndrome".
2316:
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1977:
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269:
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2091:
1618:
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1211:
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1726:
1524:
93:
798:"Boerhaave Syndrome Treated Conservatively Following Early Endoscopic Diagnosis: A Case Report"
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Atrocis, nec descripti prius, morbis historia: Secundum medicae artis leges conscripta
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17:
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963:
930:
764:
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Korn, Owen; Oñate, Juan C.; López, René (2007). "Anatomy of the Boerhaave syndrome".
631:
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2001:
1921:
1565:
1466:
1219:
1134:
855:
838:
699:"Oesophageal rupture arising as a complication of acute appendicitis in a child"
454:
Marx, John A.; Hockberger, Robert S.; Walls, Ron M.; Adams, James, eds. (2010).
341:
275:
Physical examination is usually not helpful, particularly early in the course.
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Patients may also have a pleural effusion high in amylase (from saliva), low
2156:
2126:
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1967:
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749:"BoerhaaveĘĽs Syndrome. The Importance of Early Diagnosis and Treatment"
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144:
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340:. This is because they usually do not involve contamination of the
1758:
1488:
837:
Jougon, J; Mcbride, T; Delcambre, F; Minniti, A; Velly, J (2004).
360:
351:
265:
228:
This condition was first documented by the 18th-century physician
524:] (in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum; Ex officine Boutesteniana.
1166:
948:"Boerhaave syndrome: report of a case treated non-operatively"
328:
Currently, the most common cause of esophageal perforation is
29:
374:
fluid in the pleural spaces, retroperitoneum or lesser sac.
385:
456:
Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice
458:. Vol. 1 (7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby/Elsevier.
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137:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
232:, after whom it is named. A related condition is
236:which is only a mucosal tear. A common site of
2478:Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract
742:
740:
1178:
8:
1284:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
477:
475:
314:alcohol as well as eating disorders such as
843:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
604:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
2304:
1955:
1471:
1323:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1207:
1185:
1171:
1163:
1052:
747:Curci, Joseph J.; Horman, Marc J. (1976).
143:
134:
971:
854:
813:
772:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
446:
542:Bailey & Love, 25th ed., page 1014
1551:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
388:, and may contain particles of food.
292:It may also be audibly recognized as
213:, infectious ulcers in patients with
7:
582:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
58:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Tearing of the wall of the esophagus
697:Wong, Kenneth; Roy, Gerard (2006).
715:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00391.x
25:
2436:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2283:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
890:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
2181:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
964:10.1097/00000658-197504000-00015
946:Larrieu, AJ; Kieffer, R (1975).
919:The American Journal of Medicine
802:Journal of Nippon Medical School
765:10.1097/00000658-197604000-00013
703:The Medical Journal of Australia
34:
1422:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1417:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1294:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1020:The American Journal of Surgery
991:The American Journal of Surgery
196:Spontaneous perforation of the
45:needs additional citations for
2176:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2026:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1848:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
902:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.05.061
1:
2233:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2142:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
1661:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1269:Esophageal motility disorder
1032:10.1016/0002-9610(81)90040-4
1003:10.1016/0002-9610(79)90131-4
931:10.1016/0002-9343(89)90385-9
650:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
396:Common misdiagnoses include
272:develop rapidly thereafter.
217:, and following dilation of
856:10.1016/j.ejcts.2003.12.029
2499:
2127:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
1651:Functional colonic disease
1447:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
676:10.1016/j.surg.2006.06.034
516:Boerhaave, Herman (1724).
1328:Acute esophageal necrosis
616:10.1016/j.emc.2020.01.009
151:
142:
1427:Gastric dumping syndrome
1302:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1289:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2043:Alcoholic liver disease
1576:Bile acid malabsorption
1520:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
344:with gastric contents.
2053:Hepatic encephalopathy
1437:Buried bumper syndrome
1368:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1252:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1195:human digestive system
392:Differential diagnosis
366:
358:
307:cricopharyngeus muscle
277:Subcutaneous emphysema
234:Mallory-Weiss syndrome
18:Esophageal perforation
2278:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2147:Porcelain gallbladder
1259:Zenker's diverticulum
398:myocardial infarction
364:
355:
219:esophageal strictures
2082:Hepatorenal syndrome
2021:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1978:Autoimmune hepatitis
1803:Intestinal adhesions
1561:Short bowel syndrome
1390:Functional dyspepsia
1308:Esophageal stricture
1274:Nutcracker esophagus
553:"Esophageal Rupture"
201:perforation include
177:is a rupture of the
69:"Esophageal rupture"
54:improve this article
2473:Esophagus disorders
2221:Choledocholithiasis
2092:Metabolic disorders
2058:Acute liver failure
2031:Portal hypertension
1983:Alcoholic hepatitis
1826:Radiation proctitis
1745:Mesenteric ischemia
1717:Gastroenterocolitis
1546:Blind loop syndrome
1356:Ménétrier's disease
1264:Barrett's esophagus
815:10.1272/jnms.73.341
211:Barrett's esophagus
2396:Undefined location
2387:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2288:Pancreatic fistula
2271:Pancreatic abscess
2226:Biliary dyskinesia
2197:Mirizzi's syndrome
1698:Large and/or small
1378:Dieulafoy's lesion
1247:Boerhaave syndrome
1126:External resources
884:Esophageal rupture
578:"Pleural Effusion"
483:Boerhaave syndrome
427:antibiotic therapy
412:, and spontaneous
367:
359:
244:Signs and symptoms
191:Boerhaave syndrome
175:Esophageal rupture
138:Boerhaave syndrome
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2296:
2295:
1898:
1897:
1755:Bowel obstruction
1457:
1456:
1160:
1159:
952:Annals of Surgery
753:Annals of Surgery
465:978-0-323-05472-0
283:may be detected.
203:caustic ingestion
172:
171:
132:Medical condition
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2490:
2448:Pneumoperitoneum
2305:
2215:Common bile duct
2097:Wilson's disease
2087:Peliosis hepatis
1956:
1833:Proctalgia fugax
1740:Abdominal angina
1665:Ogilvie syndrome
1614:Pseudomembranous
1472:
1432:Gastric volvulus
1397:Pyloric stenosis
1208:
1193:Diseases of the
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1053:
1043:
1014:
985:
975:
942:
913:
896:(6): e141–e143.
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435:IV fluid therapy
281:pleural effusion
230:Herman Boerhaave
207:pill esophagitis
163:Gastroenterology
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135:
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62:
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21:
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2487:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2417:
2406:Internal hernia
2292:
2237:
2202:Biliary fistula
2160:
2151:
2137:Adenomyomatosis
2132:Cholesterolosis
2108:
2102:Hemochromatosis
1973:Viral hepatitis
1945:
1894:
1852:
1838:Rectal prolapse
1807:
1774:Fecal impaction
1764:Intussusception
1727:Crohn's disease
1693:
1676:Toxic megacolon
1588:
1586:Large intestine
1580:
1525:Curling's ulcer
1478:
1476:Small intestine
1465:
1453:
1361:Gastroenteritis
1332:
1197:
1191:
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876:Further reading
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300:Pathophysiology
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167:General surgery
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2443:Hemoperitoneum
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1914:
1912:Blood in stool
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
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1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:Anal dysplasia
1882:
1877:
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1752:
1750:Angiodysplasia
1747:
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1731:
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1729:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1699:
1695:
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1692:
1691:
1685:Diverticulosis
1681:Diverticulitis
1678:
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1667:
1658:
1648:
1643:
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1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
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1616:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:Milroy disease
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Tropical sprue
1538:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1517:
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1515:
1510:
1505:
1494:
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1469:
1463:Lower GI tract
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1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1203:Upper GI tract
1199:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1081:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:Classification
1049:
1048:External links
1046:
1045:
1044:
1015:
986:
943:
914:
885:
877:
874:
871:
870:
829:
788:
736:
689:
654:
637:
610:(2): 453–498.
594:
569:
544:
535:
508:
491:
471:
464:
445:
444:
442:
439:
421:
418:
393:
390:
349:
346:
301:
298:
245:
242:
170:
169:
160:
154:
153:
149:
148:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2495:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:Diaphragmatic
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Cholecystitis
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:Liver abscess
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:Liver failure
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:Enterocolitis
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:Malabsorption
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Gastroparesis
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Cushing ulcer
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Megaesophagus
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:(5): 559–67.
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
830:
825:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
789:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
655:
652:
651:
646:
645:"Hamman sign"
641:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
595:
583:
579:
573:
570:
558:
554:
548:
545:
539:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
509:
506:
505:Who Named It?
502:
501:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
478:
476:
472:
467:
461:
457:
450:
447:
440:
438:
436:
432:
431:mediastinitis
428:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
363:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:mediastinitis
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
308:
299:
297:
295:
294:Hamman's sign
290:
287:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
164:
161:
159:
155:
150:
146:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2395:
2374:
2251:Pancreatitis
2213:
2163:biliary tree
2036:Nutmeg liver
2013:
1939:Hematochezia
1890:Pruritus ani
1875:Anal abscess
1870:Anal fistula
1866:Anal fissure
1779:Constipation
1733:
1604:Appendicitis
1412:Gastroptosis
1402:Achlorhydria
1241:
1230:Eosinophilic
1144:
1133:
1109:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1026:(5): 531–3.
1023:
1019:
997:(4): 560–5.
994:
990:
958:(4): 452–4.
955:
951:
922:
918:
893:
889:
849:(4): 475–9.
846:
842:
832:
808:(6): 341–5.
805:
801:
791:
759:(4): 401–8.
756:
752:
706:
702:
692:
670:(2): 222–8.
667:
663:
657:
648:
640:
607:
603:
597:
585:. Retrieved
581:
572:
560:. Retrieved
556:
547:
538:
521:
517:
511:
498:
494:
481:
455:
449:
423:
414:pneumothorax
410:pericarditis
406:lung abscess
402:pancreatitis
395:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
327:
320:
303:
291:
288:
285:
274:
247:
227:
223:
195:
190:
174:
173:
116:
110:January 2020
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2431:Peritonitis
2193:Cholestasis
2171:Cholangitis
2114:Gallbladder
2002:Fatty liver
1922:Hematemesis
1904:GI bleeding
1710:Necrotizing
1639:Lymphocytic
1634:Collagenous
1629:Microscopic
1566:Steatorrhea
1467:Enteropathy
1313:Inlet patch
1235:Herpetiform
1220:Esophagitis
1135:MedlinePlus
709:(11): 588.
557:MSD Manuals
429:to prevent
342:mediastinum
250:Odynophagia
2467:Categories
2423:Peritoneal
2401:Incisional
2322:Congenital
2266:Hereditary
2243:Pancreatic
2207:Haemobilia
1880:Hemorrhoid
1858:Anal canal
1796:Infectious
1784:Functional
1619:Ulcerative
1503:Duodenitis
1442:Gastrinoma
1111:DiseasesDB
882:Radiology
441:References
330:iatrogenic
238:iatrogenic
183:Iatrogenic
179:esophageal
80:newspapers
2411:Richter's
2368:Spigelian
2363:Obturator
2353:Umbilical
2186:Ascending
2157:Bile duct
1990:Cirrhosis
1968:Hepatitis
1951:Accessory
1821:Proctitis
1672:Megacolon
1646:Dysentery
1556:Whipple's
1508:Jejunitis
1498:Enteritis
1385:Dyspepsia
1346:Gastritis
1279:Achalasia
1212:Esophagus
1146:eMedicine
632:216556980
530:952706276
500:synd/2800
488:eMedicine
420:Treatment
348:Diagnosis
311:sphincter
254:tachypnea
198:esophagus
187:endoscopy
158:Specialty
2341:Indirect
2336:Inguinal
2070:Pyogenic
2015:Vascular
1791:Diarrhea
1769:Volvulus
1735:Vascular
1674: /
1663: /
1624:Ischemic
1591:Appendix
1481:Duodenum
1351:Atrophic
1225:Candidal
910:27693067
865:15037257
824:17220586
731:34353120
723:16768671
684:17263979
624:32336336
262:cyanosis
2382:Petit's
2358:Femoral
2261:Chronic
2075:Amoebic
1843:Anismus
1609:Colitis
1536:Coeliac
1513:Ileitis
1485:Jejunum
1338:Stomach
1242:Rupture
1151:med/233
1105:D004939
1040:6784584
982:1130863
973:1343787
939:2653030
783:1267496
774:1344212
664:Surgery
587:22 July
562:22 July
357:eating.
323:stomach
316:bulimia
258:dyspnea
94:scholar
2376:Lumbar
2346:Direct
2329:Hiatus
2309:Hernia
2161:Other
1927:Melena
1813:Rectum
1296:(GERD)
1140:000231
1038:
1011:426207
1009:
980:
970:
937:
908:
863:
822:
781:
771:
729:
721:
682:
630:
622:
528:
462:
338:sepsis
268:, and
181:wall.
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2301:Other
2256:Acute
2007:MASLD
1960:Liver
1934:Lower
1917:Upper
1759:Ileus
1595:Colon
1489:Ileum
1304:(LPR)
1094:530.4
1079:K22.3
727:S2CID
628:S2CID
520:[
270:shock
266:fever
101:JSTOR
87:books
1689:SCAD
1116:9168
1100:MeSH
1089:9-CM
1036:PMID
1007:PMID
978:PMID
935:PMID
906:PMID
861:PMID
820:PMID
779:PMID
719:PMID
680:PMID
620:PMID
589:2021
564:2021
526:OCLC
460:ISBN
336:and
215:AIDS
73:news
1995:PBC
1722:IBD
1656:IBS
1085:ICD
1070:ICD
1028:doi
1024:141
999:doi
995:137
968:PMC
960:doi
956:181
927:doi
898:doi
851:doi
810:doi
769:PMC
761:doi
757:183
711:doi
707:184
672:doi
668:141
647:at
612:doi
503:at
486:at
309:(a
56:by
2469::
2159:/
1757::
1738::
1534::
1149::
1138::
1114::
1103::
1092::
1077::
1074:10
1034:.
1022:.
1005:.
993:.
976:.
966:.
954:.
950:.
933:.
923:86
921:.
904:.
894:51
892:.
859:.
847:25
845:.
841:.
818:.
806:73
804:.
800:.
777:.
767:.
755:.
751:.
739:^
725:.
717:.
705:.
701:.
678:.
666:.
626:.
618:.
608:38
606:.
580:.
555:.
474:^
408:,
404:,
400:,
386:pH
325:.
318:.
296:.
264:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
221:.
209:,
205:,
193:.
2195:/
1868:/
1687:/
1683:/
1597:)
1593:/
1589:(
1491:)
1487:/
1483:/
1479:(
1186:e
1179:t
1172:v
1087:-
1072:-
1062:D
1042:.
1030::
1013:.
1001::
984:.
962::
941:.
929::
912:.
900::
867:.
853::
826:.
812::
785:.
763::
733:.
713::
686:.
674::
634:.
614::
591:.
566:.
532:.
468:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
