968:. The religion involves possessions, drumming, healing ceremonies, and others. Priest/Priestesses called "bancos" smoke tobacco and do libations of alcohol to channel spirits within a medium called a "materia" to the sounds of drums and chants, one being the "fuerza" chant which they repeatedly shout "fuerza!" meaning "force" or "power", and do rituals such as velaciones where they draw symbols called oraculos on the ground and lay down to enter a trance without actually receiving spirits, and also do sesiones or trabajos where they channel spirits from one of the "cortes" (meaning courts, referring to the family of spirits such as African, Viking, Criminal, Black, Indian, Indigenous, Chinese, Cuban) through consumption of drugs or alcohol and with the smoking of tobacco to the sound of loud drumming.
825:
The Head Medium is generally in charge of the ritual space, but does not always participate in the ritual chain itself. Instead, the Head Medium acts as the guide during the actual ritual. The altar, which is used in
Espiritismo de Cordon, takes up a rather large area. The space is usually purified to drive out any evil spirits and welcome good spirits. The entrance is protected by a large bowl of water and all who enter must wash their hands to prevent the spread of evil spirits. Espiritismo de Cordon is different from other religions in the sense that it does not have a set doctrine of beliefs. The religion is open to everyone and does not require new participants to partake in an initiation process.
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strict philosophy of
Kardecian teachings. Later on, in the early 1900s, people began to immigrate to the island from Haiti, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. Now Puerto Rico already had many forms of Espiritismo. However, when practitioners of Cuban SanterĂa, Haitian Voudou or Dominican 21 Divisiones saw similar traits in these practices, they began to mix along with the Espiritismo Criollo and Mesa Blanca to form Sanse, a form of Espiritismo highly influenced by Haitian, Dominican and TaĂno spiritual traditions, like VudĂą, and Santerismo, which was highly influenced from both Cuban SanterĂa, Espiritismo Cruzado (Cruzao) and Palo Mayombe religions.
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Olmos and
Paravisini-Gerbert: 179</ref> During the rituals, its members are seated around a white-linen-covered table in an attempt to connect with spirits within a séance. The spirit usually enters the body of the medium that is present at the table. At this time, those individuals seated around the table have the ability to ask questions to spirits who have entered the world through the mediums. Furthermore, the spirit(s) is seen as a source of possible solutions to problems that are plaguing people. In addition, the spirit will manifest itself in a variety of ways dependent on the level of intensity of the spirit.
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country and were received well by the educated class. The movement grew, despite roadblocks designed to prevent its spread in the country. There were two divisions within Puerto Rican
Espiritismo. The first division was a middle class movement, which utilized the Kardecian methods in an attempt to enhance the development of the country. The other division applied towards to lower classes in both the rural and urban settings. This division is known as "Indigenous Espiritismo" and is synonymous to Puerto Rico, and is the most popular in the country.
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because of the populace's rejection of
Spanish hegemony and Spiritism's condemnation by the colonial Catholic Church. Originally brought to the country from Puerto Ricans studying in Europe the White Table Espiritismo practiced by the upperclass would help evolve a more creolized Indigenous Espiritismo among the underclass. Researcher Marta Moreno Vega suggests Puerto Rican Espiritismo became popular as a way to mimic ancestor veneration in
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said to Elegua to protect the entranceways from any unwelcome or evil spirits. Shortly after, prayers are recited to attract good spirits for the ritual. The ritual may end with an exorcism which can be acquired in a number of ways. One way to achieve purification is through a sahumerio. A sahumerio requires the burning of charcoal, garlic, incense and herbs to extract evil spirits from the place as well as a washing with holy water.
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with their feet and swinging their arms forcefully until they fall into a trance. The heavy breathing and stamping serve one specific purpose. The noises that are made create a hypnotic noise that leads the medium into a trance. Upon reaching this particular state of mind, the medium can contact the spirits for solutions to problems or ailments.
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religious practices are a result of the merging of both
Espiritismo and SanterĂa. There are distinct African influences found within this religion through the orishas that are used to communicate to the spirit world. During the rituals, the mediums have the ability to communicate with spirits but are
141:
were able to alleviate some of their emotional pain by turning to
Espiritismo which allowed them to commune with dead loved ones. White espiritistas would ask their Congolese slaves to guide them in Espiritismo de Cordon ceremonies. In the early 1800s, Espiritismo would gain popularity in Puerto Rico
917:
before taking his or her place beside the medium at the table. The leader is present when the possession takes place while religious music or Afro-Cuban chants are played to praise the orishas. Before to the ceremony, there is a religious cleansing of the area to remove any evil spirits. A prayer is
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The main focus for this particular branch of
Espiritismo is healing. The ranking of the mediums that are required in the rituals is rather simple. Their achievements to solve problems and heal people will allow them to have a higher ranking. There is no clergy found within Espiritismo de Cordon.
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Those participating in the rituals have certain duties they must fulfill prior to and during the ritual. They must remain in a mediated position and will most likely use prayers, hymns and music from Kardec's works. Many times, these rituals involve a small group of people, but private rituals do
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can pray to spirits, and use tobacco, massages and magic to cure ills. The folk medicines of
Spaniards and African peoples are also incorporated. Espiritismo branches emerged on the island. Such branches include: Creolized Spiritism, Espiritismo Cruzado, and Espiritismo Kardeciano, which holds the
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novices to the practice. The Mass for the Dead carried out by devotees involves a table with a white cloth, herbs, and pictures of one's deceased relatives. Lit candles will encourage the spirit of the dead ancestor to go on to the afterlife and on occasion, the family will try to commune with the
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is derived from its ritual. The ritual associated with
Espiritismo de Cordon is physically, mentally and emotionally difficult. Those participating in the ritual stand in a circle holding hands while walking in a counterclockwise fashion. At the same time, they are chanting and beating the floor
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shares many similarities in its origins to Cuban Espiritismo. The religious movement encountered many setbacks in its early years in Puerto Rico. Those who were caught practicing it were punished by the government and ostracized by the Catholic Church. Allan Kardec's books made their way into the
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was largely contained to the urban areas of Cuba. Its followers would study the writings and concepts of Kardec. It would also be popular in the Puerto Rican upperclass and eventually evolve into Puerto Rican Indigenous Espiritismo. This form of Espiritismo would also become noticeable among the
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Espiritismo has never had a single leader nor center of practice, and as such its practice varies greatly between individuals and groups. In all cases, Espiritismo has absorbed various practices from other religious and spiritual practices endemic to Latin America and the Caribbean, such as
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Some have said that Espiritismo de Cordon has three influences on its practices and doctrines: folk Catholicism, Kardecian Spiritism and African creeds, but the most recent investigations have determined that what was thought to be African roots are in fact the remaining of
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cauldrons, artifacts, the representation of Catholic saints, offerings of fruit and sweets, and tobacco use to induce a trance state. A common spirit that is called upon will be a deceased slave who will speak
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The Espiritismo differs from the Spiritism as the first consists of the syncretic religious practices described above while the second is the established religion-doutrine itself, directly based coding
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Puerto Rican White Table Espiritismo follows the same ritual practices as found in Cuba. The attempt to achieve spiritual communication through a medium was widely practiced all over the island.
121:. His Spiritism would become popular in Latin America and influence existing religions as well as forming Africanized traditions of Espiritismo itself. It would become especially prominent in
956:. It revolves around an indigenous goddess originally called Yara, but when the Spanish came, she became Santa Maria de La Onza (Saint Mary of the Jaguar) She is said to reside in the
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religion. It is one of the more popular Espiritismo variants on the island. It contains the practices of Scientific Espiritismo and Espiritismo de Cordon but also includes the use of
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The practice of Indigenous Espiritismo would eventually begin to form in the lower classes of Puerto Rico. Unlike White Table Espiritismo this practice incorporates
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Espiritismo in Cuba would eventually mix with other local African elements and produce Espiritismo Cruzao which would gain in popularity in the early 1900s. By the
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In Santerismo, the leader is known as the Godfather (padrino) or Godmother (madrina) as seen in the SanterĂa religious practices. The leader prays at the
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Espiritismo originated in the 14th century from Rural tribes of the Carib People of Yaracuy, in Central Venezuela. This religion has spread across
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which are not traditionally found in mainstream Spiritualist denominations, but are often found in Spiritualist denominations associated with the
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In other cases, the goals and methods of the Espiritista are less obviously in the realm of magic and might be considered a form of
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espiritista practices became banned and pushed underground but still retain a presence in Cuban society to this day.
844:(which means Crossed Spiritism in English) is a form of Cuban Espiritismo with influences from folk Catholicism and
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of American-style Spiritualism of the 19th to the present. Many Espiritistas' practices, however, have elements of
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133:. Scientific White Table Espiritismo would develop from a loose understanding of Kardec's philosophy. During the
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world in various ways and that the espiritistas, in turn, can also influence the actions of the spirits.
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possessed by the dead who are messengers of the orishas, who many mistake to be the orishas themselves.
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to exert one's will over that of another person by burning a specially prepared candle, saying certain
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Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and SanterĂa to Obeah and Espiritismo
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Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santeria to Obeah and Espiritismo
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This form of Espiritismo would also become noticeable among the Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 179
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The phenomenon and broad range of beliefs defined as "Espiritismo" originated with the ideas of
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as was practiced in the United States and Europe. During this period, several books on
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and spiritual practices became available in the Caribbean and Latin America. As many
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in Cuba much of the population was in panic and grieving from the loss of loved ones.
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GarcĂa Molina, JosĂ© Antonio; Garrido Mazorra, Mercedes; Fariñas Gutierrez, Mercedes.
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An important ceremony in Espiritismo Cruzao is the Misa Espiritual which inducts new
778:'s and other mediums' books, such as those from Francisco Xavier and Divaldo Franco.
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The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion: Magic, Ritual, and Religion
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spirit if the spirit has given a family member dreams of wishing to communicate.
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The Religion No One Talks About: My Search For Answers in an Old Caribbean Faith
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by Alfredo Gomez-Beloz Ph.D., M.P.H.,1 and Noel Chavez Ph.D., R.D., L.D.2,
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727:, Spiritualism was readily absorbed into and adapted to these pre-existing
1383:, Geneva/São Leopoldo, Federação LuteranaMundial Editora Sinodal, (2004).
1163:"The Botánica as a Culturally Appropriate Health Care Option for Latinos"
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Vega, Marta Moreno (1999). "Espiritismo in the Puerto Rican Community".
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758:(white table, in Portuguese). These sessions are somewhat akin to the
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Espiritismo shares many of its fundamental concepts with 19th century
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169:. This was first noticed by religious anthropologists in the 1960s.
1396:– the experience of a Puerto Rican–American family with Espiritismo
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Espiritualismo/Espiritismo: Desafiospara a Igreja na América Latina
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750:(mass, in Spanish). Most practitioners will have an altar called a
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residing in New York and New Jersey began to meld the beliefs of
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spirits can affect health, luck and other aspects of human life.
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and people of African descent had long-standing traditions of
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Sacred Possessions: Vodou, SanterĂa, Obeah, and the Caribbean
1372:
Olmos, Margarite Fernandez and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert,
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Olmos, Margarite Fernandez and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert,
994:, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita.
633:. Espiritistas believe these beings can influence the
49:: "Health, business, work and love are attended, also
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The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
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1974:
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41:promoting himself at the entrance to a cemetery in
1357:- La Sociedad Espiritista Cubana - Descargar Libro
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1355:virtual edition by e-Libro.net, 2004. Download:
985:Helping Elderly Hispanics Manage Health Problems
606:A tenet of Espiritismo is a belief in a supreme
833:religious rituals and dances called "areĂtos".
672:is a magical spell that involves asking Saint
1941:National Spiritualist Association of Churches
1415:
1369:(New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1997).
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8:
1376:(New York: New York University Press, 2003).
16:Term used in Latin America and the Caribbean
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1104:Pinn, Anthony B.; Alexander, Torin (2009).
887:healing methods. A medicine man known as a
684:tied with a red ribbon around one's waist.
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1951:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
19:This article is about the Latin-American
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57:and speaks Aymara, Spanish and Quechua."
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1205:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 179, 181
754:(table, in Portuguese and Spanish) or
2288:Christianity and religious syncretism
1966:International Spiritualist Federation
1276:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 186-187
1253:, Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, 2007.
699:within the practitioners' community.
7:
1287:"Spiritual Definition & Meaning"
1042:Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011).
1921:List of Spiritualist organizations
1107:African American Religious Cultures
958:Cerro MarĂa Lionza Natural Monument
869:Puerto Rican Indigenous Espiritismo
625:entities that can gradually evolve
89:for "Spiritism") is a term used in
960:, also known as Mount Sorte, near
14:
1322:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 195
1313:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 194
1267:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 186
1240:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 181
1226:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 183
1217:Olmos and Paravisini-Gerbert: 182
558:
557:
199:
23:. For the doctrine codified by
1136:Espiritismo & Spiritualism
617:. There is also a belief in a
1:
1946:Spiritualists' National Union
1004:Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2015).
703:Differences from Spiritualism
165:and Espiritismo which became
1936:London Spiritualist Alliance
1337:La Sociedad Espirista Cubana
1251:Huellas vivas del indocubano
787:Scientific/Table Espiritismo
2339:
1140:Espiritismo & EspĂrita
1083:10.1177/002193479902900301
925:
899:
790:
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2308:Shamanism of the Americas
1956:Spiritual church movement
768:spiritual church movement
103:evolved and less evolved
2293:Culture of Latin America
1071:Journal of Black Studies
874:Puerto Rican Espiritismo
2278:Afro-Caribbean religion
2222:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
2087:Carlos MarĂa de Heredia
1110:. Bloomsbury Academic.
615:creator of the universe
2273:Afro-American religion
2152:Charles Arthur Mercier
1961:Arthur Findlay College
1800:William Stainton Moses
1765:Gladys Osborne Leonard
1361:- SpiritAndScience.org
1151:Martha Dominadora Lamp
798:Scientific Espiritismo
159:Puerto Rican Americans
73:
58:
51:calls of encouragement
2112:Stanley LeFevre Krebs
2017:Milbourne Christopher
1926:Spiritualist churches
1795:Lorin Morgan-Richards
1790:William Usborne Moore
1459:Cross-Correspondences
818:Espiritismo de Cordon
813:Espiritismo de Cordon
64:
37:
2323:Religious syncretism
2313:Supernatural healing
2298:Traditional medicine
2127:John Nevil Maskelyne
2027:Edmund Smith Conklin
922:Venezuelan Spiritism
693:alternative medicine
347:Ancestral veneration
252:Chicamassi-chinuinji
2202:Julien J. Proskauer
1992:George Miller Beard
1987:John Henry Anderson
1725:Daniel Dunglas Home
1442:History and beliefs
1359:. English version:
1176:Vol. 7, No. 5, 2005
842:Espiritismo Cruzado
800:otherwise known as
793:Kardecist spiritism
668:An example of this
29:Kardecist spiritism
2283:Afro-Cuban culture
2242:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
2077:William A. Hammond
1880:Stanisława Tomczyk
1870:Emanuel Swedenborg
1820:Ethel Post-Parrish
1785:Francis Ward Monck
1630:Arthur Conan Doyle
1504:Spirit photography
1335:Castillo, Ulises.
1168:2007-03-16 at the
990:2007-03-16 at the
950:Dominican Republic
837:Espiritismo Cruzao
74:
59:
21:syncretic religion
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2247:Lyttelton Winslow
2212:Donovan Rawcliffe
2177:E. Clephan Palmer
2147:Georgess McHargue
2037:Stuart Cumberland
2012:William Carpenter
1931:Spiritist centres
1890:George Valiantine
1810:Eusapia Palladino
1780:Carmine Mirabelli
1740:Swami Laura Horos
1690:Kathleen Goligher
1615:Geraldine Cummins
1570:Stephen E. Braude
1509:Spirit possession
1494:Spiritual healing
1454:Automatic writing
1379:Wulfhorst, Ingo.
725:trance possession
680:, and wearing an
649:, Afro-Brazilian
643:Roman Catholicism
599:
598:
549:
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228:Kongo Catholicism
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2192:Massimo Polidoro
2142:Henry C. McComas
2047:Joseph Dunninger
1825:James Van Praagh
1715:Gordon Higginson
1655:William Eglinton
1499:Spirit obsession
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1289:. Dictionary.com
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151:Cuban Revolution
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2082:C. E. M. Hansel
2067:G. Stanley Hall
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1875:Rosina Thompson
1835:Estelle Roberts
1775:Heinrich Melzer
1750:James H. Hyslop
1720:Richard Hodgson
1610:William Crookes
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53:, heals with
52:
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40:
36:
30:
26:
22:
2318:Spiritualism
2232:Gordon Stein
2057:Chris French
2022:Edward Clodd
2007:Derren Brown
1997:Ruth Brandon
1982:David Abbott
1905:Chico Xavier
1865:Doris Stokes
1840:Jane Roberts
1770:Oliver Lodge
1755:Allan Kardec
1735:William Hope
1670:Leslie Flint
1635:Helen Duncan
1625:Frank Decker
1620:Pearl Curran
1605:Mina Crandon
1590:Eva Carrière
1565:Ada Besinnet
1540:Derek Acorah
1514:Spirit world
1431:Spiritualism
1380:
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1330:Bibliography
1318:
1291:. Retrieved
1281:
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1201:
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1106:
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1044:
1010:. Abc-Clio.
1006:
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936:and even to
931:
928:Maria Lionza
912:
906:
905:
888:
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827:
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772:
764:magic ritual
755:
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743:espiritistas
741:
735:
733:
709:Spiritualism
706:
686:
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647:Curanderismo
639:
619:spirit world
605:
562:
541:Maria Lionza
516:
352:Kalunga line
148:
139:White Cubans
119:Allan Kardec
112:
77:
76:
75:
66:
54:
50:
25:Allan Kardec
2207:James Randi
2197:Harry Price
2172:Joe Nickell
2157:Albert Moll
2122:David Marks
2052:Henry Evans
1900:Etta Wriedt
1895:Jack Webber
1860:Henry Slade
1845:William Roy
1710:Alec Harris
1705:Robert Hare
1675:Arthur Ford
1665:Fox sisters
1660:Colin Evans
1650:John Edward
1550:Dan Aykroyd
954:Puerto Rico
802:Mesa Blanca
610:who is the
517:Espiritismo
456:Goofer dust
323:Phulu Bunzi
289:Mbantilanda
285:Mamba Muntu
218:Antonianism
131:Puerto Rico
117:defined by
78:Espiritismo
67:espiritista
2267:Categories
2237:Amy Tanner
2092:Carl Hertz
1830:Bert Reese
1745:Cecil Husk
1695:Rita Goold
1479:Mediumship
1293:2022-05-13
972:References
926:See also:
907:Santerismo
900:See also:
896:Santerismo
791:See also:
713:mediumship
670:syncretism
623:discarnate
612:omnipotent
486:Ring shout
301:Moni-Mambu
266:Kuitikuiti
167:SanterĂsmo
83:Portuguese
69:ritual in
1885:Ena Twigg
1700:Jan Guzyk
1680:Colin Fry
1464:Ectoplasm
1435:spiritism
1091:143469462
934:Venezuela
737:espĂritas
635:corporeal
502:Candomblé
495:Religions
269:Lubangala
211:Religions
115:Spiritism
95:Caribbean
55:sahumerio
39:Curandero
2303:SanterĂa
1975:Skeptics
1166:Archived
988:Archived
962:Chivacoa
938:Colombia
902:SanterĂa
782:Variants
697:botánica
655:SanterĂa
564:Category
531:Convince
481:Mojo bag
424:Diaspora
340:Elements
316:Nzambici
281:Ma Kiela
255:Dinganga
193:religion
182:a series
180:Part of
163:SanterĂa
93:and the
966:Yaracuy
889:bohique
809:exist.
760:séances
678:prayers
651:Macumba
631:morally
602:General
476:Kumbaya
278:Makanga
275:Lusunzi
272:Lusiemo
263:Kimbazi
241:Deities
173:Beliefs
109:History
87:Spanish
47:Bolivia
1524:Theism
1484:SĂ©ance
1449:Apport
1351:
1343:
1114:
1089:
1052:
1014:
952:, and
942:Brazil
682:amulet
674:Martha
663:Shinto
661:, and
535:Kumina
461:Hoodoo
450:Brazil
433:Hoodoo
407:Nkondi
377:Nlongo
372:Nganga
362:Mfinda
327:Yahweh
307:Ntangu
304:Ngonde
298:Mbumba
292:Mbenza
129:, and
123:Brazil
71:Brazil
43:La Paz
27:, see
1087:S2CID
915:altar
885:TaĂno
855:Bozal
831:TaĂno
734:Many
659:Vodou
512:Comfa
506:Bantu
412:Tumba
402:Nkisi
382:Simbi
320:Nzazi
295:Mboze
259:Jesus
248:Bunzi
223:Kongo
191:Kongo
101:that
1433:and
1349:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1012:ISBN
946:Cuba
850:Palo
846:Palo
752:mesa
748:misa
723:and
629:and
527:Myal
522:Palo
157:and
127:Cuba
85:and
1079:doi
740:or
691:or
608:God
465:USA
395:Art
65:An
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