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33:
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137:
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959:. The TB rounds contains fuel rich explosive composition called thermobaric explosive. As the name implies, the shells, when they hit a target, produce blast overpressure and heat energy for hundreds of milliseconds. The overpressure and heat causes damage to enemy fortified structures like bunkers and buildings and for soft targets like enemy personnel and light armoured vehicles.
295:
in which the fuel is preheated well above its ignition temperature so that its cooling during its dispersion still results in a minimal ignition delay on mixing. The continual combustion of the outer layer of fuel molecules, as they come into contact with the air, generates added heat which maintains the temperature of the interior of the fireball, and thus sustains the detonation.
4419:
1016:. The grenades, of approximately 600 grams, "create a two second fire cloud with a volume of not less than 13 m³, inside of which the temperature reaches 2,500 degrees. This temperature allows not only for the destruction of the enemy, but are also able to disable lightly armored vehicles." The firm showed them at the
1440:
According to some scholars, thermobaric weapons are not intrinsically indiscriminate by nature, as they are often engineered for precision targeting capabilities. This precision aspect serves to provide humanitarian advantages by potentially minimizing collateral damage and also lessens the amount of
227:
premix, but thermobaric weapons consist only of fuel and as a result are significantly more energetic than conventional explosives of equal weight. Their reliance on atmospheric oxygen makes them unsuitable for use under water, at high altitude, and in adverse weather. They are, however, considerably
294:
apply to such weapons. Close in, blast from the dispersal charge, compressing and heating the surrounding atmosphere, has some influence on the lower limit. The upper limit has been demonstrated to influence the ignition of fogs above pools of oil strongly. That weakness may be eliminated by designs
281:
A typical weapon consists of a container packed with a fuel substance, the centre of which has a small conventional-explosive "scatter charge". Fuels are chosen on the basis of the exothermicity of their oxidation, ranging from powdered metals, such as aluminium or magnesium, to organic materials,
637:
are thermobaric variants of the RPG-27 and RPG-26 respectively. The RShG-1 is the more powerful variant, with its warhead having a 10-metre (33 ft) lethality radius and producing about the same effect as 6 kg (13 lb) of TNT. The RMG is a further derivative of the RPG-26 that uses a
464:
The weapon was claimed by a weapons specialist (K.L. Bergmann) to have been tested on the
Eastern front under the code-name "Taifun B" and was ready for deployment during the Normandy invasion in June, 1944. Apparently, canisters of a charcoal, aluminium and aviation fuel would've been launched,
298:
In confinement, a series of reflective shock waves is generated, which maintain the fireball and can extend its duration to between 10 and 50 ms as exothermic recombination reactions occur. Further damage can result as the gases cool and pressure drops sharply, leading to a partial
289:
A thermobaric bomb's effective yield depends on a combination of a number of factors such as how well the fuel is dispersed, how rapidly it mixes with the surrounding atmosphere and the initiation of the igniter and its position relative to the container of fuel. In some designs, strong munitions
1248:
reported that
Russian forces were moving thermobaric weapons into Ukraine. On 28 February 2022, Ukraine's ambassador to the United States accused Russia of deploying a thermobaric bomb. Russia has claimed to have used the weapon in March 2024 against Ukrainian soldiers in an unspecified location
316:(the size of the cloud varies with the size of the munition). The cloud of fuel flows around objects and into structures. The second charge then detonates the cloud and creates a massive blast wave. The blast wave can destroy reinforced buildings, equipment, and kill or injure people. The
290:
cases allow the blast pressure to be contained long enough for the fuel to be heated well above its autoignition temperature so that once the container bursts, the superheated fuel autoignites progressively as it comes into contact with atmospheric oxygen. Conventional upper and lower
681:. The Kornet has since been upgraded to the Kornet-EM, and its thermobaric variant has a maximum range of 10 km (6 mi) and has a TNT equivalence of 7 kg (15 lb). The 300 mm (12 in) 9M55S thermobaric cluster warhead rocket was built to be fired from the
618:. The grenade weighed 250 g (8.8 oz) and contained 160 g (5.6 oz) of explosive, its lethality radius is 3 m (9.8 ft), but due to the deliberate "fragmentation-free" design of the grenade, a distance of 4 m (13 ft) is considered safe.
448:
when incendiary shells (in German 'Brandgranate') used a slow but intense burning material, such as tar impregnated tissue and gunpowder dust. These shells burned for approximately 2 minutes after the shell exploded and spread the burning elements in every direction. In
311:
A fuel–air explosive (FAE) device consists of a container of fuel and two separate explosive charges. After the munition is dropped or fired, the first explosive charge bursts open the container at a predetermined height and disperses the fuel in a cloud that mixes with
900:
that the missiles were "particularly designed to take down structures and kill everyone in the buildings", as AAC AgustaWestland
Apaches were previously equipped with weapon systems deemed ineffective to combat the Taliban. The MoD also stated that "British pilots'
273:
and their storage containers, grain bins (corn silos etc.), and later in coal mines, prior to the 20th century. Accidental unconfined vapor cloud explosions now happen most often in partially or completely empty oil tankers, refinery tanks, and vessels, such as the
1656:
1441:
munitions needed to effectively engage with the chosen military goals. Nonetheless, authors holding this view recommend that the use of thermobaric weapons in populated areas should be minimised due to their wide-area impact and multiple harm mechanisms.
561:
layered between the charge casing and a PBXN-112 explosive mixture. When the PBXN-112 detonates, the aluminium mixture is dispersed and rapidly burns. The result is a sustained high pressure that is extremely effective against people and structures.
2774:
1305:
The
Eurasian Times reported that an Israeli AH-64D Apache attack helicopter was photographed with a 'mystery' warhead with a red band that was speculated to be a thermobaric warhead capable of destroying Hamas tunnels and multi-story buildings.
1297:
A report by Human Rights Watch claimed Israel has used thermobaric weaponry in the past including the 2008–2009 conflict in Gaza. Moreover, Euro-Med Human Rights
Monitor states that Israel appears to be using thermobaric weaponry in the current
1455:, a thermobaric weapon (referred to as a fuel air bomb) is used to destroy an African village to keep the perfect biological weapon (a virus) a secret, and later nearly used to wipe out a US town to keep the original virus intact.
3157:
985:
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does not prohibit the use of thermobaric munitions, fuel-air explosive devices, or vacuum bombs against military targets. As of March 2024, all past attempts to regulate or restrict thermobaric weapons have failed.
1425:. Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups such as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad have claimed multiple attacks against Israeli forces with thermobaric rockets during the 2023 Israeli ground operation in the Gaza.
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has a 250 kg (550 lb) thermobaric warhead. The ODAB-500PM and ODAB-500PMV unguided bombs carry a 190 kg (420 lb) fuel–air explosive each. ODAB-1500 is a larger version of the bomb. The KAB-1500S
1660:
3409:
4022:
862:- "Hércules" (ˈɛʁkuleʃ) - aircraft, and deployed using a parachute to drag it from the C-130's cargo bay and separate from its pallet, at which point the bomb's own aerodynamics determine its drop trajectory.
1232:
during the initial storming of the school. At least three and as many as nine RPO-A casings were later found at the positions of the
Spetsnaz. In July 2005 the Russian government admitted to the use of the
3965:
2782:
2587:
540:
The XM1060 40-mm grenade is a small-arms thermobaric device, which was fielded by US forces in
Afghanistan in 2002, and proved to be popular against targets in enclosed spaces, such as caves. Since the
4104:
714:, has the S-13D and S-13DF thermobaric variants. The S-13DF's warhead weighs only 32 kg (71 lb), but its power is equivalent to 40 kg (88 lb) of TNT. The KAB-500-OD variant of the
590:
scientists quickly developed their own FAE weapons. Since
Afghanistan, research and development has continued, and Russian forces now field a wide array of third-generation FAE warheads, such as the
67:. The fuel is usually a single compound, rather than a mixture of multiple molecules. Many types of thermobaric weapons can be fitted to hand-held launchers, and can also be launched from airplanes.
1302:. Both organizations claim that the use of this weaponry in densely populated neighborhoods violates international humanitarian law due to its damaging affects on civilians and civilian structures.
262:
emanating from a single source, a thermobaric flame front accelerates to a large volume, which produces pressure fronts within the mixture of fuel and oxidant and then also in the surrounding air.
727:
guided 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bomb also has a thermobaric variant. Its fireball will cover a 150 m (490 ft) radius and its lethal zone is a 500 m (1,600 ft) radius. The
598:
have developed thermobaric ammunition variants for several of their weapons, such as the TBG-7V thermobaric grenade with a lethality radius of 10 m (33 ft), which can be launched from a
1205:
Chechen Wars) to attack dug-in
Chechen fighters. The use of TOS-1 heavy MLRS and "RPO-A Shmel" shoulder-fired rocket system during the Chechen Wars is reported to have occurred. Russia used the
1847:
3999:
3685:
2487:
738:
In
September 2007, Russia exploded the largest thermobaric weapon ever made, and claimed that its yield was equivalent to that of a nuclear weapon. Russia named this particular ordnance the "
3846:
1963:
2204:
3749:
2134:
3128:"120 mm Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) and Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India"
2461:
3149:
2887:
3602:
4146:"Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information hearing on "Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the World Trade Center""
3627:
692:, a 24-tube MLRS designed to fire 220 mm (8.7 in) thermobaric rockets. A full salvo from the TOS-1 will cover a rectangle 200 by 400 m (220 by 440 yd). The
265:
Thermobaric explosives apply the principles underlying accidental unconfined vapor cloud explosions, which include those from dispersions of flammable dusts and droplets. Such
1185:
attack aircraft of the 134th APIB used ODAB-500S/P fuel–air bombs against Mujahideen forces in Afghanistan, but they were found to be unreliable and dangerous to ground crew.
3127:
3105:
4224:
1490:
621:
The RPO-A and upgraded RPO-M are infantry-portable rocket propelled grenades designed to fire thermobaric rockets. The RPO-M, for instance, has a thermobaric warhead with a
2032:
4053:
1047:
820:
China is reported to have other thermobaric weapons, including bombs, grenades and rockets. Research continues on thermobaric weapons capable of reaching 2,500 degrees.
4014:
3401:
817:. Introduced in 2000 it is reported to weigh 3.5 kg and contains 2.1 kg of thermobaric filler. An improved version called the PF-97A was introduced in 2008.
4071:
952:
4099:
3538:
2317:
303:
effect has given rise to the misnomer "vacuum bomb". Piston-type afterburning is also believed to occur in such structures, as flame-fronts accelerate through it.
3957:
3875:
3824:
3052:
3029:
3264:
2864:
2179:
550:
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646:(HEAT) warhead blasting an opening for the main thermobaric charge to enter and detonate inside. The RMG's precursor HEAT warhead can penetrate 300 mm of
396:
the effect of an FAE explosion within confined spaces is immense. Those near the ignition point are obliterated. Those at the fringe are likely to suffer many
4362:
929:
553:
rocket launcher. One team of Marines reported that they had destroyed a large one-story masonry type building with one round from 100 yards (91 m). The
431:... it is possible that victims of FAEs are not rendered unconscious by the blast, but instead suffer for several seconds or minutes while they suffocate".
110:
Other terms used for the family of weapons are high-impulse thermobaric weapons, heat and pressure weapons, vacuum bombs, and fuel-air explosives (FAE).
3098:"120 mm Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun | Defence Research and Development Organisation – DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India"
1396:
in Lebanon, which used a gas-enhanced explosive mechanism that was probably propane, butane, or acetylene. The explosive used by the bombers in the US
4385:
3456:
2274:
1928:
948:. This HESH round packs thermobaric explosives into the tank shells to increase the effectiveness against enemy bunkers and light armoured vehicles.
3991:
3681:
3245:
2483:
743:
4339:
1289:, British military drones used AGM-114N Hellfire missiles; in the first three months of 2018, British drones fired 92 Hellfire missiles in Syria.
658:
204:
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2673:
465:
followed with a secondary launch of incendiary rockets. It was destroyed by a Western artillery barrage minutes before being fired just before
2215:
890:. The MoD stated that 20 missiles, described as "blast fragmentation warheads", were used in 2008 and a further 20 in 2009. MoD officials told
3741:
3344:
2813:
2126:
932:. In the report, it was stated that AGM-114N Hellfire missiles which contained a thermobaric warhead were used by RAF attack drones in Syria.
3442:
2932:
2457:
2057:
Defense Intelligence Agency, "Future Threat to the Soldier System, Volume I; Dismounted Soldier – Middle East Threat", September 1993, p. 73.
1892:
808:
3715:
3478:
2879:
1067:
247:
The initial explosive charge detonates as it hits its target, opening the container and dispersing the fuel mixture as a cloud. The typical
1683:
871:
557:, uses a Metal Augmented Charge (MAC) warhead, which contains a thermobaric explosive fill that uses aluminium powder coated or mixed with
3599:
1376:
of Ukraine showed off the destruction of a derelict Russian infantry fighting vehicle by a thermobaric RGT-27S2 hand grenade delivered by
2415:
851:
372:
but does not detonate, victims will be severely burned and will probably also inhale the burning fuel. Since the most common FAE fuels,
176:
4086:"The latest military situation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict: Ukraine is open, a grenade blows up a Russian infantry fighting vehicle"
3935:
3624:
3179:
2958:"Better than laser?China's thermobaric bomb reaches 2500 degrees high temperature, once exported, the United States will be miserable?"
2752:
1862:
1266:
887:
1250:
837:
486:
4340:"Ukraine's ambassador to US says Russia used a vacuum bomb, international groups say banned cluster munitions used to strike shelter"
2351:
1884:
1580:
1217:
3135:
3097:
1194:
924:, which revealed that the drones were equipped with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles. The MoD had sent a report to a British publication,
4228:
4205:
2290:
2036:
1500:
1349:
panel of human rights investigators reported that the Syrian government had used thermobaric bombs against the rebellious town of
3514:
3292:
1373:
1241:
1017:
779:
2726:
2100:
1833:
4454:
4149:
4128:
1397:
1270:
875:
336:
Conventional countermeasures such as barriers (sandbags) and personnel armour are not effective against thermobaric weapons. A
2984:
de atividades 2011|trans-title=2011 Activities Report|publisher=Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço |accessdate=20 November 2015
2901:
2617:
1410:
bombers used a shock-dispersed solid fuel charge, based on the thermobaric principle, to attack the Sari nightclub during the
4317:
4045:
3001:
2513:
2241:
424:
Another Defense Intelligence Agency document speculates that, because the "shock and pressure waves cause minimal damage to
192:
32:
4423:
4172:
3652:"Russian army deploys its TOS-1 heavy flamethrower capable of vaporizing human bodies near Ukrainian border, footage shows"
3561:
2435:
3374:
2643:
2067:
1978:
4067:
2565:
2539:
136:
4449:
3797:
3535:
2325:
1763:
1393:
626:
2856:
2171:
1422:
1228:
thermobaric rocket from the RPG-7 or rockets from either the RShG-1 or the RShG-2 is claimed to have been used by the
1163:
945:
913:
787:
775:
389:
341:
321:
233:
4250:"Hamas supplies suggest strategy for long-term occupation in Israel". IANS English; New Delhi. IANS. 16 October 2023.
799:
3265:"Protecting Civilians from the Effects of Explosive Weapons An Analysis of International Legal and Policy Standards"
2981:
4439:
2373:
Kolev, Stefan K.; Tsonev, Tsvetomir T. (2022). "Aluminized Enhanced Blast Explosive Based on Polysiloxane Binder".
1100:
941:
1299:
152:
3509:
1143:
696:
651:
164:
3201:
3546:
1139:
778:(Directorate General of Armament and Material, DGAM) and Explosivos Alaveses (EXPAL) which was a subsidiary of
685:
643:
599:
3319:
4312:
4287:
3581:
786:). A prototype was tested successfully in a foreign location out of safety and confidentiality concerns. The
380:, are highly toxic, undetonated FAE should prove as lethal to personnel caught within the cloud as with most
278:
in the United Kingdom in 2005, where the blast wave woke people 150 kilometres (93 mi) from its centre.
1996:
1323:
1123:
1051:
1023:
In 2024, Ukraine started using drones rigged with thermobaric explosives to strike Russian positions in the
980:
2271:
124:
3479:"Foreign Military Studies Office Publications – A 'Crushing' Victory: Fuel-Air Explosives and Grozny 2000"
1925:
1210:
1092:
4386:"Detonating the air: The legality of the use of thermobaric weapons under international humanitarian law"
1356:
The Russia and Syrian governments have used thermobaric bombs and other thermobaric munitions during the
1178:
505:
FAE fuel-air cluster bomb was mostly developed by the US Naval Weapons Center at China Lake, California.
3903:"Israel 'Blows-Up' Hamas Bunkers With 'Secretive' Hellfire Missiles Loaded On AH-64D Choppers - Reports"
3902:
3772:
2997:
1151:
897:
879:
542:
1322:
used such weapons against residential area targets occupied by the rebel fighters, such as during the
967:
The company Balkan Novoteh, formed in 2011, provides the Thermobaric hand grenade TG-1 to the market.
766:
Israel was alleged to possess thermobaric technology as early as 1990, according to Pentagon sources.
4085:
3215:
2957:
2665:
1221:
1108:
595:
37:
2842:
1336:
228:
more effective when used in enclosed spaces such as tunnels, buildings, and non-hermetically sealed
4444:
3352:
1846:
See Nanofuel/Oxidizers For Energetic Compositions – John D. Sullivan and Charles N. Kingery (1994)
1024:
1013:
902:
855:
739:
662:
647:
750:"Mother of All Bombs" and once held the title of the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in history.
3707:
3482:
2857:"Pilotos españoles probaron la Superbomba Aire-Combustible en un país extranjero, p. 23 – ABC.es"
2390:
2011:
1732:
1545:
1411:
1202:
401:
337:
313:
291:
2805:
1331:
1087:. A second generation of FAE weapons were based on those, and were used by the United States in
282:
possibly with a self-contained partial oxidant. The most recent development involves the use of
1118:
used thermobaric weapons in Afghanistan. On 3 March 2002, a single 2,000 lb (910 kg)
710:
has the S-8DM and S-8DF thermobaric variants. The S-8's 122 mm (4.8 in) brother, the
654:, thus allowing the 105 mm (4.1 in)-diameter thermobaric warhead to detonate inside.
3847:"Unleashing the Unprecedented: The Controversial Use of Thermobaric Bombs in Recent Conflicts"
3586:
3448:
3438:
1898:
1888:
1724:
1576:
1433:
1389:
1198:
1107:. They were targeted against mine fields and personnel in trenches, but were more useful as a
703:
678:
666:
625:
of 5.5 kg (12 lb) and destructive capabilities similar to a 152 mm (6 in)
397:
353:
2411:
991:
3927:
3636:
2748:
2382:
1859:
1829:
1714:
1636:
1605:
1568:
1535:
1407:
1357:
1350:
1319:
1315:
1286:
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1147:
1002:
921:
774:
In 1983, a program of military research was launched with collaboration between the Spanish
611:
570:
554:
527:
458:
60:
1684:"What is a thermobaric weapon? Putin accused of using devastating 'vacuum bomb' in Ukraine"
996:
803:
4132:
4108:
3631:
3606:
3565:
3542:
2419:
2347:
2278:
1982:
1932:
1866:
1450:
1274:
1174:
917:
674:
466:
445:
377:
275:
251:
of a thermobaric weapon lasts significantly longer than that of a conventional explosive.
834:
Diretoria de Material Aeronáutico e Bélico - Board of Aeronautical and Military Equipment
2033:"Backgrounder on Russian Fuel Air Explosives ("Vacuum Bombs") | Human Rights Watch"
1193:
Russian military forces reportedly used ground-delivered thermobaric weapons during the
4209:
4145:
1469:
1346:
1041:
859:
693:
622:
477:
381:
373:
266:
64:
3876:"Israel takes revenge on Palestinian armed factions by mass killing civilians in Gaza"
3504:
3296:
4433:
3280:
2722:
2394:
2015:
1736:
1549:
1464:
976:
728:
639:
482:
317:
283:
229:
80:
4125:
1858:
Slavica Terzić, Mirjana Dakić Kolundžija, Milovan Azdejković and Gorgi Minov (2004)
1007:
3798:"Russia tightens security where Ukraine launched an incursion as fighting persists"
3006:
2909:
2613:
1820:
Brousseau, Patrick; Anderson, C. John (2002). "Nanometric Aluminum in Explosives".
1495:
1254:
1170:
1119:
1072:
892:
732:
682:
670:
615:
587:
450:
425:
369:
361:
183:
1860:
Compatibility Of Thermobaric Mixtures Based On Isopropyl Nitrate And Metal Powders
457:
attempted to develop a vacuum bomb, under the direction of the Austrian physicist
17:
2982:
http://www.iae.cta.br/Arquivos/Relatorio_de_atividades_2011.pdf%7Ctitle=Relatorio
2509:
2249:
4179:
3558:
2484:"Shmel-M: Infantry Rocket-assisted Flamethrower of Enhanced Range and Lethality"
2431:
1975:
1327:
1206:
1115:
1084:
944:(HESH) round, a 120 mm thermobaric round was developed in the 2010s by the
814:
711:
591:
583:
575:
498:
409:
357:
300:
259:
2639:
4262:
4126:"Politics in the Next 50 Years: The Changing Nature of International Conflict"
3611:
3452:
3053:"MoD accidentally reveals British drones firing thermobaric missiles in Syria"
2561:
2535:
2458:"New RPO Shmel-M Infantry Rocket Flamethrower Man-Packable Thermobaric Weapon"
1361:
782:(ERT). The goal of the programme was to develop a thermobaric bomb, the BEAC (
707:
413:
270:
248:
3992:"A New Kind of Bomb Is Being Used in Syria and It's a Humanitarian Nightmare"
3150:"Fire-power of DRDO's Arjun Tank takes quantum jump with new ammunition: MoD"
1902:
1767:
1728:
1719:
1702:
1540:
1523:
4263:"Captured weapons shed light on stunning extent of Hamas's battle blueprint"
3230:
1625:"Thermobaric and Enhanced Blast Explosives - Properties and Testing Methods"
956:
882:
had used AGM-114 Hellfire missiles purchased from the United States against
747:
715:
454:
417:
405:
255:
216:
36:
Blast from a US Navy fuel–air explosive used against a decommissioned ship,
3728:
Mayor Pavlo Kuzmenko reported that Russian occupiers dropped a vacuum bomb.
3432:
2386:
1641:
1624:
1609:
1054:" and there was pressure to regulate these around 2010, again to no avail.
979:'s Scientific Research Institute for Chemical Products in conjunction with
850:(tɾoˈkɐnu) is a thermobaric weapon similar in design to the United States'
4418:
3825:"UK Troops Using Deadly 'Thermobaric' Weapons In Syrian Civil War: Report"
3076:"UK Troops Using Deadly 'Thermobaric' Weapons In Syrian Civil War: Report"
3030:"UK Troops Using Deadly 'Thermobaric' Weapons In Syrian Civil War: Report"
1572:
858:. Like the US weapon, the Trocano was designed to be pallet-loaded into a
3651:
3569:
3002:"MoD admits use of controversial 'enhanced blast' weapons in Afghanistan"
2410:
Lester W. Grau and Timothy L. Thomas (Marine Corps Gazette, April 2000) "
1401:
1229:
1127:
990:(aka Artem Holding Company) announced to the market its new product, the
490:
224:
88:
3958:"Dropping Thermobaric Bombs on Residential Areas in Syria_ Nov. 5. 2012"
3402:"This Russian Tank-Mounted Rocket Launcher Can Incinerate 8 City Blocks"
4068:"Thermobaric Bombs And Other Nightmare Weapons Of The Syrian Civil War"
1596:
Yen, Ng Hsiao; Wang, Lee Yiew (2012). "Reactive Metals in Explosives".
1377:
1282:
1135:
1040:
Mexico, Switzerland and Sweden presented in 1980 a joint motion to the
906:
883:
720:
546:
3742:"Ukraine envoy to U.S. says Russia used a vacuum bomb in its invasion"
2214:. Technical Note 09.30 /04 (Version 1): 2. 1 July 2013. Archived from
545:, the US Marine Corps has introduced a thermobaric "Novel Explosive" (
1834:
10.1002/1521-4087(200211)27:5<300::AID-PREP300>3.0.CO;2-#
1182:
1131:
1096:
1080:
634:
630:
521:
502:
325:
241:
237:
2696:"Russian forces destroy 300 Ukrainian troops in pinpoint air strike"
348:
The kill mechanism against living targets is unique—and unpleasant.
3708:"Oil depot burns after artillery shelling in Okhtyrka, Sumy Oblast"
2695:
1810:
Health and Safety Environmental Agency, 5th and final report, 2008.
4046:"Eastern Ghouta home of 'Noor and Alaa' destroyed by Syrian bombs"
3218:. No. #4. Defense Express. October–December 2017. p. 32.
1421:
of firing thermobaric rockets into civilian houses as part of its
1418:
1234:
1225:
1066:
706:
munitions have thermobaric variants. The 80 mm (3.1 in)
699:
can also carry a 700 kg (1,540 lb) thermobaric warhead.
689:
688:. A dedicated carrier of thermobaric weapons is the purpose-built
607:
603:
569:
476:
143:
31:
4173:"Shock-Dispersed-Fuel Charges-Combustion in Chambers and Tunnels"
2129:[Weapon of Mass Destruction: Grandfather's Vacuum Bomb].
4015:"U.N. Panel Reports Increasing Brutality by Both Sides in Syria"
2933:"Will Thermobaric Weapons Overwhelm the Military Health System?"
1657:"Libye – l'Otan utilise une bombe FAE | Politique, Algérie"
1342:
1224:
in their efforts to retake the school. The RPO-A and either the
1104:
1088:
558:
220:
84:
65:
dispersing an aerosol cloud of gas, liquid or powdered explosive
3928:"Syria rebels say Assad using 'mass-killing weapons' in Aleppo"
2843:"Serra no descarta que España tenga bombas de aire-combustible"
1400:
incorporated the FAE principle by using three tanks of bottled
1220:, a multitude of handheld thermobaric weapons were used by the
2348:"Backgrounder on Russian Fuel Air Explosives ('Vacuum Bombs')"
2172:"Munitions – Thermobaric Munitions and their Medical Effects!"
2101:"What are thermobaric weapons? And why should they be banned?"
1245:
813:, a portable thermobaric rocket launcher, based on the Soviet
724:
758:
Iraq was alleged to possess the technology as early as 1990.
582:
Following FAEs developed by the United States for use in the
4101:
Hospital Ships In The War On Terror: Sanctuaries or Targets?
3375:"Fact Sheet: Russia's Use of Thermobaric Weapons in Ukraine"
1801:
Strehlow, 14th. Symp. (Int.) Comb. 1189, Comb. Inst. (1973).
1330:. Others contend that in 2012 the Syrian government used an
1012:
grenade launcher, a demonstration of which was witnessed by
951:
The design and the development of the round was taken up by
3536:
Russia: Independent Beslan Investigation Sparks Controversy
830:
Estado Maior da Aeronáutica - Military Staff of Aeronautics
4144:
J. Gilmore Childers; Henry J. DePippo (24 February 1998).
3293:"US Uses Bunker-Busting 'Thermobaric' Bomb for First Time"
1848:
High explosive disseminator for a high explosive air bomb
1764:"Ukraine conflict: What is a vacuum or thermobaric bomb?"
1751:
A 'Crushing' Victory: Fuel-Air Explosives and Grozny 2000
1703:"Thermobaric and enhanced blast explosives (TBX and EBX)"
1659:(in French). Algeria ISP. 18 October 2011. Archived from
1524:"Thermobaric and enhanced blast explosives (TBX and EBX)"
1044:
to prohibit the use of thermobaric weapons, to no avail.
210:
Aftermath of explosion, with unburned flour on the ground
1075:
being prepared for shipping to Afghanistan, 5 March 2002
497:
FAEs were developed by the United States for use in the
340:
report of 1 February 2000 quotes a study made by the US
3281:
CBU-72 / BLU-73/B Fuel/Air Explosive (FAE) - Dumb Bombs
3870:
3868:
2562:"RMG – A new Multi-Purpose Assault Weapon from Bazalt"
2291:"HELLFIRE Thermobaric Warhead Approved for Production"
2242:"Thermobaric Grenade Brings Down the House? (Updated)"
1926:
Fundamental and Applied Studies of Fuel-Air Detonation
1388:
Thermobaric and fuel–air explosives have been used in
1213:, whereupon it was designated as a very useful round.
912:
In 2018, the MoD accidentally divulged the details of
790:
has an undetermined number of BEACs in its inventory.
508:
Current American FAE munitions include the following:
3270:. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
2588:"Kornet-EM: Multi-purpose Long-range Missile System"
1491:"What are thermobaric weapons and how do they work?"
1162:
FAEs were reportedly used against China in the 1969
673:, and the 9M131F thermobaric warhead variant of the
4342:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 March 2022
3351:. The Associated Press. 14 May 2003. Archived from
2412:
Russian Lessons Learned From the Battles For Grozny
1879:Meyer, Rudolf; Josef Köhler; Axel Homburg (2007).
840:) started developing a Thermobaric project called
669:, the 9M133F-1 thermobaric warhead variant of the
3505:"Russian forces faulted in Beslan school tragedy"
2845:(in Spanish). EDICIONES EL PAÍS. 11 October 1990.
2127:"Massenvernichtungswaffe: Großvaters Vakuumbombe"
2068:"Main Types of Artillery Ammunition in 1914-1918"
1048:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
905:were strict and everything a pilot sees from the
614:designed mainly to fire thermobaric grenades for
3907:Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News
3600:Searching for Traces of "Shmel" in Beslan School
3295:. Commondreams.org. 3 March 2002. Archived from
2992:
2990:
4171:P. Neuwald; H. Reichenbach; A. L. Kuhl (2003).
3773:"Russia Claims Use of 'Vacuum Bomb' in Ukraine"
3345:"New Missiles Floored Enemy In Iraq - CBS News"
953:Armament Research and Development Establishment
836:) the IAE (Instituto de Aeronautica e Espaço -
394:
346:
4363:"Father of all bombs': Russia's brutal weapon"
3233:. Zespół Badán I Analiz Militarnych Sp. Z O.O.
2156:Eckhertz, Holger. "D Day through German Eyes".
4070:. Popular Science. Recurrent. 18 March 2019.
3625:A Reversal Over Beslan Only Fuels Speculation
3379:Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
2723:"How to Destroy the Australian Defence Force"
2406:
2404:
2318:"Thermobarics – Developments and Deployments"
2199:
2197:
1976:New Thermobaric Materials and Weapon Concepts
1130:and Taliban fighters had taken refuge in the
27:Device producing a high-temperature explosion
8:
4206:"Is the world facing Thermobaric Terrorism?"
3246:"Thermobaric Drones Blast Russian Positions"
3202:"Ukraine developed a new thermobaric weapon"
1623:Trzciński, Waldemar A.; Maiz, Lotfi (2015).
324:and tunnels and in enclosed spaces, such as
3481:. Fmso.leavenworth.army.mil. Archived from
3431:Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy (2019).
2165:
2163:
1995:Anna E. Wildegger-Gaissmaier (April 2003).
1964:Advanced Thermobaric Explosive Compositions
1018:Azerbaijan International Defense Exhibition
518:BLU-96 2,000 lb (910 kg) (FAE-II)
320:effect of the blast wave is more severe in
119:Demonstration of an open-air dust explosion
2035:. Hrw.org. 1 February 2000. Archived from
1216:It was thought that, during the September
1083:fuel–air weapons saw extensive use in the
610:is a 43 mm (1.7 in) pump-action
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
1953:Fire Prev. Sci. and Tech. No. 19,4 (1976)
1944:Nettleton, Comb. and Flame, 24,65 (1975).
1718:
1640:
1539:
955:(ARDE). The rounds were designed for the
515:BLU-95 500 lb (230 kg) (FAE-II)
3985:
3983:
2880:"¿Dispone España de armas estratégicas?"
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2806:"Russia unveils the father of all bombs"
2749:"Russia unveils devastating vacuum bomb"
2350:. Human Rights Watch. 27 December 2008.
1915:Nettleton, arch. combust. 1,131, (1981).
1766:. BBC News. 2 March 2022. Archived from
742:" in response to the American-developed
2564:. defense-update.com. 9 November 2008.
2538:. Russia: World Guns. 24 January 2011.
2512:. Russia: World Guns. 24 January 2011.
2434:. Russia: World Guns. 24 January 2011.
2272:"Marines Quiet About Brutal New Weapon"
2027:
2025:
1481:
659:semi-automatic command to line of sight
444:The first attempts occurred during the
356:, and more importantly, the subsequent
117:
3990:DeGhett, Torie Rose (28 August 2015).
3400:Swearingen, Jake (14 September 2015).
3318:Franchi, Peter La (22 December 2003).
1138:was used by the US Marines during the
735:ATGMs both have thermobaric variants.
254:In contrast to an explosive that uses
4390:International Review of the Red Cross
4152:from the original on 16 November 2020
3968:from the original on 10 February 2013
3688:from the original on 27 February 2022
3662:from the original on 27 February 2022
3517:from the original on 6 September 2006
3412:from the original on 27 February 2018
2755:from the original on 30 December 2010
2666:"ODAB-500PMV Fuel-Air-Explosive bomb"
2490:from the original on 29 December 2013
2375:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
2182:from the original on 27 February 2022
2125:Karlsch, Rainer (24 September 2007).
1822:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
1629:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
1598:Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
1417:In 2023, an Israeli reporter accused
1314:Reports by the rebel fighters of the
7:
2867:from the original on 19 August 2016.
2816:from the original on 16 October 2019
2620:from the original on 10 October 2012
2516:from the original on 31 October 2012
2464:from the original on 27 October 2014
2438:from the original on 7 November 2016
2354:from the original on 15 January 2009
1249:(denied by Ukraine), and during the
103:(βάρος) 'weight, pressure' + suffix
4013:Cumming-Bruce, Nick (4 June 2013).
3740:Zengerle, Patricia (1 March 2022).
3559:Beslan still a raw nerve for Russia
3229:Gyűrösi, Miroslav (December 2018).
2902:"PF-97 Thermobaric rocket launcher"
2804:Harding, Luke (12 September 2007).
2721:Air Power Australia (4 July 2007).
2676:from the original on 29 August 2019
2646:from the original on 5 January 2017
2542:from the original on 17 August 2011
2460:. defensereview.com. 19 July 2006.
2137:from the original on 11 August 2020
1489:Harrison, Virginia (1 March 2022).
1423:October 7 surprise attack on Israel
1364:and insurgent-held civilian areas.
784:Bomba Explosiva de Aire-Combustible
665:guided thermobaric variants of the
198:Fireball and superheated gases rise
4361:Seidel, Jamie (27 February 2022).
4074:from the original on 11 June 2021.
4056:from the original on 11 June 2021.
4025:from the original on 15 April 2017
4002:from the original on 11 June 2021.
3437:. Manchester: Crecy. p. 369.
3320:"China starts on thermobaric bomb"
3160:from the original on 5 August 2018
2890:from the original on 27 July 2016.
2205:"Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) systems"
1749:Lester W. Grau and Timothy Smith,
1565:Chemistry of High-Energy Materials
838:Institute of Aeronautics and Space
414:ruptured lungs and internal organs
258:in a confined region to produce a
25:
4044:Ullah, Areeb (22 February 2018).
3938:from the original on 12 July 2013
3752:from the original on 1 March 2022
3718:from the original on 2 March 2022
3459:from the original on 2 March 2022
2878:Aguilar, Juan (9 February 2014).
2729:from the original on 11 June 2011
2614:"TOS-1 Heavy flamethrower system"
2590:. Russia: Kbptula. Archived from
2568:from the original on 13 July 2012
2099:Hanson, Marianne (2 March 2022).
1997:"Aspects of thermobaric weaponry"
1218:2004 Beslan school hostage crisis
1122:thermobaric bomb was used by the
1001:. These can be combined with the
828:In 2004, under request of EMAER (
536:SMAW-NE round for rocket launcher
4417:
4384:van Coller, Arthur (June 2023).
4313:"IRAN UPDATE, DECEMBER 26, 2023"
4288:"IRAN UPDATE, DECEMBER 23, 2023"
3901:Satam, Parth (8 November 2023).
3108:from the original on 26 May 2021
1883:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp.
1701:Türker, Lemi (1 December 2016).
1372:In March 2023 soldiers from the
1269:, British forces, including the
1242:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1126:against cave complexes in which
400:, invisible injuries, including
203:
191:
175:
163:
151:
135:
123:
4261:Zitun, Yoav (16 October 2023).
4115:, Winter 2005, pp. 110–11.
3682:"What are thermobaric weapons?"
3180:"Thermobaric Hand Grenade TG-1"
2863:(in Spanish). 22 October 1990.
2322:European Security & Defence
2316:Guest, Tim (10 November 2022).
1398:1993 World Trade Center bombing
1251:August 2024 Ukrainian incursion
1150:was first used by US forces in
802:(PLA) began development of the
578:(Bumblebee) rocket and launcher
4318:Institute for the Study of War
4292:Institute for the Study of War
3771:Saballa, Joe (18 March 2024).
3684:. ABC News. 27 February 2022.
2937:War Room - US Army War College
2931:Lopez, Eddie (8 August 2018).
1682:Parsons, Jeff (2 March 2022).
1079:FAEs such as first-generation
1050:categorises these weapons as "
930:freedom of information request
1:
3880:Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor
3244:Hambling, David (May 2024).
2176:Australian Military Medicine
1563:Klapötke, Thomas M. (2022).
1394:1983 Beirut barracks bombing
914:General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers
661:(SACLOS) or millimeter-wave
642:warhead, with the precursor
627:high-explosive fragmentation
1164:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1134:region of Afghanistan. The
872:British Ministry of Defence
788:Spanish Air and Space Force
746:(MOAB) bomb, which has the
657:Other examples include the
390:Central Intelligence Agency
342:Defense Intelligence Agency
4471:
3216:"Ukrainian Defense Review"
3051:Cole, Chris (3 May 2018).
2642:. Missilethreat.csis.org.
2510:"Modern Firearms – RShG-1"
1404:gas to enhance the blast.
1279:AGM-114N Hellfire missiles
1101:United States Marine Corps
946:Indian Ministry of Defence
942:high-explosive squash head
780:Unión Explosivos Río Tinto
744:Massive Ordnance Air Blast
481:A BLU-72/B bomb on a USAF
186:has nothing to ignite here
3823:Kay, Linda (3 May 2018).
3510:Christian Science Monitor
3434:Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27
3074:Kay, Linda (2 May 2018).
3028:Kay, Linda (3 May 2018).
2775:"Video of test explosion"
2432:"Modern Firearms – GM-94"
1144:Second Battle of Fallujah
697:theatre ballistic missile
652:rolled homogeneous armour
158:Cloud of flour is ignited
4113:Naval War College Review
3547:The Jamestown Foundation
2170:Andrew, D (1 May 2003).
1720:10.1016/j.dt.2016.09.002
1541:10.1016/j.dt.2016.09.002
1140:First Battle of Fallujah
874:(MoD) acknowledged that
800:People's Liberation Army
644:high-explosive anti-tank
600:rocket propelled grenade
170:Fireball spreads rapidly
4223:Wayne Turnbull (2003).
4088:. IMedia. 7 March 2023.
3656:Business Insider Africa
3204:. UAWire. 29 July 2017.
2536:"Modern Firearms – RMG"
1124:United States Air Force
650:or over 100 mm of
269:happened most often in
217:conventional explosives
63:munition that works by
4455:Anti-personnel weapons
4098:Richard J. Grunawalt.
2998:Norton-Taylor, Richard
2884:www.elespiadigital.com
2781:. 2007. Archived from
2616:. military-today.com.
2387:10.1002/prep.202100195
2295:www.lockheedmartin.com
2270:David Hambling (2005)
1642:10.1002/prep.201400281
1610:10.1002/prep.200900050
1374:59th Motorised Brigade
1211:First Battle of Grozny
1093:Operation Desert Storm
1076:
1052:enhanced blast weapons
1036:Attempted prohibitions
981:Artem State Enterprise
880:AgustaWestland Apaches
579:
494:
422:
386:
352:... What kills is the
292:limits of flammability
44:
3726:– via Twitter.
2072:passioncompassion1418
1573:10.1515/9783110739503
1522:Türker, Lemi (2016).
1300:2023 Israel-Hamas War
1070:
898:Richard Norton-Taylor
629:artillery shell. The
573:
566:Soviet, later Russian
543:2003 invasion of Iraq
480:
95:(θερμοβαρικός), from
35:
4426:at Wikimedia Commons
4204:David Eshel (2006).
3964:. 11 November 2012.
3714:. 28 February 2022.
3513:. 1 September 2006.
3263:Brehm, Maya (2010).
1222:Russian Armed Forces
1148:AGM-114N Hellfire II
1109:psychological weapon
1099:were dropped by the
596:Russian armed forces
555:AGM-114N Hellfire II
230:field fortifications
79:is derived from the
4450:Thermobaric weapons
4424:Thermobaric weapons
4225:"Bali:Preparations"
4124:Paul Rogers (2000)
3934:. 10 October 2012.
3615:, 12 September 2005
2725:. Ausairpower.net.
2594:on 29 December 2013
2039:on 10 February 2013
1384:Non-state actor use
1277:, used thermobaric
1237:during the crisis.
1181:in the late 1980s.
1025:Russo-Ukrainian War
1014:Oleksandr Turchynov
928:, in response to a
903:rules of engagement
854:weapon or Russia's
776:Ministry of Defence
740:Father of All Bombs
677:, all of which are
663:active radar homing
648:reinforced concrete
493:, in September 1968
4185:on 7 February 2017
4131:2019-10-19 at the
4107:2013-04-01 at the
4019:The New York Times
3630:2011-09-03 at the
3605:2009-01-03 at the
3572:, 1 September 2006
3564:2012-05-20 at the
3541:2006-08-29 at the
3299:on 12 January 2010
3154:The Economic Times
2912:on 21 January 2022
2785:on 2 February 2009
2751:. ABC News. 2007.
2418:2010-04-30 at the
2277:2015-02-08 at the
1981:2014-05-18 at the
1962:May L.Chan (2001)
1931:2010-01-19 at the
1924:Stephen B. Murray
1865:2012-03-02 at the
1707:Defence Technology
1528:Defence Technology
1412:2002 Bali bombings
1267:War in Afghanistan
1173:was test fired in
1077:
679:anti-tank missiles
580:
495:
388:According to a US
362:ruptures the lungs
338:Human Rights Watch
314:atmospheric oxygen
307:Fuel–air explosive
130:Experimental setup
49:thermobaric weapon
45:
18:Fuel-air explosive
4440:Explosive weapons
4422:Media related to
3853:. 21 October 2023
3851:Financial Express
3587:Los Angeles Times
3444:978-1-910809-31-0
3406:Popular Mechanics
3231:"ADEX-2018 cz. 2"
2861:hemeroteca.abc.es
2240:Hambling, David.
1894:978-3-527-31656-4
1790:J. Occ. Accidents
1449:In the 1995 film
1434:International law
1429:International law
1390:guerrilla warfare
1195:Battle for Grozny
1179:Soviet–Afghan War
1095:. A total of 254
920:(RAF) during the
704:Russian Air Force
667:9M123 Khrizantema
99:(θερμός) 'hot' +
51:, also called an
16:(Redirected from
4462:
4421:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4231:on 11 March 2008
4227:. Archived from
4220:
4214:
4213:
4208:. Archived from
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4178:. Archived from
4177:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4141:
4135:
4122:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3987:
3978:
3977:
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3973:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3882:. 9 October 2023
3872:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3804:. 11 August 2024
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3777:The Defense Post
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3712:Kyiv Independent
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3650:Zitser, Joshua.
3647:
3641:
3637:The Moscow Times
3622:
3616:
3597:
3591:
3590:, 27 August 2005
3579:
3573:
3556:
3550:
3549:, 29 August 2006
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
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3421:
3419:
3417:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3371:
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3364:
3362:
3360:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:. Balkan Novoteh
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3134:. Archived from
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3064:
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3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3025:
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3018:
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2979:
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2970:
2968:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2908:. Archived from
2898:
2892:
2891:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
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2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
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2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
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2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2422:
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2399:
2398:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:on 24 March 2023
2324:. Archived from
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2248:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:on 25 March 2022
2220:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2105:The Conversation
2096:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1876:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:, 1, 149 (1976).
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1499:. Archived from
1486:
1408:Jemaah Islamiyah
1358:Syrian civil war
1340:
1324:Battle of Aleppo
1320:Syrian Air Force
1316:Free Syrian Army
1287:Syrian civil war
1011:
1000:
989:
922:Syrian civil war
916:utilised by the
812:
612:grenade launcher
549:) round for the
528:AGM-114 Hellfire
485:taking off from
459:Mario Zippermayr
430:
368:... If the fuel
367:
351:
207:
195:
179:
167:
155:
139:
127:
21:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4430:
4429:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4212:on 7 June 2011.
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4133:Wayback Machine
4123:
4119:
4109:Wayback Machine
4097:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4050:Middle East Eye
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3827:. Defense World
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3721:
3719:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3632:Wayback Machine
3623:
3619:
3607:Wayback Machine
3598:
3594:
3580:
3576:
3566:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3543:Wayback Machine
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3355:on 1 March 2022
3349:www.cbsnews.com
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3138:on 26 May 2021.
3132:www.drdo.gov.in
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3102:www.drdo.gov.in
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3055:. Defense World
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3032:. Defense World
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3000:(28 May 2009).
2996:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2702:. 16 March 2024
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2670:Rosoboronexport
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2420:Wayback Machine
2409:
2402:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2279:Wayback Machine
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2252:on 9 March 2023
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2023:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1983:Wayback Machine
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:Wayback Machine
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1895:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1867:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1770:on 1 March 2022
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1663:on 20 June 2012
1655:
1654:
1650:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1503:on 1 March 2022
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1461:
1447:
1431:
1386:
1370:
1353:in March 2013.
1334:
1312:
1295:
1275:Royal Air Force
1263:
1191:
1175:Panjshir Valley
1160:
1065:
1060:
1038:
1033:
1005:
994:
983:
973:
965:
938:
918:Royal Air Force
868:
826:
806:
796:
772:
764:
756:
675:9K115-2 Metis-M
623:TNT equivalence
568:
475:
467:Operation Cobra
446:First World War
442:
437:
428:
416:, and possibly
408:organs, severe
382:chemical agents
378:propylene oxide
365:
349:
334:
309:
276:Buncefield fire
267:dust explosions
236:, covered slit
211:
208:
199:
196:
187:
180:
171:
168:
159:
156:
147:
140:
131:
128:
116:
107:(-ικός) '-ic'.
73:
59:, is a type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4413:
4412:External links
4410:
4407:
4406:
4376:
4353:
4331:
4304:
4279:
4253:
4242:
4215:
4196:
4163:
4136:
4117:
4091:
4077:
4059:
4036:
4005:
3979:
3949:
3919:
3893:
3864:
3838:
3815:
3789:
3763:
3732:
3699:
3673:
3642:
3640:, 21 July 2005
3617:
3592:
3582:Aching to Know
3574:
3551:
3528:
3496:
3470:
3443:
3423:
3392:
3366:
3336:
3310:
3284:
3273:
3255:
3236:
3221:
3207:
3193:
3171:
3141:
3119:
3089:
3066:
3043:
3020:
2986:
2974:
2949:
2923:
2906:Military Today
2893:
2886:(in Spanish).
2870:
2848:
2827:
2796:
2766:
2740:
2713:
2687:
2657:
2631:
2605:
2579:
2553:
2527:
2501:
2486:. Kbptula.ru.
2475:
2449:
2423:
2400:
2365:
2339:
2308:
2282:
2263:
2232:
2193:
2159:
2148:
2117:
2084:
2059:
2050:
2021:
1987:
1968:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1917:
1908:
1893:
1871:
1851:
1839:
1828:(5): 300–306.
1812:
1803:
1794:
1781:
1755:
1742:
1713:(6): 423–445.
1693:
1674:
1648:
1635:(5): 632–644.
1615:
1604:(2): 143–155.
1588:
1581:
1555:
1534:(6): 423–445.
1514:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:Flame fougasse
1467:
1460:
1457:
1446:
1443:
1430:
1427:
1385:
1382:
1369:
1366:
1347:United Nations
1311:
1308:
1294:
1291:
1271:Army Air Corps
1262:
1261:United Kingdom
1259:
1190:
1187:
1159:
1156:
1103:, mostly from
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1042:United Nations
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
972:
969:
964:
961:
937:
934:
909:is recorded."
888:in Afghanistan
876:Army Air Corps
867:
866:United Kingdom
864:
860:C-130 Hercules
832:) and DIRMAB (
825:
822:
795:
792:
771:
768:
763:
760:
755:
752:
567:
564:
538:
537:
534:
533:XM1060 grenade
531:
525:
519:
516:
513:
474:
471:
441:
438:
436:
433:
402:burst eardrums
374:ethylene oxide
333:
330:
308:
305:
213:
212:
209:
202:
200:
197:
190:
188:
181:
174:
172:
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150:
148:
142:Finely-ground
141:
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112:
72:
69:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4411:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4365:. news.com.au
4364:
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4320:
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4314:
4308:
4305:
4293:
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4280:
4268:
4264:
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4246:
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4226:
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4216:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4197:
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3790:
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3709:
3703:
3700:
3687:
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3661:
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3653:
3646:
3643:
3639:
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3613:
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3596:
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3563:
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3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3485:on 8 May 2013
3484:
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3454:
3450:
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3440:
3436:
3435:
3427:
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3396:
3393:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3354:
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3346:
3340:
3337:
3325:
3324:Flight Global
3321:
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3298:
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3259:
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2200:
2198:
2194:
2181:
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2164:
2160:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2133:(in German).
2132:
2128:
2121:
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2034:
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2013:
2009:
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1798:
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1759:
1756:
1753:, August 2000
1752:
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1582:9783110739503
1578:
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1515:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Bunker buster
1463:
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1453:
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1438:
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1428:
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