360:, facing challenges and scrutiny from many conservative organizations. It became clear that they would need a figurehead to operate the plan in order to attempt success who would be more docile than the radical liberals the courts were expecting. Griswold was quickly considered for involvement, as many knew her from her work in the Human Relations Council and understood her political platforms. The idea to involve Griswold came initially from a chance encounter with Jennie Heiser, assistant to the soon-to-be-retired Planned Parenthood Executive Director Nancy Williams, who half-jokingly offered her the upcoming position. Griswold was, at first, reluctant to accept the position. She did not have a great deal of knowledge regarding birth control and did not know what a diaphragm was upon her first interview with PPLC President Molly Milmine, though diaphragms were the main source of birth control during the era. Overcoming these challenges, she finally accepted the position in late 1953, as she desperately needed a paying job, given that Richard Griswold had been diagnosed with emphysema in 1953 and could not work as frequently as he had in previous years.
451:, who was an English citizen and married to a colleague of Fowler Harper. Both provided their names and details of the assistance they were given at the clinic and signed formal statements. Though they had not specifically intended to get arrested to achieve their goals, Griswold and Buxton had no fear of doing so as they understood that it would help their cause. The clinic was shut down on November 9, 1961, after the witnesses had given their statements and Griswold and Buxton were charged with minor accounts pertaining to their distribution of birth control and were each fined $ 100. As per Griswold's demand, neither she nor Buxton were fingerprinted or photographed.
440:
in early
November, 1961 and almost immediately was this met with controversy, largely due to protesters such as James Morris, who picketed outside of the clinic with the message that what Griswold and Buxton were doing was immoral. Within days, detectives arrived to inspect the practice. Griswold allowed them to inspect and clearly informed them of the functions of the clinic. She was enthusiastic in her descriptions and provided specific and detailed information that she assumed would be used in the trial. She informed the detectives as they were leaving the clinic that she was fine with being arrested, but refused to be fingerprinted or photographed.
306:, Richard Griswold left his advertising business and joined the Office of Political Affairs in the State Department, during which time he was sent abroad to Europe to help with various crises. In 1945, Griswold joined him in Europe, becoming involved with humanitarian efforts, including the aid of refugees, mainly from Eastern European countries. In attempting to gain employment at the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), however, she was turned down. Eventually, Griswold managed to bypass the initial employment offices and went straight to the top of the organization in order to achieve employment.
211:, on June 8, 1900, to Frank (a toolmaker of Irish and German descent) and Jennie Church Trebert. Throughout Estelle's childhood, her father educated her thoroughly in Native American customs and strongly advocated for outdoor activity. Her mother, Jennie Trebert, is most commonly described as being reserved and "placid." Estelle was the younger of two surviving children (a brother had died before she was born); her older brother was Raymond Trebert. Their parents were said to have had a tumultuous marriage and serious "personality differences", but they never were divorced. Estelle Griswold was raised in the
473:, Griswold continued to argue that the anti-contraception law was a clear violation to the privacy of married couples, making it unconstitutional and dangerous. The decision in this case changed on the basis that the argument in Poe had become invalid. The law had been challenged and punishment had been enforced based on Griswold's crime. Regarding the evidence and constitutional background of the right to privacy, the Court voted 7–2 in favor of Griswold on June 7, 1965. The law was declared unconstitutional and married couples could now obtain birth control.
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organization. After many arguments and much resentment throughout this time period, Griswold made the decision to resign as executive director. However, because of the urgency of the forthcoming
Supreme Court trial, as well as the general progress Griswold had made to advance Planned Parenthood since first taking the job, she was eventually persuaded to remain in her position.
421:, who accepted their case. Griswold and Buxton had intended only to change the statute so that married women could seek contraception for medical purposes. However, in a 5–4 ruling issued on June 20, 1961, the Court upheld the Connecticut statute, declaring that the law had never been enforced and the consequence of its violation was not harmful and so was constitutional.
344:. Richard Griswold decided to continue working as an advertising executive and believed that moving to New Haven would be beneficial due to the appeal he could draw from the Yale community. During this time, Estelle became the Executive Secretary to the Human Relations Council, a volunteer job that she did for free. In addition to this, she helped fund the
413:. The case involved a married couple, who underwent the aliases Paul and Pauline Poe, a young couple that had given birth to three children that had all died of medical complications shortly after their birth, as well as a woman under the alias of Jane Doe, who had experienced paralysis and speech impediment after almost dying in childbirth.
325:, as there was no access to birth control in these countries. This realization fueled Griswold's beliefs that women should be granted access to contraception to protect themselves, as they often faced the challenge of giving in to their husbands and dealing with an unwanted pregnancy or refusing them and suffering often abusive consequences.
481:
Shortly after the
Supreme Court decision was made, Griswold resigned as executive director of Planned Parenthood. It is stated that within the organization was much tension between colleagues that she wanted to avoid. She remained in New Haven, even after Richard Griswold died of emphysema on October
439:
offices at 79 Trumbull Street. The PPLC had saved $ 60 in the event that they should open a clinic, be it after contraception was legalized or as an experiment to test the law. They found several qualified and safe doctors willing to advise women and provide the proper medical care. The clinic opened
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when the appeal made it to the
Supreme Court. The lead litigator on this case was Catherine Roraback, with assistance from Thomas Emerson, who took over Fowler Harper's position after his death in 1963. 1963 was a year of significant internal tensions within Planned Parenthood and was had much to do
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Upon learning that her mother had fallen seriously ill, Estelle left Paris. Soon thereafter, both her parents died. Estelle did not return to Paris after their deaths but stayed in
Hartford. Hoping to further her singing career, she did travel briefly, auditioning in New York and touring for six
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Very shortly before the decision was made, a
Connecticut man was arrested and fined for providing condoms to gas stations, hoping that workers would sell them to customers. There were reported multiple cases in which people called the police regarding the incident. The man accused, however did not
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Buxton, the medical expert in the case, stated to the court that the couple required contraception to prevent further physical or mental deterioration, as this issue was genetic and could potentially recur if they were to have another child. However, the state courts upheld the statute, allowing
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for various jobs. After
Estelle's return from France, they met again, beginning a relationship, and marrying in the fall of 1927. Due to this, Richard Griswold decided to take a job with the Guardian Life Insurance Agency, which offered him a salaried position. They briefly moved to New York,
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Due to her husband's emphysema, she proposed that the two use the carriage house as their private residence to ease her husband's difficulties regarding climbing stairs. Many
Planned Parenthood members were angered by this proposition, especially because of the financial crisis faced by the
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Immediately, their lawyers began their defense, now able to argue that the law would be enforced, providing a stronger and more persuasive argument. This time, Griswold decided not to employ aliases during the trial, making it widely known as the Buxton case in local
Connecticut courts and
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Richard and
Estelle lived at 40 Trumbull Street, directly next to Planned Parenthood's New Haven offices at the time, where they became familiar with various people throughout the building. Within the organization, many had been attempting to formulate new legislation to challenge the 1879
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face any serious punishment, which may have affected the Court's decision. Hearing this, Griswold and Buxton were angered by the Court's ruling and, with the understanding that the law had never been significantly challenged, decided to test it.
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An 1879 law outlawing the sale or manufacture of contraception had been upheld since its enactment, despite constant protest shown at several state legislative meetings within the decades since. The law was sponsored by State legislator
294:. While in D.C., Griswold decided to end her singing career, given that her tutor had died, and she instead began studying medicine. Her advancement in the subject led her to become a medical instructor with the university.
401:, of the Barnum and Bailey circus. Griswold, in an attempt to seriously change the law, employed the help of two married women and a young married couple, all of whom needed contraception for medical reasons. She and
218:
Estelle attended Hartford public schools throughout her youth. Due to academic process, she skipped both fourth and seventh grades but was graduated from high school in five years instead of four due to her habitual
266:. The two had both attended Hartford High School, Richard being two years her senior. Though they were not close friends, they knew each other during their school years. Upon graduating from high school, he attended
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with Griswold's actions and motivations for finding a new Planned Parenthood headquarters. A new building had been purchased at 406 Orange Street with a carriage house at the back of the property.
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1, 1966. Griswold died in Fort Myers, Florida on August 13, 1981, at the age of 81. She is buried in the cemetery of the Congregational Church in Wethersfield, Connecticut next to her husband.
352:. Her role in these programs was fueled through both her knowledge of population gained from experience abroad, as well as her empathy towards couples who, like her, could not have children.
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Two days later, the detectives returned to the clinic demanding names of at least two patients that had been treated since the clinic's opening. Griswold chose a 33-year-old
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227:. She wanted to go to college and further her academic career, but her family could not afford the tuition. She worked in a bank in order to pay for the music school.
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program and the marital counseling program at Yale, the latter of which was run by the wife of lawyer Fowler Harper, who would play a large role in the legislation for
279:
commuting from Mount Vernon to New York City for Richard's business and Estelle's singing jobs. Griswold took a job as a radio singer for such broadcasts as the
189:
Griswold's personal role in both cases was vital to achieving success and starting a women's rights movement that went on to aid the support for such cases as
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and her encouragement of other students, mainly boys, to skip school. After graduation from high school in 1920, Estelle began taking music classes at the
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clinic in New Haven in an attempt to change the Connecticut law banning contraception. Their actions set into motion legislation that resulted in both
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Shortly after Griswold became executive director, she became involved in the movement to abolish the birth control laws within Connecticut.
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James, Edward; Wilson, Janet; Boyer Paul S. (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5. Harvard University Press
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149:(June 8, 1900 – August 13, 1981) was a civil rights activist and feminist most commonly known as a defendant in what became the
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321:. Throughout this time, Griswold witnessed deep poverty and starvation, and realized that the cause of this was, ultimately,
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In 1922, she moved to France to pursue a singing career, ignoring the disapproval of her parents. She had a very impressive
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In doing so, she became involved with the resettlement plan in Europe to aid refugees and send them away to such places as
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842:
Garrow, David J. (1994). Liberty and Sexuality: the right to privacy and the making of Roe v. Wade. MacMillan Pub. Co..
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League of Connecticut. Among her duties was the practice of organizing “border runs” in which women would be taken to
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250:-based show group. After this, she returned to Hartford and remained there until her marriage to Richard Griswold.
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Estelle married Richard "Dick" Whitmore Griswold (b. Feb. 11, 1898 – d. Oct. 1, 1966) on October 20, 1927, at the
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801:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 174–180.
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Griswold located a small building in which to open the clinic near to the
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Upon returning to the United States in 1950, Richard and Estelle moved to
238:, limiting her abilities to work. She also became engaged to an aspiring
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Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the making of Roe v. Wade
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274:. He went on to work in advertising, traveling throughout New York and
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220:
765:
Make Love, Not War: the Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History
678:"Honoring Mrs. Griswold – "No Delays, No Hassles. No lectures.""
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In 1935, Richard and Estelle Griswold moved from Connecticut to
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Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5
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American civil rights activist and feminist (1900–1981)
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methods that were unavailable to them in Connecticut.
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469:The Supreme Court trial began in 1965. As with
363:On January 1, 1954, Griswold began her work as
167:. Griswold served as the executive director of
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2091:University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
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2101:People associated with Planned Parenthood
405:, Obstetrics and Gynecology Professor at
270:and spent a brief time in service during
171:in New Haven when she and Yale professor
723:. Yale University Press. Archived from
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447:Graduate and a graduate student in the
207:Estelle ("Stelle") Trebert was born in
127: 1927; died 1966)
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290:where Estelle began taking classes at
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356:Connecticut law banning the use of
594:. University of California Press.
215:but was not devout later in life.
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2096:People from Hartford, Connecticut
999:Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
823:"Public Triumphs, Private Rights"
328:Griswold ended her time with the
199:is often considered a precursor.
880:Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
664:Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
487:Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
260:Cathedral of St. John the Divine
2081:American civil rights activists
616:"Richard Griswold, 1930 census"
163:, setting the precedent of the
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147:Estelle Naomi Trebert Griswold
1:
485:Griswold was inducted in the
417:Roraback to appeal to the US
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768:. Taylor & Francis, US.
682:Center for American Progress
550:. Harvard University Press.
449:Yale School of Public Health
379:in order to seek the proper
336:New Haven Planned Parenthood
292:George Washington University
716:Weisberg, Jonathan (2004).
2117:
1970:Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe
1182:Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt
1841:
1830:
1548:
1537:
1291:
1280:
934:Evelyn Longman Batchelder
897:
886:
696:"Griswold v. Connecticut"
114:Richard Whitmore Griswold
41:
2016:Regina Winters-Toussaint
1814:Elizabeth George Plouffe
1308:Adrianne Baughns-Wallace
964:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
185:Griswold v. Connecticut.
18:Estelle Trebert Griswold
1873:Clara Hill (suffragist)
1868:Sarah Lee Brown Fleming
1511:Martha Minerva Franklin
1004:Isabella Beecher Hooker
505:Griswold v. Connecticut
458:Griswold v. Connecticut
430:Griswold v. Connecticut
407:Yale School of Medicine
350:Griswold v. Connecticut
197:Griswold v. Connecticut
156:Griswold v. Connecticut
1919:Khalilah L. Brown-Dean
1485:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1381:Dotha Bushnell Hillyer
1218:Constance Baker Motley
743:Cite journal requires
588:Garrow, David (1998).
342:New Haven, Connecticut
1695:Margaret Bourke-White
1433:Mary Townsend Seymour
1365:Miriam Therese Winter
1249:Jane Hamilton-Merritt
1089:Harriet Beecher Stowe
1084:Hilda Crosby Standish
1079:Smiths of Glastonbury
1074:Virginia Thrall Smith
1009:Emeline Roberts Jones
954:Katharine Seymour Day
924:Beatrice Fox Auerbach
762:Allyn, David (2001).
283:Red Network in 1929.
225:Hartt School of Music
209:Hartford, Connecticut
79:Hartford, Connecticut
63:Estelle Naomi Trebert
1929:Callie Gale Heilmann
1339:Maria Miller Stewart
1313:Mary Goodrich Jenson
1197:Laura Wheeler Waring
1094:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
1049:Theodate Pope Riddle
1024:Rachel Taylor Milton
641:Madison County Times
544:Boyer, Paul (2004).
523:Church World Service
445:Yale Divinity School
330:Church World Service
302:At the beginning of
213:Roman Catholic faith
1934:Jerimarie Liesegang
1653:Augusta Lewis Troup
1464:Glenna Collett-Vare
1407:Helen Frankenthaler
1233:Mabel Osgood Wright
1140:MarĂa ColĂłn Sánchez
1104:Hannah Bunce Watson
1054:Edna Negron Rosario
1014:Barbara B. Kennelly
929:Emma Fielding Baker
100:Fort Myers, Florida
2086:American feminists
1863:Catherine Flanagan
1858:Frances Ellen Burr
1757:Regina Rush-Kittle
1586:Isabelle M. Kelley
1570:Maggie Wilderotter
1490:Barbara McClintock
1480:Jewel Plummer Cobb
1334:Catherine Roraback
1109:Chase G. Woodhouse
660:"Estelle Griswold"
511:Planned Parenthood
499:Catherine Roraback
437:Planned Parenthood
411:Catherine Roraback
369:Planned Parenthood
365:executive director
169:Planned Parenthood
48:Estelle Griswold,
2058:
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2037:Melissa Bernstein
2006:Laura Cruickshank
1975:Jennifer Rizzotti
1954:Teresa C. Younger
1853:Josephine Bennett
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1516:Carolyn M. Mazure
1355:Florence Griswold
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1161:Madeleine L'Engle
1064:Susan Saint James
1019:Clare Boothe Luce
994:Katharine Hepburn
949:Prudence Crandall
939:Catharine Beecher
790:Bodenhamer, David
730:on July 20, 2011.
403:Dr. C. Lee Buxton
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
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1944:Marilyn Ondrasik
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1643:Barbara Franklin
1550:
1539:
1412:Rosalind Russell
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1156:Edythe J. Gaines
1034:Ellen Ash Peters
979:Estelle Griswold
959:Fidelia Fielding
909:Mary Jobe Akeley
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1125:Helen M. Feeney
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1069:Lydia Sigourney
1059:Margaret Rudkin
969:Dorothy Goodwin
919:Marian Anderson
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517:Poe v. Ullman
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419:Supreme Court
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177:birth control
174:
173:C. Lee Buxton
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151:Supreme Court
148:
140:Frank Trebert
138:Jennie Church
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45:
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33:
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19:
1914:Donna Berman
1721:Rebecca Lobo
1638:Rosa DeLauro
1612:Anne Garrels
1428:Helen Keller
1360:Eileen Kraus
1099:Betty Tianti
1044:Sarah Porter
978:
827:Ms. Magazine
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736:cite journal
725:the original
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377:Rhode Island
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304:World War II
301:
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236:tuberculosis
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195:, for which
190:
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184:
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154:
146:
145:
93:(1981-08-13)
74:June 8, 1900
29:
2076:1981 deaths
2071:1900 births
2032:Sara Bronin
2001:Lisa Cortés
1985:Suzy Whaley
1883:Helena Hill
1804:Nell Newman
1773:Lucia Chase
1726:Jane Pauley
1705:Indra Nooyi
1259:Ann Uccello
974:Ella Grasso
914:Anni Albers
346:infertility
319:Puerto Rico
298:Life abroad
276:New England
272:World War I
192:Roe v. Wade
161:Connecticut
2065:Categories
1939:Kica Matos
1878:Elsie Hill
1459:Joan Joyce
1329:Laura Nyro
1192:Margo Rose
1029:Alice Paul
944:Jody Cohen
795:Our Rights
775:0415929423
601:0520213025
529:References
477:Later life
240:playwright
203:Early life
70:1900-06-08
1039:Ann Petry
984:Mary Hall
489:in 1994.
232:contralto
175:opened a
135:Parent(s)
792:(2007).
493:See also
373:New York
254:Marriage
829:. 2005.
684:. 2005.
367:of the
315:Algiers
248:Chicago
221:truancy
129:
121:
117:
805:
772:
598:
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317:, and
109:Spouse
102:, U.S.
81:, U.S.
1836:2020s
1543:2010s
1286:2000s
892:1990s
799:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
153:case
123:(
119:
2025:2024
1994:2023
1963:2022
1897:2021
1846:2020
1792:2019
1766:2018
1740:2017
1714:2016
1688:2015
1662:2014
1631:2013
1605:2012
1579:2011
1553:2010
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1447:2007
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1322:2001
1296:2000
1242:1999
1206:1998
1175:1997
1149:1996
1118:1995
902:1994
803:ISBN
770:ISBN
749:help
596:ISBN
552:ISBN
183:and
88:Died
58:Born
52:1964
700:PBS
375:or
281:NBC
262:in
2067::
825:.
740::
738:}}
734:{{
708:^
698:.
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566:^
536:^
313:,
125:m.
50:c.
872:e
865:t
858:v
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751:)
747:(
702:.
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72:)
68:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
