718:, but also the approach of seeking functional explanations for typological patterns. Greenberg's approach has been highly influential for the movement of North American functionalism that formed from the early 1970s, which has since been characterized by a profound interest in typology. Greenberg's paper was influenced by the Prague School and in particular it was written in response to Jakobson's call for an 'implicational typology'. While North American functionalism was initially influenced by the functionalism of the Prague school, such influence has been later discontinued.
455:
616:
reference grammar and West Coast functionalism. Since the 1970s, studies by
American functional linguists in languages other than English from Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas (like Mandarin Chinese and Japanese), led to insights about the interaction of form and function, and the discovery of functional motivations for grammatical phenomena, which apply also to the English language.
1046:) to study pragmatic concepts such as sentence focus, and givenness of information, to successfully explain word-order variation. The method has been used widely in linguistics to uncover word-order patterns in the languages of the world. Its importance, however, is limited to within-language variation, with no apparent explanation of cross-linguistic word order
496:
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or internal and external conflicts of the system, the economy principle means that systemic coherence is maintained without increasing energy cost. This is why all human languages, no matter how different they are, have high functional value as based on a compromise between the competing motivations
615:
Functional theories of grammar can be divided on the basis of geographical origin or base (though it simplifies many aspects): European functionalist theories include
Functional (discourse) grammar and Systemic functional grammar (among others), while American functionalist theories include Role and
950:
In the functional mode of explanation, a linguistic structure is explained with an appeal to its function. Functional linguistics takes as its starting point the notion that communication is the primary purpose of language. Therefore, general phonological, morphosyntactic and semantic phenomena are
602:
In the functional paradigm a language is in the first place conceptualized as an instrument of social interaction among human beings, used with the intention of establishing communicative relationships. Within this paradigm one attempts to reveal the instrumentality of language with respect to what
1157:(SFG) argues that the explanation of how language works "needed to be grounded in a functional analysis, since language had evolved in the process of carrying out certain critical functions as human beings interacted with their ... 'eco-social' environment". Halliday draws on the work of
1192:
employs functional analytical framework with a somewhat formal mode of description. In RRG, the description of a sentence in a particular language is formulated in terms of its semantic structure and communicative functions, as well as the grammatical procedures used to express these
885:, possibly influenced from works in sociology. Functional analysis is the examination of how linguistic elements function on different layers of linguistic structure, and how the levels interact with each other. Functions exist on all levels of grammar, even in phonology, where the
546:
processes and structures. Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its structures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out. These include the tasks of conveying
762:
argued subsequently that it is a fact to be agreed by all linguists that form does not follow from function. He proposed that functionalism should be understood as autonomous linguistics, opposing the idea that language arises functionally from the need to express meaning:
1252:. In RNT, the description of linguistic structure is formulated as networks of realizational relationships, such that all linguistic units are defined only by what they realize and are realized by. RNT networks have been hypothesized to be implemented by
1173:
has developed a version of SFG called the "Cardiff
Grammar" which is distinct from the "Sydney Grammar" as developed by the later Halliday and his colleagues in Australia. The link between Firthian and Hallidayan linguistics and the
530:
characterized by taking systematically into account the speaker's and the hearer's side, and the communicative needs of the speaker and of the given language community. Linguistic functionalism spawned in the 1920s to 1930s from
1496:
Hejl, P. M. (2013). "The importance of the concepts of "organism" and "evolution" in Emile
Durkheim's division of social labor and the influence of Herbert Spencer". In Maasen, Sabine; Mendelsohn, E.; Weingart, P. (eds.).
2228:
Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth; Michael
Fortescue; Peter Harder; Lars Heltoft; Lisbeth Falster Jakobsen (eds.). (1996) Content, expression and structure: studies in Danish functional grammar. John Benjamins Publishing
2145:
Hengeveld, Kees & Mackenzie, J. Lachlan (2010), Functional
Discourse Grammar. In: Bernd Heine and Heiko Narrog eds, The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 367–400.
707:. It is, then, the same mode of explanation as in biology and social sciences; but it became emphasised that the word 'adaptation' is not to be understood in linguistics in the same meaning as in biology.
1066:
Theme first: languages prefer placing the theme before the rheme; and the subject typically carries the role of the theme; therefore, most languages have subject before object in their basic word order.
980:
The concept of economy is metaphorically transferred from a social or economical context to a linguistic level. It is considered as a regulating force in language maintenance. Controlling the impact of
951:
thought of as being motivated by the needs of people to communicate successfully with each other. Thus, the perspective is taken that the organisation of language reflects its use value.
1143:, originally developed in the 1970s and 80s, has been influential and inspired many other functional theories. It has been developed into Functional Discourse Grammar by the linguist
1569:
SĂ©riot, Patrick (1999). "The Impact of Czech and
Russian Biology on the Linguistic Thought of the Prague Linguistic Circle". In Hajičová; Hoskovec; Leška; Sgall; Skoumalová (eds.).
1371:
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Halliday, M.A.K. forthcoming. Meaning as Choice. In
Fontaine, L, Bartlett, T, and O'Grady, G. Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring Choice. Cambridge University Press. p1.
1526:
2154:
Hengeveld, Kees & Mackenzie, J. Lachlan (2008), Functional
Discourse Grammar: A typologically-based theory of language structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1009:; although the idea had been discussed by various linguists in the late 19th and early 20th century. The functionalist concept of economy is not to be confused with
966:, that is they aim their analysis cross-linguistically, rather than only to a single language like English (as is typical of formalist/generativism approaches).
1802:
Newmeyer, Frederick (1999). "Some remarks on the functionalist–formalist controversy in linguistics". In
Darnell; Moravcsik; Noonan; Newmeyer; Wheatley (eds.).
1125:(1975). Martinet is one of the most famous French linguists and can be regarded as the father of French functionalism. Founded by Martinet and his colleagues,
710:
Work on functionalist linguistics by the Prague school resumed in the 1950s after a hiatus caused by World War II and Stalinism. In North America,
849:
The terms functionalism and functional linguistics nonetheless continue to be used by the Prague linguistic circle and its derivatives, including
660:
that the 'organism' of language should be studied anatomically, and not in respect with its environment, to avoid the false conclusions made by
2109:
Newmeyer, Frederick. (2001). The Prague School and North American functionalist approaches to syntax. Journal of Linguistics vol. 37. 101 – 126
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Uniformity: word-order choices are generalised. For example, languages tend to have either prepositions or postpositions; and not both equally.
2053:
1726:
1471:
482:
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where linguistic elements are used and study the way they are instrumentally useful or functional in the given environment. This means that
515:, and functionally of a 'senser', 'mental process' and 'phenomenon'. In SFG, these functions are the result of semantic choices made in the
372:
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850:
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582:. The formal relations between linguistic elements are assumed to be functionally-motivated. Functionalism is sometimes contrasted with
783:. Croft proposes that 'structuralism' and 'formalism' should both be taken as referring to generative grammar; and 'functionalism' to
512:
767:"The notion of autonomy emerges from an undeniable fact of all languages, 'the curious lack of accord ... between form and function'"
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1984:
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movement sought ways to account for the 'adaptation' of language to its environment while still remaining strictly anti-Darwinian.
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Some key adaptations of functional explanation are found in the study of information structure. Based on earlier linguists' work,
734:
argued that the meaning of 'functionalism' had changed, and the terms formalism and functionalism should be taken as referring to
1545:
1196:
1021:
854:
796:
332:
1916:
Vicentini, Alessandra (2003). "The economy principle in language. Notes and observations from early modern English grammars".
110:
1709:
Croft, William (2006). "The relevance of an evolutionary model to historical linguistics". In Nedergaard Thomsen, Ole (ed.).
1249:
784:
392:
337:
1945:
Firbas, Jan (1987). "On the delimitation of the theme in functional sentence perspective". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.).
1238:
is a family of different theories some of which may be considered functional, such as Croft's Radical Construction Grammar.
2309:
2118:
Novak, P., Sgall, P. 1968. On the Prague functional approach. Trav. Ling. Prague 3:291-97. Tuscaloosa: Univ. Alabama Press
367:
58:
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178:
699:, the organic aspect of functionalism diminished, and Jakobson adopted a standard model of functional explanation from
2304:
1154:
1108:
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Several principles from pragmatics have been proposed as functional explanations of linguistic structures, often in a
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The term 'functionalism' or 'functional linguistics' became controversial in the 1980s with the rise of a new wave of
500:
432:
138:
19:
This article is about functionalism in humanistic linguistics. For functionalism in sociobiological linguistics, see
935:), defining the informational status of constituents, determined by the pragmatic context of the verbal interaction.
629:
The establishment of functional linguistics follows from a shift from structural to functional explanation in 1920s
592:
in the sense of formulating rules that distinguish grammatical or well-formed elements from ungrammatical elements.
1185:
1094:
Orientation: role-indicating particles including adpositions and subordinators are oriented to their semantic head.
955:
858:
747:
2206:
Foley, W. A., Van Valin, R. D. Jr. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
2044:; Heltoft, Lars (1992). "Universals, explanations and pragmatics". In Matras, Y; Kefer, M; Auwera, J V D (eds.).
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20:
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function'. But around 1980s the notion of function changed from semiotics to "external function", proposing a
913:
846:
arguing that the evolutionary psychological approach to linguistics should also be considered functionalist.
2314:
807:
583:
427:
265:
242:
2187:
1322:
Daneš, František (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.).
1925:
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references back to De Saussure structuralist approach. The term function seems to have been introduced by
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377:
344:
213:
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53:
48:
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1895:
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909:
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704:
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2191:(Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, 2008, vol. II); cf. Ronny Desmet & Michel Weber (edited by),
2319:
1253:
1235:
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1002:
468:
397:
307:
188:
133:
30:
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linguistics, considering language as being created by the community, and linguistics as relating to
1930:
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238:
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143:
115:
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2020:
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Croft explains that, until the 1970s, functionalism related to semantics and pragmatics, or the '
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587:
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586:, but this does not exclude functional theories from creating grammatical descriptions that are
857:, Systemic functional linguistics and Functional discourse grammar; and the American framework
2259:
2194:
Whitehead. The Algebra of Metaphysics. Applied Process Metaphysics Summer Institute Memorandum
2049:
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302:
280:
223:
1353:
1133:) is an international organisation of functional linguistics which operates mainly in French.
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First things first: more important or more urgent information comes before other information.
542:
Functionalism sees functionality of language and its elements to be the key to understanding
2082:
2012:
1751:
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233:
228:
203:
198:
183:
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Andersen, Henning (2006). "Synchrony, diachrony, and evolution". In Nedergaard, Ole (ed.).
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published his 1963 seminal paper on language universals that not only revived the field of
1204:
1088:
982:
731:
1657:
1713:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 279. John Benjamins. pp. 91–132.
1158:
916:, etc.), describing the role of participants in states of affairs or actions expressed.
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676:
567:
247:
2298:
2096:
1433:
1373:
Structure and Function: A Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories, part 1
1207:
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1103:
There are several distinct grammatical frameworks that employ a functional approach.
997:
The principle of economy was elaborated by the French structural–functional linguist
811:
776:
634:
2182:
2172:
Halliday, M. A. K. 1984. A Short Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold
1777:
Croft, William (2015). "Functional approaches to grammar". In Wright, James (ed.).
1136:
1082:
Lightness: light (short) constituents are ordered before heavy (long) constituents.
696:
290:
80:
2087:
2070:
901:), defining different perspectives in the presentation of a linguistic expression.
2287:
1634:, in Journal of Linguistics, Mar., 2001, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Mar., 2001), pp. 101–126
1323:
1228:, considers linguistic structures as related to the functions of e.g. action and
1245:
1229:
700:
442:
417:
38:
1424:
1407:
1091:: elements within a linguistic sub-system are made distinct to avoid confusion.
1076:
Given before new: already established information comes before new information.
2003:
Payne, Doris (1987). "Information structuring in Papago narrative discourse".
1211:
1039:
831:
645:
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95:
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579:
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387:
382:
218:
208:
100:
90:
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695:
of language change. As Berg's theory failed to gain popularity outside the
873:
Since the earliest work of the Prague School, language was conceived as a
2256:
Radical construction grammar: syntactic theory in typological perspective
688:
563:
527:
1631:
The Prague School and North American Functionalist Approaches to Syntax
1630:
1070:
886:
2024:
1763:
1695:
495:
2136:
Dik, S. C. 1981. Functional Grammar. Dordrecht/Cinnaminson NJ: Foris.
683:
disseminated insights of Russian grammarians in Prague, but also the
504:
105:
1853:
1450:
Butler, Christopher S. (2005). "Functional approaches to language".
2016:
1896:
RRG and the Exploration of Syntactically Based Relativistic Effects
1755:
1687:
1244:(RNT) or Neurocognitive Linguistics (NCL), originally developed by
842:. This brought about a functionalism versus formalism debate, with
1779:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1742:
Croft, William (1995). "Autonomy and functionalist linguistics".
1674:
Croft, William (1995). "Autonomy and functionalist linguistics".
1596:
Competing Models of Linguistic Change : Evolution and Beyond
2127:
Dik, S. C. 1980. Studies in Functional Grammar. London: Academic
1111:
was the earliest functionalist framework developed in the 1920s.
508:
1069:
Animate first: similarly, since subjects are more likely to be
2181:
See David G. Butt, Whiteheadian and Functional Linguistics in
2036:
2034:
1899:
in Fleischhauer, J., Latrouite, A., & Osswald, R. (2016)
889:
has the function of distinguishing between lexical material.
1042:
and others elaborated the concept of theme–rheme relations (
1711:
Competing Models of Linguistic Change: Evolution and Beyond
1644:
Nichols, Johanna (1984). "Functional theories of grammar".
507:'we love this man'. This clause consists structurally of a
1248:, may be considered functionalist in the sense of being a
641:, became an important centre for functional linguistics.
806:
The situation was further complicated by the arrival of
607:, in other words, is seen as an integrated part of the
603:
people do and achieve with it in social interaction. A
2239:
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth; Selting, Margaret (2001).
1131:
Société internationale de linguistique fonctionnelle
754:should be reserved for frameworks derived from the
2197:, Louvain-la-Neuve, Les Éditions Chromatika, 2010.
2046:Meaning and Grammar: Cross-linguistic Perspectives
1804:Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics, Vol. 1
1354:Language and Function: To the memory of Jan Firbas
598:characterizes the functional approach as follows:
2071:"A semantic and pragmatic explanation of harmony"
1911:
1909:
1499:Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors
1854:"Causal role theories of functional explanation"
633:. Prague, at the crossroads of western European
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
803:properly represents any of the three concepts.
600:
1901:Explorations of the syntax-semantics interface
1669:
1667:
954:Many prominent functionalist approaches, like
1998:
1996:
1073:, they are more likely to precede the object.
476:
8:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1445:
1443:
1365:
1363:
1347:
1345:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1117:'s Functional Syntax, with two major books,
611:of the natural language user. (2, p. 3)
570:. Functional theories take into account the
483:
469:
25:
2215:Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. (Ed.). (1993).
2086:
1929:
1903:(pp. 57–76). düsseldorf university press.
1423:
578:is given an explanatory role, along with
558:Functional theories of grammar belong to
2188:Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought
861:which sees itself as the midway between
818:and others hypothesising that the human
494:
1858:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1571:Prague Linguistic Circle Papers, Vol. 3
1301:
1107:The structuralist functionalism of the
37:
2217:Advances in Role and Reference Grammar
1829:Advances in Role and Reference Grammar
826:, could have developed through normal
1169:. Notably, Halliday's former student
1165:, as well as his doctoral supervisor
990:) versus hearer-easiness (clarity or
7:
2241:Studies in Interactional Linguistics
1949:. John Benjamins. pp. 137–156.
1806:. John Benjamins. pp. 469–486.
779:view of language change as based on
373:Conservative and innovative language
2258:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1658:10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.000525
1276:Functional grammar (disambiguation)
1001:. Martinet's concept is similar to
986:of speaker-easiness (simplicity or
1598:. John Benjamins. pp. 59–90.
1573:. John Benjamins. pp. 15–24.
1412:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Sprachwissenschaft
750:, respectively; and that the term
625:1920s to 1970s: early developments
14:
1827:Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (1992).
1408:"Functionalism yes, biologism no"
1328:. John Benjamins. pp. 3–38.
1534:. New York: Philosophy Library.
453:
1370:Butler, Christopher S. (2003).
1022:Functional sentence perspective
797:Systemic functional linguistics
526:is an approach to the study of
2048:. De Gruyter. pp. 17–26.
1979:. Cambridge University Press.
1501:. Springer. pp. 155–191.
1486:Van Valin (2003) pp.324–5, 329
1011:economy in generative grammar.
810:thinking in linguistics, with
722:1980s onward: name controversy
1:
2088:10.1080/03740463.2021.1987685
1646:Annual Review of Anthropology
1528:Course in General Linguistics
1119:A functional view of language
830:processes, thus defending an
658:Course in General Linguistics
656:. Saussure had argued in his
644:The shift was related to the
539:approach to language (1916).
1947:Functionalism in Linguistics
1325:Functionalism in Linguistics
1123:Studies in Functional Syntax
960:Functional discourse grammar
865:and functional linguistics.
801:Functional discourse grammar
313:Functional discourse grammar
179:Ethnography of communication
2288:The handbook of linguistics
2281:Van Valin Jr, R. D. (2003)
2075:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
1155:systemic functional grammar
893:Syntactic functions: (e.g.
501:Systemic functional grammar
433:Second-language acquisition
2336:
1425:10.1515/zfsw.1999.18.2.219
1351:HladkĂ˝, Josef (ed.) 2003.
1186:Role and reference grammar
1019:
973:
956:Role and reference grammar
943:
859:Role and reference grammar
808:evolutionary psychological
111:Syntax–semantics interface
18:
2185:and Will Desmond (eds.).
1286:Morphosyntactic alignment
1242:Relational Network Theory
1222:Interactional linguistics
1197:Danish functional grammar
1007:principle of least effort
423:Philosophy of linguistics
323:Interactional linguistics
1182:also deserves a mention.
855:Danish functional school
756:Prague linguistic circle
728:evolutionary linguistics
609:communicative competence
21:evolutionary linguistics
2254:Croft, William (2001).
2219:. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
2069:Austin, Patrik (2021).
1975:Song, Jae Jung (2012).
1452:Pragmatics & Beyond
16:Approach to linguistics
2283:Functional linguistics
1884:Van Valin (2003) p.331
1719:10.1075/cilt.279.08cro
1523:de Saussure, Ferdinand
1464:10.1075/pbns.140.04but
1180:Alfred North Whitehead
964:typologically oriented
946:Structural explanation
940:Functional explanation
919:Pragmatic functions: (
769:
668:. The post-Saussurean
613:
553:contextual information
524:Functional linguistics
520:
503:(SFG) analysis of the
260:Theoretical frameworks
214:Philosophy of language
194:History of linguistics
1918:Mots. Words. Palabras
1406:Itkonen, Esa (1999).
1226:Conversation Analysis
1054:Functional principles
1026:Information structure
1016:Information structure
976:Economy (linguistics)
904:Semantic functions: (
838:and evolution of the
789:cognitive linguistics
765:
705:philosophy of science
654:Ferdinand de Saussure
533:Ferdinand de Saussure
498:
154:Conversation analysis
2310:Theories of language
1254:cortical minicolumns
1236:Construction grammar
740:emergent linguistics
398:Internet linguistics
308:Construction grammar
2291:, pp. 319–336.
1893:Everett, C. (2016)
1291:Linguistic typology
869:Functional analysis
834:explanation of the
716:linguistic typology
685:evolutionary theory
333:Systemic functional
128:Applied linguistics
70:General linguistics
2305:Grammar frameworks
2042:Haberland, Hartmut
1831:. John Benjamins.
1379:. John Benjamins.
1271:Theory of language
1141:Functional Grammar
844:Frederick Newmeyer
736:generative grammar
681:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
521:
438:Theory of language
408:Origin of language
363:Autonomy of syntax
318:Grammaticalization
164:Discourse analysis
159:Corpus linguistics
2243:. John Benjamins.
2055:978-3-11-085165-6
1728:978-90-272-4794-0
1473:978-90-272-5383-5
1281:Thematic relation
1250:usage-based model
1044:topic and comment
875:functional system
824:universal grammar
781:natural selection
666:social Darwinists
662:August Schleicher
639:Russian formalism
493:
492:
281:Distributionalism
224:Psycholinguistics
2327:
2270:
2269:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2213:
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2179:
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2101:
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1991:
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1972:
1961:
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1557:
1556:
1550:
1544:. Archived from
1533:
1519:
1513:
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1427:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1378:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1210:with a focus on
1190:Robert Van Valin
1151:Michael Halliday
840:language faculty
820:language faculty
791:; while neither
712:Joseph Greenberg
675:Russian émigrés
605:natural language
485:
478:
471:
457:
403:LGBT linguistics
393:Internationalism
368:Compositionality
229:Sociolinguistics
204:Neurolinguistics
199:Interlinguistics
184:Ethnomethodology
26:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2295:
2294:
2278:
2276:Further reading
2273:
2266:
2253:
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2238:
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2214:
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2205:
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2153:
2149:
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2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2068:
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2063:
2056:
2040:
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2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1974:
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1964:
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1389:
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1376:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1267:
1232:in interaction.
1188:, developed by
1101:
1089:Functional load
1056:
1036:Vilém Mathesius
1028:
1018:
983:language change
978:
972:
948:
942:
921:Theme and Rheme
883:Vilém Mathesius
871:
748:Sandra Thompson
732:Johanna Nichols
724:
646:organic analogy
627:
622:
489:
448:
447:
358:
350:
349:
261:
253:
252:
248:Writing systems
139:Anthropological
129:
121:
120:
71:
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:Systems theory
2312:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2246:
2231:
2221:
2208:
2199:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2061:
2054:
2030:
2017:10.2307/415718
2011:(4): 783–804.
1992:
1985:
1962:
1955:
1937:
1931:10.1.1.524.700
1905:
1886:
1877:
1844:
1837:
1819:
1812:
1794:
1787:
1769:
1756:10.2307/416218
1750:(3): 490–532.
1734:
1727:
1701:
1688:10.2307/416218
1682:(3): 490–532.
1663:
1636:
1611:
1604:
1586:
1579:
1561:
1540:
1514:
1507:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1454:. New Series.
1439:
1418:(2): 219–221.
1398:
1385:
1359:
1341:
1334:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1239:
1233:
1219:
1194:
1183:
1148:
1145:Kees Hengeveld
1134:
1115:André Martinet
1112:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1055:
1052:
1017:
1014:
999:André Martinet
974:Main article:
971:
968:
941:
938:
937:
936:
917:
902:
870:
867:
816:Ray Jackendoff
793:André Martinet
723:
720:
691:, arguing for
677:Roman Jakobson
650:Émile Durkheim
626:
623:
621:
618:
568:systems theory
562:and, broadly,
535:'s systematic
513:nominal groups
491:
490:
488:
487:
480:
473:
465:
462:
461:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
428:Prescriptivism
425:
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2265:9780198299547
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
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1988:
1986:9781139033930
1982:
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1956:9789027215246
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1859:
1855:
1852:Couch, Mark.
1848:
1845:
1840:
1838:9789027277510
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1813:9789027298799
1809:
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1788:9780080970875
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1655:
1652:(1): 97–117.
1651:
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1640:
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1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
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1605:9789027293190
1601:
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1582:
1580:9789027275066
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1551:on 2019-08-08
1547:
1543:
1541:9780231157278
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1508:9789401106733
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1386:9781588113580
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1337:
1335:9789027215246
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1287:
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1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:in the human
1255:
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1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
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1213:
1209:
1208:structuralism
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:Robin Fawcett
1168:
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1146:
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1109:Prague school
1106:
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1090:
1087:
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1078:
1075:
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1064:
1063:
1062:perspective.
1061:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Prague Circle
1027:
1023:
1015:
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1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
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877:, where term
876:
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864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Steven Pinker
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:neo-Darwinian
774:
768:
764:
761:
760:William Croft
757:
753:
752:structuralism
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
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678:
673:
671:
670:functionalist
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:exploited by
647:
642:
640:
636:
635:structuralism
632:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
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590:
585:
581:
577:
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561:
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537:structuralist
534:
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518:
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381:
379:
378:Descriptivism
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
346:
345:Structuralism
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
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328:Prague circle
326:
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174:Documentation
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149:Computational
147:
145:
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27:
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2286:
2285:, ch. 13 in
2282:
2255:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2192:
2186:
2183:Michel Weber
2177:
2168:
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2078:
2074:
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2045:
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1976:
1946:
1940:
1921:
1917:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1857:
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1797:
1781:. Elsevier.
1778:
1772:
1747:
1743:
1737:
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1679:
1675:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1629:
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1570:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1527:
1517:
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1491:
1482:
1455:
1451:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1372:
1352:
1324:
1205:Hjelmslevian
1130:
1122:
1118:
1102:
1057:
1029:
996:
991:
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979:
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828:evolutionary
805:
770:
766:
751:
725:
709:
697:Soviet Union
674:
657:
643:
628:
614:
601:
594:
588:
557:
541:
523:
522:
517:Transitivity
297:
291:Glossematics
271:Constituency
243:interpreting
81:Lexicography
2320:Cybernetics
2081:(1): 1–23.
1246:Sydney Lamb
1230:turn-taking
1224:, based on
1121:(1962) and
1060:typological
962:, are also
785:usage-based
744:Paul Hopper
701:Ernst Nagel
443:Terminology
418:Orthography
338:Usage-based
239:Translating
134:Acquisition
39:Linguistics
2299:Categories
1977:Word Order
1871:2020-06-11
1555:2020-07-07
1392:2020-01-19
1357:, pp.60–61
1297:References
1212:pragmatics
1201:Saussurean
1176:philosophy
1167:J.R. Firth
1163:Malinowski
1099:Frameworks
1048:tendencies
1040:Jan Firbas
1034:linguists
1020:See also:
944:See also:
738:, and the
664:and other
589:generative
576:pragmatics
564:humanistic
560:structural
544:linguistic
413:Orismology
298:Functional
286:Generative
276:Dependency
96:Pragmatics
86:Morphology
76:Diachronic
2097:244941417
1926:CiteSeerX
1924:: 37–57.
1866:2161-0002
1525:(1959) .
1434:146998564
1258:neocortex
1216:discourse
1199:combines
1193:meanings.
1137:Simon Dik
933:Predicate
914:Recipient
693:teleology
631:sociology
596:Simon Dik
584:formalism
580:semantics
388:Iconicity
383:Etymology
303:Cognitive
266:Formalist
219:Phonetics
209:Philology
101:Semantics
91:Phonology
2229:Company.
2005:Language
1744:Language
1676:Language
1626:Newmeyer
1458:: 3–17.
1265:See also
992:energeia
773:semiotic
689:Lev Berg
528:language
511:and two
189:Forensic
169:Distance
116:Typology
31:a series
29:Part of
1628:(2001)
1071:animate
988:inertia
970:Economy
910:Patient
895:Subject
887:phoneme
620:History
572:context
549:meaning
519:system.
144:Applied
54:History
49:Outline
2262:
2095:
2052:
2025:415718
2023:
1983:
1953:
1928:
1864:
1835:
1810:
1785:
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1383:
1332:
1159:BĂĽhler
899:Object
879:system
863:formal
836:origin
505:clause
459:Portal
357:Topics
106:Syntax
2093:S2CID
2021:JSTOR
1760:JSTOR
1692:JSTOR
1549:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1430:S2CID
1377:(PDF)
929:Focus
925:Topic
906:Agent
822:, or
59:Index
2260:ISBN
2050:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1862:ISSN
1833:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1214:and
1161:and
1127:SILF
1024:and
1003:Zipf
958:and
927:and
897:and
851:SILF
799:nor
787:and
746:and
679:and
652:and
637:and
551:and
509:verb
241:and
234:Text
2083:doi
2013:doi
1752:doi
1715:doi
1684:doi
1654:doi
1460:doi
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1420:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.