Funerary art - Knowledge (XXG)

870: 468: 1887: 1529: 1959: 64: 33: 2540: 2147: 2258: 1439: 631: 2405: 2738: 1234:, Shandong are the most important group of commoner tombs for funerary stones. The walls of both the offering and burial chambers of tombs of commoners from the Han period may be decorated with stone slabs carved or engraved in very low relief with crowded and varied scenes, which are now the main indication of the style of the lost palace frescoes of the period. A cheaper option was to use large clay tiles which were carved or impressed before firing. After the introduction of Buddhism, carved "funerary couches" featured similar scenes, now mostly religious. During the Han dynasty, 2273: 1089: 164:, for example, though exceptionally lavish, was never intended to be seen again after it was deposited, while the exterior of the pyramids was a permanent and highly effective demonstration of the power of their creators. A similar division can be seen in grand East Asian tombs. In other cultures, nearly all the art connected with the burial, except for limited grave goods, was intended for later viewing by the public or at least those admitted by the custodians. In these cultures, traditions such as the sculpted 1502: 1157: 943: 1622: 2502: 928:. The underworld figures are sometimes depicted as gesturing impatiently for a human to be taken away. The handshake was another common motif, as the dead took leave of the living. This often took place in front of or near a closed double doorway, presumably the portal to the underworld. Evidence in some art, however, suggests that the "handshake took place at the other end of the journey, and represents the dead being greeted in the Underworld". 1344: 1005:, was later converted into a fortress. Compared to the Etruscans, though, there was less emphasis on provision of a lifestyle for the deceased, although paintings of useful objects or pleasant activities, like hunting, are seen. Ancestor portraits, usually in the form of wax masks, were kept in the home, apparently often in little cupboards, although grand patrician families kept theirs on display in the 1271: 2487:, an association certainly made when the tradition was mature, although the difficulty of reconstructing gardens from archaeology makes the early stages of this process hard to trace. At any rate, gardens surrounding tombs became established in Islamic tradition in many parts of the world, and existing pleasure gardens were sometimes appropriated for this purpose. Versions of the formal Persian 2521: 52: 348: 2254:, a sheet of brass on which the image of the person or persons commemorated was engraved, often with inscriptions and an architectural surround. They could be on the floor or wall inside a church. These provide valuable evidence as to changes in costume, especially for women. Many bishops and even some German rulers were commemorated with brasses. 622:, miniature wooden or clay models depicting scenes from everyday life became popular additions to tombs. In an attempt to duplicate the activities of the living in the afterlife, these models show laborers, houses, boats and even military formations which are scale representations of the ideal ancient Egyptian afterlife. 985:, or small mausoleum for the rich, housing either an urn or sarcophagus, were often placed in a location such as a roadside, where it would be very visible to the living and perpetuate the memory of the dead. Often a couple are shown, signifying a longing for reunion in the afterlife rather than a double burial (see 4211:

See for example Michalski, xi. Here Michalski refers to this rejection of religious imagery within Calvinism as "iconophobia". See also Gäbler, 72, 76–77 and Potter, 130–31 regarding the religious disputations in Zürich (1523) concerning (among other things) the removal of statues of saints and other

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inlays in semi-precious stone, painting, and decorative carving. No animals would be represented, but geometric patterns and written inscriptions were common. The sarcophagus might be in a small inner chamber, dimly visible through a grille of metal or stone, or might stand in the main room. Money

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began to develop c. 1640, providing insights into their views of death. The lack of artistry of the earliest known headstones reflects the puritan's stern religious doctrine. Late seventeenth century examples often show a death's head; a stylized skull sometimes with wings or crossed bones, and other

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show traditions maintained until the end of imperial rule. The tomb itself is an "underground palace" beneath a sealed tumulus surrounded by a wall, with several buildings set at some distance away down avenues for the observation of rites of veneration, and the accommodation of both permanent staff

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have also been used, burial has always been the preferred Christian tradition, at least until recent times. Burial was, for as long as there was room, usually in a graveyard adjacent to the church, with a gravestone or horizontal slab, or for the wealthy or important clergy, inside it. Wall tombs in

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also date back to the fifth millennium BCE. The commemorative value of such burial sites are indicated by the fact that, at some stage, they became elevated, and that the constructs, almost from the earliest, sought to be monumental. This effect was often achieved by encapsulating a single corpse in

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The main subject in the funerary art of the 7th and 6th centuries BCE was typically a feasting scene, sometimes with dancers and musicians, or athletic competitions. Household bowls, cups, and pitchers are sometimes found in the graves, along with food such as eggs, pomegranates, honey, grapes

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in Vienna (2000). These are in notable contrast to the style of most war memorials to the military of World War II; earlier modernist memorials to the dead of World War I were sometimes removed after a time as inappropriate. Some war memorials, especially in countries like Germany, have had a

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Islamic funerary art is dominated by architecture. Grave goods are discouraged to the point that their absence is frequently one recognition criterion of Muslim burials. Royalty and important religious figures were typically buried in plain stone sarcophagi, perhaps with a religious inscription.

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formed the majority of large-scale artworks added to Protestant churches, especially in sculpture. The English upper classes ceased to commission altarpieces and other religious art for churches, but their tomb monuments continued to grow in size to fill the empty wall spaces; similar trends were

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could not have developed the tomb monument in the same way as the Western Church, and the burials of rich or important individuals continued the classical tradition of sarcophagi carved in relief, with the richness of the carving tending to diminish over the centuries, until just simple religious

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era. Although thousands of these tombs have been found, only about 100 have murals. These tombs are often named for the dominating theme of the murals—these include the Tomb of the Dancers, the Tomb of the Hunters, the Tomb of the Four Spirits, and the Tomb of the Wrestlers. Heavenly bodies are a

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The Jaina Island graves are noted for their abundance of clay figurines. Human remains within the roughly 1,000 excavated graves on the island (out of 20,000 total) were found to be accompanied by glassware, slateware, or pottery, as well as one or more ceramic figurines, usually resting on the

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and "the honor and respect due to seniors, the duties incumbent on juniors" The common Chinese funerary symbol of a woman in the door may represent a "basic male fantasy of an elysian afterlife with no restrictions: in all the doorways of the houses stand available women looking for newcomers to

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No other American potters ever explored so completely the plastic conditions of wet clay or retained its forms so completely after firing ... used its wet and ductile nature for fundamental geometric modelling and cut the material, when half-dry, into smooth planes with sharp edges of an

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In Italy, sarcophagi were mostly intended to be set against the wall of the tomb, and only decorated on three sides, in contrast to the free-standing styles of Greece and the Eastern Empire. The relief scenes of Hellenistic art became even more densely crowded in later Roman sarcophagi, as for

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there was considerable competition among wealthy Romans for the best locations for tombs, which lined all the approach roads to the city up to the walls, and a variety of exotic and unusual designs sought to catch the attention of the passer-by and so perpetuate the memory of the deceased and

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churchyards and church walls had completely run out of room for new monuments, and cemeteries on the outskirts of cities, towns or villages became the usual place for burials. The rich developed the classical styles of the ancient world for small family tombs, while the rest continued to use

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is a special and very common type of temple whose main purpose is as a venue for rites of ancestor worship, though it is often not the actual burial site. This was originally a custom of the feudal lords, but was adopted by other classes from about the 16th century. Each family would use a

2765:, and in the Western world have now replaced individual or family memorials as the dominant types of very large memorials; Western political leaders now usually receive simple graves. Some large memorials are fairly traditional, while those reflecting more contemporary styles include the 479:

that life continued after death and that "death is a mere phase of life". Aesthetic objects and images connected with this belief were partially intended to preserve material goods, wealth and status for the journey between this life and the next, and to "commemorate the life of the tomb

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were regarded by scholars as fanciful myths, but a number of examples were excavated in the 20th century, and it is now believed that they were relatively common among early rulers. Knowledge of pre-dynastic Chinese culture has been expanded by spectacular discoveries at

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display. It can also function as a reminder of the mortality of humankind, as an expression of cultural values and roles, and help to propitiate the spirits of the dead, maintaining their benevolence and preventing their unwelcome intrusion into the lives of the living.

1498:. The tombs of Mayan rulers can only normally be identified by inferences drawn from the lavishness of the grave goods and, with the possible exception of vessels made from stone rather than pottery, these appear to contain no objects specially made for the burial. 1398:

Since then, Japanese tombs have been typically marked by elegant but simple rectangular vertical gravestones with inscriptions. Funerals are one of the areas in Japanese life where Buddhist customs are followed even by those who followed other traditions, such as

1253:(618–907) are often rich in glazed pottery figurines of horses, servants and other subjects, whose forceful and free style is greatly admired today. The tomb art reached its peak in the Song and Jin periods; most spectacular tombs were built by rich commoners. 2239:, as being all that would be required at the Second Coming. For centuries, most except royalty followed this custom, which at least kept clothing, which was very expensive for rich and poor alike, available for the use of the living. The use of a rich cloth 1330:

figures (see below). There is usually one or more T-shaped shrine buildings some distance in front of the tomb, which is set in extensive grounds, usually with a hill behind them, and facing a view towards water and distant hills. They are still a focus for

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or burial", but there is a long tradition in English of applying it not only to the practices and artefacts directly associated with funeral rites, but also to a wider range of more permanent memorials to the dead. Particularly influential in this regard was

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constructs. Funerary art may serve many cultural functions. It can play a role in burial rites, serve as an article for use by the dead in the afterlife, and celebrate the life and accomplishments of the dead, whether as part of kinship-centred practices of

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emerging, initially from Roman popular decorative art, but later borrowing from official imperial and pagan motifs. Initially, Christians avoided iconic images of religious figures, and sarcophagi were decorated with ornaments, Christian symbols like the

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and a lion hunt; such violent scenes were common on ostentatious classical sarcophagi from this period onwards, with a particular revival in Roman art of the 2nd century. More peaceful mythological scenes were popular on smaller sarcophagi, especially of

149:– are tombs or objects found in and around them. In most instances, specialized funeral art was produced for the powerful and wealthy, although the burials of ordinary people might include simple monuments and grave goods, usually from their possessions. 1510:

occupant's chest or held in their hands. The function of these figurines is not known: due to gender and age mismatches, they are unlikely to be portraits of the grave occupants, although the later figurines are known to be representations of goddesses.

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glazes or overglaze paint, show a wide range of servants, entertainers, animals and fierce tomb guardians between about 12 and 120 cm high, and were arranged around the tomb, often in niches along the sloping access path to the underground chamber.

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Early Greek burials were frequently marked above ground by a large piece of pottery, and remains were also buried in urns. Pottery continued to be used extensively inside tombs and graves throughout the classical period. The great majority of surviving

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forbidding nobles from creating statues of themselves, or may have protected the deceased's spirit from harm or magically eliminated any evil in it, or perhaps functioned as alternate containers for the spirit if the body should be harmed in any way.

1371:, the often enormous keyhole-shaped Imperial mound-tombs, often on a moated island. None of these have ever been allowed to be excavated, so their possibly spectacular contents remain unknown. Late examples which have been investigated, such as the 1995:

or under the church floor, with a monument on the wall. Persons of importance, especially monarchs, might be buried in a free-standing sarcophagus, perhaps surrounded by an elaborate enclosure using metalwork and sculpture; grandest of all were the

1776:, from the 16th century onwards, are among the best known. Other rulers were commemorated by memorial temples of the normal type for the time and place, which like similar buildings from other cultures fall outside the scope of this article, though 1540:

of Oaxaca is particularly known for its clay funerary urns, such as the "bat god" shown at right. Numerous types of urns have been identified. While some show deities and other supernatural beings, others seem to be portraits. Art historian

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funerary vessels. The outsides of tombs often featured monumental brick or stone-carved pillar-gates (que 闕); an example from 121 CE appears to be the earliest surviving Chinese architectural structure standing above ground. Tombs of the

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are also often full of monuments, which may include large and artistically significant ones for local landowners and notables. Often a prominent family would add a special chapel for their use, including their tombs; in Catholic countries,

2560:, not a mausoleum itself, but "the earliest Islamic model for centrally planned commemorative buildings", adapting the Byzantine form of the martyrium in a building standing alone, though on a stone platform rather than in a garden. In the 824:, which gave the name to the form, is now unclear, and there are several alternative reconstructions that seek to reconcile the archaeological evidence with descriptions in literature. It had the size and some elements of the design of the 2381:

gravestones or what were now usually false sarcophagi, placed over a buried coffin. The cemeteries of the large Italian cities are generally accepted to have outdone those of other nations in terms of extravagant statuary, especially the

1326:, built between 1408 and 1966, reflect a combination of Chinese and Japanese traditions, with a tomb mound, often surrounded by a screen wall of stone blocks, and sometimes with stone animal figures above ground, not unlike the Japanese 3780:

Coe, 45 ("The only domestic animals were dogs—the principal source of meat for much of Preclassic Mesoamerica—and turkeys—understandably rare because that familiar bird consumes very large quantities of corn and is thus expensive to

1065:, used for an important new convert who died in 359. Many sarcophagi from leading centres were exported around the Empire. The Romans had already developed the expression of religious and philosophical ideas in narrative scenes from 2347:

tended to be more disapproving of figure sculpture. Many portraits were painted after death, and sometimes dead family members were included along with the living; a variety of indications might be used to suggest the distinction.

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and olives for use in the afterlife. From the 5th century, the mood changed to more sombre scenes of parting, where the deceased are shown leaving their loved ones, often surrounded by underworld demons, and psychopomps, such as

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are other objects which have been placed within the tomb. Such objects may include the personal possessions of the deceased, objects specially created for the burial, or miniature versions of things believed to be needed in an

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typically stand on the grounds of mosque complexes, often built by the deceased. The sarcophagi (often purely symbolic, as the body is below the floor) may be draped in a rich pall, and surmounted by a real cloth or stone

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Buddhist tombs themselves are typically simple and modest, although they may be set within temples, sometimes large complexes, built for the purpose in the then-prevailing style. According to tradition, the remains of the

1521:. Although these tableaux may merely depict village life, it has been proposed that they instead (or also) depict the underworld. Ceramic dogs are also widely known from looted tombs, and are thought by some to represent 2482:

in Iraq, only dates from 862, and was commissioned by the Byzantine princess whose son was buried there. At some point, the tradition incorporated the idea of a garden setting, perhaps following the Islamic concept of

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who had originally been buried discreetly or in a mass grave perhaps led to the most distinctive feature of Christian funerary art, the church monument, or tomb inside a church. The beliefs of many cultures, including

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However, funerary architecture often offered a means of "moving beyond the strictures of formal Muslim burial rites" and expressing social dimensions such as status, piety, love for the deceased, and Muslim identity.

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in stone or sometimes wood, or paintings, depicting religious scenes, portraits of the deceased, and at some periods vivid images of everyday life, depicting the afterlife. The chamber decoration usually centred on a

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figures, as much as a metre high, were deposited on top of aristocratic tombs as grave markers, with others left inside, apparently representing possessions such as horses and houses for use in the afterlife. Both

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There is an enormous diversity of funeral art from traditional societies across the world, much of it in perishable materials, and some is mentioned elsewhere in the article. In traditional African societies,

316:, though hardly individualized. These are common in cultures as diverse as Ancient Rome and China, in both of which they are kept in the houses of the descendants, rather than being buried. Many cultures have 1886: 2805:

Several critics detect a crisis in public memorial style from 1945, when the traditional figurative symbolic language, and evocation of nationalist values, came to seem inadequate, especially in relation to

910:, but was eventually absorbed into it. The sarcophagi and the lids of the urns often incorporate a reclining image of the deceased. The reclining figures in some Etruscan funerary art are shown using the 1256:

Early burial customs show a strong belief in an afterlife and a spirit path to it that needed facilitating. Funerals and memorials were also an opportunity to reaffirm such important cultural values as

2192:(1628–1647), where a bronze winged skeleton inscribes the Pope's name on a tablet below his enthroned effigy. As cities became more crowded, bones were sometimes recovered after a period, and placed in 992:

In later periods, life-size sculptures of the deceased reclining as though at a meal or social gathering are found, a common Etruscan style. Family tombs for the grandest late Roman families, like the

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and helmet leaning on his spear in front of a funerary stele; the snake symbolizes the soul of the dead. Marble, Roman, 1st century BCE, imitating the Greek classical style of the 5th century BCE. From

295:. More recently, some scholars have challenged the usage: Phillip Lindley, for example, makes a point of referring to "tomb monuments", saying "I have avoided using the term 'funeral monuments' because 2635:

In all this tradition, the contemporary architectural style for mosques was adapted for a building with a smaller main room, and usually no courtyard. Decoration was often tilework, and could include

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Benton throughout, especially Chapter 1 on Soviet War Memorials (pp. 12–13 on Socialist Realism), but also noting deviations in the Warsaw Pact satellites, as on p. 194, and Chapter 7 on West Germany.

3706: 1951:. There are also the Egyptian mortuary-temples, where the object of worship was the deified royal person entombed, but Egyptian temples to the major gods contained no burials. An extreme example was 1109:

Funerary art varied greatly across Chinese history. Tombs of early rulers rival the ancient Egyptians for complexity and value of grave goods, and have been similarly pillaged over the centuries by

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a basic pit, surrounded by an elaborate ditch and drain. Over-ground commemoration is thought to be tied to the concept of collective memory, and these early tombs were likely intended as a form of

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is recovered from tombs; some was apparently items used in life, but much of it was made specifically for placing in tombs, and the balance between the two original purposes is controversial. The

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were, in the Middle Ages, temporary products, made as substitutes for the encoffined corpse for use during the funeral ceremonies". Others, however, have found this distinction "rather pedantic".

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to cover the coffin during the funeral grew during the Middle Ages; initially these were brightly coloured and patterned, only later black. They were usually then given to the Church to use for

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The so-called shaft tomb tradition of western Mexico is known almost exclusively from grave goods, which include hollow ceramic figures, obsidian and shell jewelry, pottery, and other items (see

1181:", sometimes several kilometres long, lined by statues of guardian figures, based on both humans and animals. A tablet extolling the virtues of the deceased, mounted on a stone representation of 2355:

tomb monument continued likely to include a portrait of the deceased, and was more likely to include personified figures of Death, Time, Virtues or other figures than angels. The late medieval

774:, Charon or both—though usually only with Charon. Small pottery figurines are often found, though it is hard to decide if these were made especially for placement in tombs; in the case of the 6111: 1768:, and there is far less of a tradition of funerary monuments in Hinduism than in other major religions. However, there are regional, and relatively recent, traditions among royalty, and the 2315:, a bust-length painted portrait of the deceased, attached to the coffin, but removed before burial and often then hung in the church. Elsewhere, death masks were used in similar fashion. 3771:

Coe et al., 103–04, or Mason, 182. In Richardson, 48–49 ("The dog, among the Maya, was considered to be connected with death, and to be the messenger to prepare the way to the hereafter.")

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buried their dead with bowls on top of their heads and ceremonially "killed" each bowl with a small hole in the centre so that the deceased's spirit could rise to another world. Mimbres

1061:, and various styles and forms emerged, such as the columnar type with an "architectural background of columns and niches for its figures". A well-known Early Christian example is the 2207:

The church struggled to eliminate the pagan habits of leaving grave goods except for the clothing and usual jewellery of the powerful, especially rings. Kings might be buried with a

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Holocaust monuments and national memory cultures in France and Germany since 1989: the origins and political function of the Vél' d'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin

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over generations, and it might contain a second "grave" if the actual burial were elsewhere. Many later emperors, from the 13th to 19th centuries, are buried simply at the Imperial

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owner ... depict performance of the burial rites, and in general present an environment that would be conducive to the tomb owner's rebirth." In this context are the Egyptian

3794:. The Bat God in particular is known to have been revered also by the Zapotec ... He was especially associated ... with the underworld." Mason, 182. In Richardson, 48–49 1137:(c. BCE 1200) is one of the few undisturbed royal tombs of the period to have been excavated—most funerary art has appeared on the art market without archaeological context. 63: 2075:; although classical in style, it reflects the somewhat inharmonious stacking up of different elements typical of major Gothic tombs. It has a life-size effigy, also known as a 394:, a development available only to communities that had advanced to the stage of settled livestock and formed social roles and relationships and specialized sectors of activity. 5718: 152:

An important factor in the development of traditions of funerary art is the division between what was intended to be visible to visitors or the public after completion of the

1148:(died 210 BCE), but the main tumulus, of which literary descriptions survive, has not been excavated. Remains surviving above ground from several imperial tombs of the 981:(burial of unburnt remains) in sarcophagi, often elaborately carved, became more fashionable for those who could afford it. Greek-style medallion portrait sculptures on a 828:, but was much more vertical, with a square base and a pyramidal roof. There were quantities of large sculpture, of which most of the few surviving pieces are now in the 496:

type of tomb had a sealed underground burial chamber but an offering-chamber on the ground level for visits by the living, a pattern repeated in later types of tomb. A

1046: 2692:, and also unusual in having extensive tile work on the exterior, which is usually masonry, whereas the interiors are often decorated with brightly colored tiles. 1813:

developed as a monument enclosing deposits of relics of the Buddha from plain hemispherical mounds in the 3rd century BCE to elaborate structures such as those at

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The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC.

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were probably made for burial only; large numbers were buried in elite tombs, while other sets remained above ground for the family to use in making offerings in

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often have a specific association with death, and some types may be worn mainly or exclusively for funeral ceremonies. Akan peoples of West Africa commissioned

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common motif, as are depictions of events from the lives of the royalty and nobles whose bodies had been entombed. The former include the sun, represented as a

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of buildings were often made to accompany the deceased in the graves; to them is owed much of what is known of ancient Chinese architecture. Later, during the

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used the local technique of mud-building to erect a 17-metre-high (56 ft) pyramidal tomb set in a mosque complex. At the other end of the Islamic world,

6146: 2854: 2539: 816:, whose enormous tomb (begun 353 BCE) was wholly exceptional in the Greek world—together with the Pyramids it was the only tomb to be included in the 5008: 2250:

From the early 13th century to the 16th, a popular form of monument north of the Alps, especially for the smaller landowner and merchant classes, was the

6153: 1011:. They were worn in the funeral processions of members of the family by persons wearing appropriate costume for the figure represented, as described by 425:

burials, where bones are buried in a pottery container, either in a more elaborate tomb, or by themselves, are widespread, by no means restricted to the

2373:, either with a portrait or a personification; in this style there was little or no difference between the demands of Catholic and Protestant patrons. 756:

bath. However, it was also placed in the tombs of the unmarried, "presumably to make up in some way for what they had missed in life." The one-handled

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monogram and, later, narrative religious scenes. The Early Christians' habit, after the end of their persecution, of building churches (most famously

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Height: 9.5 in (23 cm). "The Bat God was one of the important deities of the Maya, many elements of whose religion were shared also by the

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A Celebration of Death: an introduction to some of the buildings, monuments, and settings of funerary architecture in the Western European tradition

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Funerary art tends to be conservative in style, and many grave markers in various cultures follow rather traditional patterns, while others reflect

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or other recent styles. Public monuments representing collective memorials to particular groups of dead people continue to be erected, especially

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canopied tombs—they are outside the church in a special enclosure, and so are unrestricted in height. Important churches like St Peter's in Rome,

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and avoid mixing temples and cemeteries (though see above for Moche, and below for Islamic culture). An exception in the Classical World were the

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Taylor, R. E. "The Shaft Tombs of Western Mexico: Problems in the Interpretation of Religious Function in Nonhistoric Archaeological Contexts."

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The earliest colonist graves were either unmarked, or had very simple timber headstone, with little order to their plotting, reflecting their

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tomb vocabulary of images of bodily decay, such as skulls and skeletons, was sometimes re-introduced, but in a less confrontational manner.

2311:. These began in the late Middle Ages, but reached their height of elaboration in the 18th century. A particular feature in Poland was the 2143:'s tombs, the effigies are often sitting up, and later may stand. Often they turn towards the altar, or are kneeling facing it in profile. 4155: 2460:

A number of distinct architectural traditions arose for expressing these social elements. The Islamic tradition was slow in starting; the

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became more popular. Mid 18th century examples often show the deceased carried by the wings that would apparently take its soul to heaven.

1296: 263:, are underground cemeteries connected by tunnelled passages. A large group of burials with traces remaining above ground can be called a 2444:, other than on the site of a battle, were relatively unusual until the 19th century, but became increasingly common during it, and after 2126:

contain large numbers of impressive monuments to the great and the good, created by the finest architects and sculptors available. Local

2715:. Mausoleums of rulers are more likely to be a side-room inside a mosque or form part of a larger complex containing perhaps a hospital, 963:

were influenced by both of the first significant cultures whose territories they conquered as their state expanded, namely the Greeks of

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of important people, usually in a church, the funerary version of the elaborate temporary decorations for other court festivities, like

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for a reconstruction). Of particular note are the various ceramic tableaux including village scenes, for example, players engaged in a

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in Macedon. Almost the only surviving painted portraits in the classical Greek tradition are found in Egypt rather than Greece. The

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Robins, 51–55, 66–71, 218–19, and see index for other periods. Tomb styles changed considerably over the course of Egyptian history.

2123: 1319: 2948: 2265: 1844:(Tibetan stupas), sometimes of precious metal, inside or outside monasteries, sometimes after mummification. There are examples at 1744:, elaborate figurative coffins in the shape of cars, boats or animals are made of wood. These were introduced in the 1950s by Seth 366:, the earliest instances date to within a few centuries of each other, yet show a wide diversity of form and purpose. Tombs in the 2737: 6215: 6160: 4585: 4045: 3920: 3885: 2382: 2005: 679: 5296:

Oxenham, Marc F.; Tom Knight and Michael Westaway. "Identification of Australian Aboriginal Mortuary Remains". in Marc Oxenham.

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Toynbee, 47–48, on Ancient Rome. Stewart and Rawski's book is entirely devoted to Chinese ancestor portraits. See Chapter 1 etc.

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which was displayed on the house of the deceased for a mourning period, before usually being moved to hang in the church. Like

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societies, a great variety of tombs are found, with tumulus mounds, megaliths, and pottery as recurrent elements. In Eurasia, a

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Dethlefsen, Edwin; Deetz, James. "Death's Heads, Cherubs, and Willow Trees: Experimental Archaeology in Colonial Cemeteries".

4678: 4473: 781:, this seems probably not the case. But silverware is more often found around the fringes of the Greek world, as in the royal 6097: 6057: 3595:

Jeehee Hong, "Virtual Theater of the Dead: Actor Figurines and Their Stage in Houma Tomb No.1," Artibus Asiae Vol. 71–1, 2011

2862: 2390: 2184:, or "Art of Dying". It took until the Baroque period for such imagery to become popular in Italy, in works like the tomb of 2115: 1963: 6018: 4752: 2257: 5381: 5927: 4591: 3837: 2786: 2742: 1082: 584: 227:, usually of wood. A mausoleum is a building erected mainly as a tomb, taking its name from the Mausoleum of Mausolus at 121:

culture, which has little, is a notable exception. Many of the best-known artistic creations of past cultures – from the

4653: 4540: 1638:

realistic imagery depicting humans decay into skulls, bones and dust. The style softened during the late 18th century as

6070: 5769: 4511:

Carrier, throughout, especially Chapter 8. See also the copious literature on the Washington Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

4446:

is labeled "the ultimate achievement of architectural development in Cairo" and its tomb chamber described as "immense."

2049: 1891: 1745: 1227: 1194: 1130: 1062: 598: 536: 4701: 2865:

is a grand mosque complex, as large as any medieval example, not least because it includes a 20,000 place parking lot.

1274:

Hunting scene from the North wall of the main chamber of the Muyongchong Tomb (Tomb of the Dancers), (5th century CE),

836:

for very large sarcophagi, starting a tradition which was to exert a great influence on Western art up to 18th-century

6287: 6075: 5999: 5276: 4377:

Ruggles, 112 and 122. Her Chapter 10 includes a detailed description of the Taj with special reference to its gardens.

2858: 2056: 2037: 1729:, destroyed by fire in 2010, were a circular compound of thatched buildings similar to those inhabited by the earlier 1034: 260: 157: 4830: 96:("empty tombs"), tomb-like monuments which do not contain human remains, and communal memorials to the dead, such as 2612:

at the corners and a gatehouse. The Taj Mahal is atypically placed at the end of the garden, backing onto the river

6206: 6032: 5937: 4962:

British Sculpture and the Company Raj: Church Monuments and Public Statuary in Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay to 1858

3307: 1914: 1223:

for the conservation of the thousands of objects found, that subsequently the policy is to leave them undisturbed.

878: 821: 808:

sphere, resulting in new formats for art in Greek styles. A generation before Alexander, Mausolus was a Hellenized

413:

originally covered by earth to make a mound which no longer exists. Stones may be carved with geometric patterns (

138: 5533: 4403: 2272: 6167: 6025: 5284:

Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs

4939:

Goldin, Paul R. "The Motif of the Woman in the Doorway and Related Imagery in Traditional Chinese Funerary Art."

2976: 2766: 2413: 1672: 1164: 763: 476: 450: 188:

intended for visiting was the grandest type of tomb in the classical world, and later common in Islamic culture.

4916:

Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh

2830:

memorials erected in the West from the 1990s onwards seems finally to have found a resolution for these issues.

1772:

is a memorial temple for a saint. Both may be influenced by Islamic practices. The mausoleums of the kings of

1088: 223:

covered important burials in many cultures, and the body may be placed in a sarcophagus, usually of stone, or a

5800: 5493:. "The Art and Architecture of China", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), 4481: 2846: 2335: 1975: 1587: 1092: 977:; pre-Roman burials around Rome often used hut-urns—little pottery houses. From about the 2nd century CE, 883: 762:

had many household uses, but outside the household, its principal use was the decoration of tombs. Scenes of a

697: 2778: 2235:. The Early Christian Church, to the frustration of historians of costume, encouraged burial in a plain white 1230:

in Hong Kong displays a far humbler middle-class Han dynasty tomb, and the mid-2nd-century Wu Family tombs of

1122:

and other sites. Very large tumuli could be erected, and later, mausoleums. Several special large shapes of

1019:. Pliny also describes the custom of having a bust-portrait of an ancestor painted on a round bronze shield ( 528:, such as portraiture of the deceased, is found extremely early on and continues into the Roman period in the 1262:

welcome into their chambers" Han dynasty inscriptions often describe the filial mourning for their subjects.

708:

on monuments, usually surrounded by an architectural frame. The walls of tomb chambers were often painted in

6009: 5869: 5813: 5188: 4049: 2981: 2943: 2625: 2228: 2224: 2168:

imagery of death in the forms of skulls or skeletons, or even decomposing corpses overrun with worms in the

2080: 1979: 1419: 1287: 1058: 907: 619: 544: 513:

to reach the effigy. The walls of important tomb-chambers and offering chambers were heavily decorated with

3028:

Cockerham, Paul (2008). "Reformation, reaction, reception: a 21st-century view of monumental destruction".

6267: 6139: 6039: 2470:

himself set the example of requesting burial in an unmarked grave in one of the chambers of his house" in

2331: 2282: 2174:

tomb, became common in northern Europe, and may be found in some funerary art, as well as motifs like the

2111: 2088: 2041: 1680: 1607: 1126: 532: 5597: 2564:, a tradition of relatively small mausoleums evolved, often in the shape of short hexagonal or octagonal 2227:, itself a significant object. The armour and sword of a knight might be hung over his tomb, as those of 1189:, is often the centerpiece of the ensemble. In Han tombs the guardian figures are mainly of "lions" and " 6277: 6272: 5775: 2647: 1518: 997:, were large mausoleums with facilities for visits by the living, including kitchens and bedrooms. The 899: 874: 844:

was in fact made for another Hellenized Eastern ruler, one of a number of important sarcophagi found at

841: 733: 721: 556: 525: 522:", through which only the soul of the deceased could pass, to receive the offerings left by the living. 2677: 2146: 1991:

churches strictly include the body itself, often in a sarcophagus, while often the body is buried in a

1501: 998: 630: 313: 75: 1482:

holding the ashes of the deceased. Two well-known examples of Mesoamerican grave goods are those from

6195: 4417:

Levey 1975, 29–33 on Bursa, 83–84 on Istanbul; all the leading Ottoman tombs are covered in the book.

3791: 2850: 2834: 2232: 2013: 2009: 1952: 1537: 1335:

rituals. From the 15th century, they became more simple, while retaining a large landscape setting.

738: 462: 36: 5689: 5203:

Ludwig, Allen I. (2000). "Graven Images: New England Stone Carving and its Symbols, 1650–1815". CT:

4948:

Arrest and Movement: An Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East

2695:

Other parts of the Islamic world reflected local techniques and traditions. The 15th-century royal

1721:, which include the setting-up of effigies of the dead on cliffs. The 19th- and 20th-century royal 1438: 1156: 1025:), and having it hung in a temple or other public place. No examples of either type have survived. 690:

were made. Those who could afford them erected stone monuments, which was one of the functions of

666:

During the Iron Age, the ancient Greeks did not generally leave elaborate grave goods, except for a

32: 6181: 6174: 6118: 6104: 5994: 5204: 4720: 2770: 2475: 2286: 1940: 1927: 1853: 1833:

evolved from the Indian form. However, none of these can strictly be called tombs. Some important

1242:, sculptural miniatures depicting buildings, monuments, people and animals adorned the tops of the 1190: 1070: 994: 942: 801: 568: 106: 4780:

Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era

5917: 5742: 5634: 4808: 4236: 3071:

Although the purpose of megalithic structures is not always clear, and of the very oldest, while

2884: 2561: 2394: 2316: 2045: 1906: 1830: 1376: 1201: 1042: 937: 671: 529: 371: 355: 5235:

The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe

4871: 2822:

was still considered appropriate, at least by the authorities. The generation of abstracted and

2708: 1736:

In several cultures, goods for use in the afterlife are still interred or cremated, for example

704:, realistic portraiture of the deceased was introduced and family groups were often depicted in 587:

were greatly influenced by Egyptian funerary customs, employing mummification, canopic jars and

2440:

windows, mostly on normal religious subjects but with a commemorative panel, are often found.

1606:

show scenes of hunting, gambling, planting crops, fishing, sexual acts and births. Some of the

6132: 6125: 6046: 5664: 5642: 5609: 5583: 5567: 5539: 5508: 5494: 5477: 5471: 5461: 5426: 5412: 5398: 5392: 5366: 5350: 5336: 5319: 5301: 5287: 5266: 5252: 5238: 5224: 5208: 5194: 5165: 5151: 5134: 5120: 5103: 5089: 5074: 5060: 5046: 5017: 4994: 4980: 4965: 4951: 4930: 4905: 4891: 4877: 4861: 4836: 4820: 4797: 4783: 4758: 4742: 4728: 4707: 4684: 4668: 4643: 4629: 4613: 4599: 4575: 4561: 4545: 4529: 3951: 3871: 3008: 2953: 2819: 2721:

or library. Large domes, elaborately decorated inside, are common. The tomb-mosque of Sultan

2685: 2526: 2508: 2501: 2420:

Monuments kept up with contemporary stylistic developments during the 19th century, embracing

2404: 2216: 2064: 2033: 2024: 1967: 1898: 1730: 1611: 1532:

A funerary urn in the shape of a "bat god" or a jaguar, from Oaxaca, dated to CE 300–650.

1487: 1292: 1145: 778: 725: 713: 572: 418: 367: 256: 122: 117:

The deposit of objects with an apparent aesthetic intention is found in almost all cultures –

5577: 5360: 3518: 2989: 1594:

often practiced mummification and left grave goods in precious metals with jewels, including

1570:, which wrapped its mummies tightly in several layers of elaborately patterned cloth. Elite 610:

figurines (to perform any labor that might be required of the dead person in the afterlife),

5983: 5946: 5684: 5486: 5174: 4754:

Metamorphosis of a death symbol: the transi tomb in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance

4477: 4217: 2879: 2750: 2621: 2553: 2421: 2357: 2251: 2170: 2136: 2095: 1881: 1845: 1621: 1603: 1599: 1583: 1525:(soul guides), although dogs were often the major source of protein in ancient Mesoamerica. 1395:

figures appear to have been discontinued as Buddhism became the dominant Japanese religion.

1332: 1182: 1114: 687: 667: 426: 391: 56: 5490: 5385: 5311: 4164: 4102: 3841: 2916: 2795: 2628:

has only small decorative ones. Other Islamic Indian rulers built similar tombs, such as

2573: 2312: 2295: 2277: 2185: 2092: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1528: 1463: 1343: 1231: 1141: 1066: 1012: 853: 701: 594: 576: 564: 467: 449:, or memorials apart from the grave itself; these continue into the Christian period. The 130: 3076: 1558:

cave tombs and other sites contain paintings, carved stelae, and grave goods in pottery,

1275: 4847:

The Tombs of the Byzantine Emperors at the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople

3550:, The Wu Liang Shrine: The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art (Stanford UPP, 1989)) 1193:"; in later periods they are much more varied. A looted tomb with fine paintings is the 291:(1631), the first full-length book to be dedicated to the subject of tomb memorials and 6090: 6083: 5922: 5912: 5656: 5328: 5184: 5003: 4716: 4293:

Berresford, 77–78 on "Liberty" (Italian term for "Art Nouveau") and 99–104 on Art Deco.

4106: 4098: 2939: 2823: 2673: 2658: 2654:

cemetery, and intended to be the centre of a huge complex, continues these traditions.

2605: 2366: 2362: 2304: 2261: 2240: 2201: 2197: 2099: 1737: 1312: 1304: 1283: 1208: 1134: 1102: 1029: 837: 829: 813: 434: 244: 173: 4230: 3924: 2646:

in the mausoleum, and they were normally open for visitors to pay their respects. The

1514: 1160:"Military Guardian", Chinese funerary statue. Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington. 1153:

and those visiting to perform rites, as well as gateways, towers and other buildings.

6256: 5849: 5793: 5762: 5143: 5112: 4767:

Davies, Glenys. "The Significance of the Handshake Motif in Classical Funerary Art".

2912: 2842: 2762: 2696: 2577: 2478:

complex already marked the site. The earliest identified Muslim monumental tomb, in

2437: 2308: 2236: 2175: 2127: 2087:

and beyond. Ruling dynasties were often buried together, usually in monasteries; the

2029: 1902: 1861: 1765: 1684: 1615: 1591: 1566:. In dry areas, many ancient textiles have been found in graves from South America's 1542: 1239: 1123: 964: 382: 309: 228: 169: 134: 2970: 2023:

If only because its strong prejudice against free-standing and life-size sculpture,

547:

is not well understood; they may have been a discreet method of eliding an edict by

5971: 5964: 5786: 4455:

Mosse, 103–06 on conservatism, and generally throughout Chapter 5 on war memorials.

2815: 2811: 2441: 2320: 2180: 2164: 2140: 2132: 2119: 1722: 1639: 1483: 1479: 1362: 1300: 1270: 1258: 1250: 1198: 960: 912: 903: 895: 825: 748: 540: 535:

applied to coffins. However, it is still hotly debated whether there was realistic

410: 177: 97: 4915: 2838: 1423: 5117:

The Art and Architecture of Ancient America: The Mexican, Maya and Andean Peoples

1474:. Instead, most Mesoamerican funerary art takes the form of grave goods and, in 971:, after which the burnt remains were kept in a pot, ash-chest or urn, often in a 700:

before about 500 BCE. These were not intended as portraits, but during the

17: 6229: 5977: 5376: 3072: 2922: 2919: 2637: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2220: 2159: 2151: 1918: 1877: 1706: 1692: 1455: 1372: 1149: 1110: 973: 891: 805: 775: 611: 560: 485: 442: 284: 268: 240: 220: 208:. Knowledge of many non-literate cultures is drawn largely from these sources. 200: 181: 165: 161: 3834: 2902:

See for example the chapter "Tombs for the Living and the Dead", Insoll 176–87.

2857:, although the actual burials of recent presidents are very simple, with their 2520: 1073:; they later transferred this habit to Christian ideas, using biblical scenes. 362:

Most of humanity's oldest known archaeological constructions are tombs. Mostly

5989: 5834: 5755: 5748: 5190:

Manual of Egyptian Archaeology: A Guide to the Studies of Antiquities in Egypt

4608:

Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Sollberger, E. and N. G. L. Hammond, eds.

4387: 2791: 2774: 2629: 2581: 2569: 2300: 2107: 2072: 2001: 1777: 1598:

ritual knives and gold funerary masks, as well as pottery. The Mimbres of the

1563: 1555: 1522: 1459: 1380: 1220: 1178: 1119: 1050: 978: 752:

was primarily associated with weddings, as it was used to carry water for the

743: 705: 519: 414: 402: 317: 302:

Related genres of commemorative art for the dead take many forms, such as the

264: 236: 142: 88:

is any work of art forming, or placed in, a repository for the remains of the

5696: 2833:

Many large mausoleums have been constructed for political leaders, including

1868:

and many other monasteries. However, most chortens do not function as tombs.

4873:

Obedient Autonomy: Chinese Intellectuals And The Achievement Of Orderly Life

4557:

Figuration/Abstraction: Strategies for Public Sculpture in Europe, 1945–1968

3005:

Tomb Destruction and Scholarship: medieval monuments in early modern England

2827: 2758: 2746: 2593: 2589: 2557: 2409: 2377: 2344: 2193: 2068: 1987: 1983: 1818: 1798: 1761: 1741: 1643: 968: 794: 497: 438: 398: 352: 252: 205: 185: 146: 40: 2643: 1654: 421:. Group tombs were made, the social context of which is hard to decipher. 51: 4660:. Volume IV (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911, 434. 4386:

An interesting contrast with the Taj Mahal, given they were both built by

2676:

gravestones (usually in stylised form). Two of the most famous are in the

1379:

retains mural paintings. Lower down the social scale in the same period,

5859: 5807: 4443: 2807: 2729:, though here the tomb chamber is unusually large compared to the whole. 2717: 2681: 2663: 2609: 2489: 2484: 2467: 2433: 2398: 2340: 2324: 2244: 2060: 1948: 1781: 1714: 1702: 1697: 1574:

graves, containing especially fine pottery, were incorporated into large

1491: 1471: 1295:

inside a wheel, and the various constellations, including especially the

1186: 1038: 1016: 858: 758: 636: 446: 386: 363: 342: 272: 118: 101: 93: 79: 71: 67: 5034:

Holiday, Peter J. "Processional Imagery in Late Etruscan Funerary Art."

4526:

The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: A Walk Through the Alleys of Ancient Egypt

4157:

St. Cuthbert Gospel of St. John, Formerly Known as the Stonyhurst Gospel

2436:

examples. Where burials in church crypts or floors took place, memorial

1545:

is particularly enthusiastic about the craftsmanship of this tradition:

347: 5884: 5874: 5818: 5780: 5620:

The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts

4213: 3675: 3547: 2722: 2712: 2617: 2572:. These single-chambered tombs developed into larger buildings in the 2512: 2479: 2352: 2212: 2208: 2189: 2084: 2017: 1923: 1849: 1630: 1447: 1405: 1244: 1021: 1002: 947: 849: 786: 782: 753: 724:, from the very end of the classical period, were portrait faces, in a 717: 683: 589: 580: 510: 493: 292: 279: 248: 212: 153: 110: 5505:

Born of Clay: Ceramics from the National museum of the American Indian

4846: 4426: 3115: 1365:

of Japanese history, from the 3rd to 6th centuries CE, is named after

5889: 5854: 5592: 5435:

Prioli, Carmine. "Review: Early New England Gravestone Scholarship".

5073:. Belknap Press (Harvard University Press Reference Library), 2004. 4430: 2926: 2669: 2651: 2613: 2471: 2462: 2103: 2076: 1997: 1931: 1910: 1857: 1826: 1814: 1803: 1794: 1773: 1726: 1718: 1710: 1688: 1676: 1659: 1475: 1400: 1349: 1169: 1097: 952: 921: 833: 809: 790: 771: 709: 692: 645: 618:—which they believed would protect them in the afterlife. During the 606: 514: 509:

connected to the offering chamber by vents that allowed the smell of

505: 500: 430: 406: 325: 321: 296: 224: 216: 44: 5300:. Bowen Hills QLD: Australian Academic Press, 2008, pp. 37–54. 5084:

Kampen, Nathalie Boymel; Bergman, Bettina; Cohen, Ada and Eva Steh.

437:", seem often to mark graves or serve as memorials, while the later 1618:, functioned as burial sites, while others had different purposes. 1211:, from a kingdom of the 5th to 7th centuries which included modern 1204:

group are an early example of a generally well-preserved ensemble.

100:, which may or may not contain remains, and a range of prehistoric 5864: 5839: 5727: 5661:

Tomb Sculpture: Its Changing Aspects from Ancient Egypt to Bernini

4819:. Early Chinese civilization series. Yale University Press, 2007. 3974: 2861:

and museum now usually their largest commemorative memorial. The

2736: 2726: 2689: 2585: 2530: 2403: 2386: 2271: 2256: 2145: 1992: 1957: 1944: 1936: 1885: 1865: 1834: 1809: 1679:

memorial heads of royal personages. The funeral ceremonies of the

1653: 1620: 1575: 1527: 1500: 1467: 1437: 1427: 1367: 1354: 1342: 1323: 1269: 1212: 1155: 1087: 1007: 941: 925: 868: 845: 767: 712:, although few examples have survived in as good condition as the 653: 629: 597:, which in both size and design more closely resemble the smaller 548: 481: 466: 346: 232: 89: 62: 50: 31: 2915:

human skeletal remains packed in body bags and incorporated into

604:

Lower-class citizens used common forms of funerary art—including

5879: 4408:, Philip Shenon, Published: 8 July 1990, accessed 25 April 2010. 4008:

Dowman, 54–55 for the Potala, and see index for other locations.

3995:

Le Phuoc, 140–42; 147–56 on Sanchi; 192–204, especially 196, on

2704: 2700: 2565: 1837: 1822: 1595: 1559: 304: 196: 126: 5700: 5685:

Islamic tombs and shrines, from the United States Naval academy

3463:

Petersen, 95–105; see also Boardman, 240–41 on Eurysaces' tomb.

2707:

royalty are mostly buried in royal graveyards such as those at

804:

brought peoples with different tomb-making traditions into the

601:

pyramids at Thebes than those of the Old Kingdom near Memphis.

328:, who help conduct the spirits of the dead into the afterlife. 5618:

Wright, John Henry. "Unpublished White Lekythoi from Attika."

3707:

List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials)

2790:

turbulent political history, for example the much-rededicated

2592:

and the famous Mughal tombs of India, which culminated in the

2424:

enthusiastically, but then gradually became detached from the

1939:

and Hinduism as well as classical paganism, consider the dead

422: 235:

is a term for erect stones that are often what are now called

199:

is a general term for any repository for human remains, while

2474:, though by at least the 12th century, buildings of the vast 2448:

were erected even in villages of the main combatant nations.

1197:

of the 5th century CE, and the many tombs of the 7th-century

1033:

increase the prestige of their family. Examples include the

898:, form the basis of much of current knowledge of the ancient 4202:

Piponnier and Mane, 113 for the origins of mourning clothes.

2196:

where they might be arranged for artistic effect, as at the

852:. The two long sides show Alexander's great victory at the 567:

and (much later, from about 1500 BCE) the tombs in the

27:

Art associated with a repository for the remains of the dead

5522:. 2nd. Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art, 1988. 4193:

The corpse was in fact not always present. Bagliani, 158–59

770:

were often painted on these, with the dead depicted beside

583:

kings who conquered Egypt and ruled as pharaohs during the

484:

encased in one or more layers of decorated coffin, and the

4927:

Art of a Vanished Race: The Mimbres Classic Black-On-White

3297:

Boardman, 151–54, and throughout the section on the period

3116:

Stone Circles of Senegambia – UNESCO World Heritage Centre

2642:

would be bequeathed to pay for continuous readings of the

2620:, although they do not normally function as mosques. The 1807:), which played an important part in early Buddhism. The 278:

The word "funerary" strictly means "of or pertaining to a

92:. The term encompasses a wide variety of forms, including 5535:

Worshiping the ancestors: Chinese commemorative portraits

3821:

Giammattei and Reichert, 3. Cited in the Introduction to

358:

in Ireland contains the bodies of at least 22 individuals

5193:, first published 1887: 2009 reprint of later edition, 5057:

The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt

5027:

Henderson, Jeffrey. "The Lekythos and Frogs 1200–1248".

4474:"Japan wants talks with China, Korea on Yasukuni Shrine" 3823:

The Mimbres of the Mogollon culture: A people of mystery

2688:("Green Tomb") of 1421 is an unusually large example in 2493:

design were widely used in India, Persia and elsewhere.

800:

The extension of the Greek world after the conquests of

5449:

Richter, Gisela M. A. "A Newly Acquired Loutrophoros".

5263:

Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars

5119:, Pelican History of Art, Yale University Press, 1984. 4796:. University of Pennsylvania Museum Publication, 2006. 4572:

Italian Memorial Sculpture, 1820–1940: a Legacy of Love

492:

clarify the purposes of the burial customs. The early

5181:, University of Pennsylvania, Volume 20, 1929. 176–201 4925:

Giammattei, Victor Michael and Reichert, Nanci Greer.

4832:

The power-places of Central Tibet: the pilgrim's guide

3971:

British Museum: Modern coffin in the shape of an eagle

2568:

towers, usually containing a single chamber, like the

2215:, their respective symbols of office. The 7th-century 2079:, lying on the sarcophagus, which was common from the 2048:

sarcophagi from the church are now placed outside the

1740:

in East Asian communities. In Ghana, mostly among the

1177:

Chinese imperial tombs are typically approached by a "

4493:

Carrier, 19–22; Benton throughout, especially p. 194.

1375:, had been robbed of most of their contents, but the 1215:, are especially rich in paintings. Only one of the 1049:, all built within a few decades of the start of the 742:

is a small coffin or ash-chest, usually of decorated

5503:

Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian.

5279:", Utah Museum of Fine Arts. Accessed 22 April 2010. 3310:

article, there are several from Lethaby's 1908 work

2596:. The Mughal tombs are mostly set in a large walled 2545:

Turkish gravestones, capped by a turban, in Istanbul

1353:

clay figure; these were buried with the dead in the

832:. Other local rulers adapted the high-relief temple 686:

comes was regarded as of great importance, and

6205: 6056: 6008: 5956: 5936: 5905: 5898: 5827: 5735: 5690:

Handbook for identification and repair of monuments

4584:

Board of Trustees for The Hofkirche in Innsbruck. "

2672:, which is also traditional at the top of ordinary 2204:, which has a chandelier made of skulls and bones. 789:, or in the neighbouring cultures such as those of 267:; if there are no such visible structures, it is a 5318:. Penguin (now Yale History of Art), 3rd ed 1981. 4991:The Cambridge History of Japan: Early modern Japan 4950:. Belknap Press / Harvard University Press, 1987. 2969: 2135:to be said in perpetuity for their souls. By the 1784:, the most spectacular of all, must be mentioned. 1666:(effigies of the deceased) look out over the land. 488:preserving internal organs. A special category of 4922:, Volume 37, 1999. 27–90 (accessed, 6 April 2010) 4888:Sir Banister Fletcher's a history of architecture 4703:Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment 4695:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 4061:Board of Trustees for The Hofkirche in Innsbruck. 2925:(along with a set of primary remains) at Cuello, 2327:, these fall outside a strict definition of art. 2040:in Constantinople, which was destroyed after the 1764:is traditional among Hindus, who also believe in 967:and the Etruscans. The original Roman custom was 543:found in burial shafts or tombs of nobles of the 255:, of which the most famous examples are those in 5298:Forensic Approaches to Death, Disaster and Abuse 2725:(died 1496) is a famous example, one of many in 2020:took several centuries to reach its final form. 1550:unmatched brilliance and suggestiveness of form. 1462:, with a few notable exceptions such as that of 429:which is named after them, or even to Eurasia. 5527:Image and Spirit: Finding Meaning in Visual Art 5442:Richardson, E. P. "Zapotec Pottery Sculpture". 5425:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. 4640:American, African, and Old European mythologies 4364: 4362: 4044:It was allowed in times of plague however. See 1709:have been used in south-eastern Australia. The 5562:Thorp, Robert L. and Vinograd, Richard Ellis. 5014:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection 4890:. 20th ed. Oxford: Architectural Press, 1996. 2552:Another influence may have been the octagonal 1733:when alive, but with special characteristics. 5712: 5388:, British Archaeology, Issue 66, August 2002. 4929:. Silver City NM: High Lonesome Books, 1998. 2223:original leather binding, was recovered from 1217:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 475:Egyptian funerary art was inseparable to the 8: 5088:. London: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 4977:A History of Ideas and Images in Italian Art 4860:. American University in Cairo Press, 2005. 4667:. State University of New York Press, 2007. 4528:. American University in Cairo Press, 2005. 4484:website, 6 January 2014, accessed 4 May 2015 3735:Chase and Chase, Chapter 3, especially p. 34 2616:; a central placing is usual. They may have 2150:"The Mirror of Death": Detail from a French 2000:of saints, which became the destinations of 890:Objects connected with death, in particular 6147:Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle 4612:Cambridge University Press; 2nd ed., 1992. 3872:Masks in West African Traditional Societies 2855:presidential memorials in the United States 2158:In the late Middle Ages, influenced by the 1113:. For a long time, literary references to 6154:Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette 5902: 5719: 5705: 5697: 5520:Through Ancient Eyes: Egyptian Portraiture 5476:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, 5009:Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica 3306:Boardman, 126–27. Apart from those at the 2745:to the 65,000 Austrian Jews killed in the 1505:Funerary Mask, c. 300 BCE, painted ceramic 571:were built for royalty and the elite. The 453:are a later African form of tomb markers. 243:are mostly found in coastal Europe, while 5608:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 5598:Preservation of the Koguryo Kingdom Tombs 5532:Stuart, Jan and Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida. 5362:The Freedman in Roman art and art history 4886:Fletcher, Banister and Cruickshank, Dan. 4794:Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, And Legend 4398: 4396: 3655:Preservation of the Koguryo Kingdom Tombs 3633:Preservation of the Koguryo Kingdom Tombs 2657:The tradition evolved differently in the 1286:are examples of Korean painting from its 5529:. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Books, 2003. 5407:Piponnier, Françoise and Mane, Perrine. 4941:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4757:, University of California Press, 1973, 3948:Halloween and Commemorations of the Dead 3387: 3385: 3383: 2044:of 1453. Some massive but mostly plain 1081:"Chinese tomb" redirects here. See also 642:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 593:funerary figurines. They also built the 555:Architectural works such as the massive 503:of the deceased might be walled up in a 5453:, Volume 23, No. 2, Part 1, 1928. 54–57 5451:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 5314:. "The Art and Architecture of Japan", 5177:. "Zapotec Funerary Urns from Mexico", 5071:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 5059:. University of Michigan Press, 2005. 4706:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2003, 4665:The Politics of Mourning in Early China 4586:The Memorial Tomb for Maximilian I 4442:See Fletcher and Cruickshank, 596. The 2895: 2783:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 1982:, and the Catholic Church only relaxed 1962:Medieval and Renaissance wall tombs in 1219:has been excavated, in 1956, with such 5349:. Ewha Womans University Press, 2008. 5100:Encyclopedic dictionary of Archaeology 5029:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4964:, University of Delaware Press, 1995. 4904:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986. 4642:, University of Chicago Press, 1993, 3950:. New York: Infobase. pp. 41–42. 2810:, at least on the Western side of the 2319:were a special lozenge-shaped painted 1801:were entirely divided up into relics ( 1454:Unlike many Western cultures, that of 559:and two smaller ones built during the 6237:Do not go gentle into that good night 5439:, Volume 14, no. 3, Winter, 1979/1980 5365:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, 5347:Astronomy: Traditional Korean Science 5265:. Oxford University Press US, 1991. 4739:Mexico, from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 4700:Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., 4284:Berresford, 13, and 58 on exhibitions 4097:Though they are exceeded in scale by 3999:in Indonesia, and Borodudur (196–204) 3886:"Viewfinder: Aboriginal burial poles" 2006:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 1466:or the now-lost sarcophagus from the 1450:, Mexico, 300 BCE to CE 600 409:is the exposed stone framework for a 7: 4993:, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 4544:University of Chicago Press, 2000, 4524:Atiya, Farid and El-Shahawy, Abeer. 4275:Berresford, throughout, and Prefaces 3586:Sickman and Soper, 376 (illustrated) 3007:. Donington: Shaun Tyas. p. 3. 2990:participating institution membership 2938:See any well-regarded survey of the 2466:"condemn the building of tombs, and 2091:was founded for that purpose by the 2012:took decades to complete, while the 812:or semi-independent ruler under the 716:from southern Italy or the tombs at 5606:Art in Renaissance Italy, 1350–1500 5579:Death and Burial in the Roman World 5538:, Stanford University Press, 2001, 4902:Huldrych Zwingli: His Life and Work 4596:The Oxford History of Classical Art 4560:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, 3517:Sickman and Soper, 57–66; see also 3368:de Grummond 1997, 93 2661:world, where smaller single-roomed 1496:Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition 1282:Murals painted on the walls of the 6223:Because I could not stop for Death 5251:. New York: Facts on File, 1990. 5133:. Harvard University Press, 1984. 4782:. Indiana University Press, 1997. 4239:has been claimed to be such a work 4127:Cohen throughout, see Introduction 3678:Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. 3314:, and one illustrated in Boardman. 2952:or the most recent edition of Sir 2875:List of types of funerary monument 2303:erected around the coffin for the 818:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 25: 5663:(2nd ed.). London: Phaidon. 5552:; Burns & Oates, London, 1962 4792:de Grummond, Nancy Thomson. 4774:de Grummond, Nancy Thomson. 4727:; Facts on File, New York, 1986. 4598:, 1993. Oxford University Press. 4588:", 2005. Accessed 22 March 2010. 4405:Khomeini's Tomb Attracts Pilgrims 4175:Piponnier and Mane, 34–35; 112–13 3884:Davies, Serena (23 August 2004). 2162:and devotional writers, explicit 2124:Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence 1825:. Regional variants such as the 1705:trunks, while elaborately carved 1320:Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty 6216:And death shall have no dominion 6161:Sleep and His Half-Brother Death 5622:, Volume 2, No. 4, 1886. 385–407 5559:, Volume 35, No. 2, 1970. 160–69 5460:Harvard University Press, 2000. 5282:Oakes, Lorna and Gahlin, Lucia. 4771:, Volume 89, No. 4, 1985. 627–40 4154:Bloxham, Jim and Rose, Krisine; 4046:Cremation in the Christian World 4017:Syndicus, Chapter 1; Hall, 77–82 2650:, still under construction in a 2538: 2519: 2500: 2383:Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno 1974:Christians believed in a bodily 1635:tradition of visual funerary art 1494:, and those associated with the 1357:period (3rd to 6th centuries CE) 575:was later an important site for 539:. The purpose of the life-sized 312:, apparently a type of sculpted 275:is a memorial without a burial. 6263:Burial monuments and structures 6189:The Three Ages of Man and Death 6112:Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May 5038:, Volume 94, No. 1, 1990. 73–93 5036:American Journal of Archaeology 4851:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 4778:. In Hall, John Franklin (ed.) 4769:American Journal of Archaeology 4697:. Merriam-Webster, 1999, 191–92 4538:Bagliani, Agostino Paravicini. 4257:Hall, 347–49; Berresford, 36–38 3853:Dethlefsen; Deetz (1966) p. 508 3705:Paine and Soper, 289. See also 3445:Toynbee, 31 (illustration) 1840:are buried in relatively small 1297:Four directional constellations 987:married couple funerary reliefs 906:, which once competed with the 882:(late 6th century BCE), at the 490:Ancient Egyptian funerary texts 5473:Islamic gardens and landscapes 5446:, Volume 4, No. 3, 1932. 48–49 5335:. London: Harry Abrams, 1964. 4946:Groenewegen-Frankfort, H. A. 3696:Paine and Soper, 24–26, 280–82 2949:Gardner's Art Through the Ages 2391:Cimitero Monumentale di Milano 2266:Cadaver Tomb of René of Chalon 2116:Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice 2106:are magnificent free-standing 2036:up to 1028 were buried in the 1964:Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice 1909:period, mainly in the form of 1901:contain most of the surviving 634:Relief from a carved funerary 1: 5928:Capuchin catacombs of palermo 5150:. Thames & Hudson, 1975. 4979:. London: John Murray, 1983. 4858:Funerary Art of Ancient Egypt 4574:, Frances Lincoln Ltd, 2004, 4235:is a well-known example. The 4212:icons. Participants included 3508:See for example Merriman, 297 3481:Boardman, 339–44; Hall, 78–80 3427:Toynbee, Chapter IV; Hall, 53 2911:Hammond, 58–59 characterizes 2800:internationally controversial 2787:Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial 2743:Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial 2133:bequests would pay for masses 1140:The discovery in 1974 of the 1083:Han dynasty tomb architecture 657: 375: 5359:Petersen, Lauren Hackworth. 4625:The origins of human society 4109:, neither containing a tomb. 3075:in Turkey contains burials, 2050:Istanbul Archaeology Museums 1930:) over the burial places of 1892:Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus 1228:Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum 1195:Empress Dowager Wenming tomb 1063:Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus 728:style, attached to mummies. 537:portraiture in Ancient Egypt 471:Egyptian ceramic coffin mask 184:world, have flourished. The 6000:The Masque of the Red Death 5237:. London: Routledge, 1993. 5223:. London: Routledge, 2004. 5164:. Penguin Books Ltd. 1991. 4741:. Thames and Hudson, 1994. 4570:Berresford, Sandra, et al. 3946:Montillo, Roseanne (2009). 3835:Mounds & Mound Builders 2057:Tomb of Antipope John XXIII 2038:Church of the Holy Apostles 1984:its opposition to cremation 1829:of China and Japan and the 1131:ancestor veneration rituals 1057:example in the 2nd-century 1035:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker 674:, and pottery; however the 612:models of the scarab beetle 320:figures, such as the Greek 6304: 4943:, Volume 121, No. 4, 2001. 4920:Journal of Human Evolution 4817:Six dynasties civilization 4628:, Wiley-Blackwell, 1999, 4464:Mosse, 97–98; Carrier, 201 4145:Piponnier and Mane, 112–13 3762:See Taylor for discussion. 3717:Hall, John Whitney, 381–86 3359:de Grummond 2006, 231 3350:de Grummond 1997, 359 3308:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 3145:Kampen et al, 31 2958:A History of Architecture. 2785:in Berlin (2004), and the 2624:lacks any dome, while the 2376:By the 19th century, many 1875: 1080: 959:The burial customs of the 935: 879:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 822:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 682: from which the word 460: 381:, and some burials at the 340: 289:Ancient Funerall Monuments 139:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 109:or as a publicly directed 55:Korean tomb mound of King 6026:Death and Transfiguration 5814:Personifications of death 5458:The Art of Ancient Egypt. 5437:Early American Literature 5310:Paine, Robert Treat, and 5045:. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. 5031:, Volume 76, 1972. 133–43 5024:. Accessed 22 March 2010. 4853:, Volume 79, 1959. 27–51. 3977:. Accessed 22 March 2010 3862:Hijiya (1983), pp. 339–63 3604:Thorp & Vinograd, 144 3568:Sickman and Soper, 120–21 3127:Groenewegen-Frankfort, 80 3049:British Museum, accessed 3003:Lindley, Phillip (2007). 2977:Oxford English Dictionary 2818:the established style of 2767:Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1752:Funerary art and religion 1614:(c. 250–150 BCE) in 1578:structures also used for 1165:Tang dynasty tomb figures 820:. The exact form of the 764:descent to the underworld 533:Faiyum funerary portraits 451:Senegambian stone circles 43:, c. 1477–80, now in the 5801:Sic transit gloria mundi 5409:Dress in the Middle Ages 5148:The World of Ottoman Art 5086:Sexuality in Ancient Art 5043:The Archaeology of Islam 4870:Evasdottir, Erica E. S. 4725:Atlas of Ancient America 4683:, Berghahn Books, 2006, 4554:Benton, Charlotte (ed). 4482:South China Morning Post 3559:Sickman and Soper, 77–84 3332:Boardman, 172–73, 339–44 3185:Atiya and El Shawahy, 73 3118:, accessed 28 April 2010 2369:, revived the classical 2336:English church monuments 2330:For some time after the 1976:resurrection of the dead 1917:. They show a Christian 1458:is generally lacking in 1236:miniature ceramic models 1144:located the tomb of the 1093:Tang dynasty tomb figure 884:National Etruscan Museum 840:. The late 4th-century 579:and mastaba tombs. The 370:have been dated through 247:are found widely across 133:surrounding the tomb of 6033:Der Tod und das Mädchen 5870:Post-mortem photography 5576:Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C. 5566:. Prentice Hall, 2003. 5564:Chinese Art and Culture 5507:. NMAI Editions, 2005. 5470:Ruggles, D. Fairchild. 4989:Hall, John Whitney ed. 4658:Encyclopædia Britannica 4052:still forbid cremation. 3687:Paine and Soper, 287–89 3243:Boardman, 26 and passim 2982:Oxford University Press 2929:as "human grave goods". 2626:Tomb of Akbar the Great 2533:, in its garden setting 1986:in 1963. Although mass 1980:Second Coming of Christ 1625:Death's head, Boston MA 1420:Tsuki no wa no misasagi 1059:Portonaccio sarcophagus 1045:, and the Mausoleum of 908:culture of ancient Rome 648:conducts the deceased, 457:Ancient Egypt and Nubia 180:empires, and later the 39:with life-sized hooded 6283:Veneration of the dead 5411:; 151, Yale UP, 1997. 5316:Pelican History of Art 5286:. Hermes House, 2002. 5249:The World of Megaliths 5131:A New History of Korea 5069:Johnston, Sarah Iles. 4433:page with aerial view. 3921:"Kasubi tombs website" 3874:, Bonnefoy, pp. 133–37 3844:Accessed 25 April 2010 3529:Sickman and Soper, 155 3154:Maspero, 111–27, with 2754: 2417: 2414:Père Lachaise Cemetery 2332:Protestant Reformation 2290: 2285:of Poland, erected in 2269: 2247:or other decorations. 2155: 2089:Chartreuse de Champmol 2083:period through to the 2042:fall of Constantinople 1971: 1894: 1719:their burial practices 1681:Indigenous Australians 1667: 1626: 1552: 1533: 1506: 1490:site off the coast of 1451: 1358: 1279: 1161: 1106: 1105:and its foreign driver 956: 916:to protect the grave. 887: 663: 472: 359: 156:. The treasure of the 82: 60: 48: 5776:Lamentation of Christ 5394:Buddhist Architecture 5233:Michalski, Sergiusz. 5098:Kipfer, Barbara Ann. 4960:Groseclose, Barbara. 4184:"Brasses, Monumental" 4048:for more details—the 3234:Oakes and Gahlin, 236 3106:Kipfer, "Menhir", 348 2863:Mausoleum of Khomeini 2781:in Paris (1994), the 2753:and completed in 2000 2740: 2648:Mausoleum of Khomeini 2407: 2275: 2260: 2211:, and bishops with a 2200:in Rome or the Czech 2149: 1961: 1889: 1695:people create carved 1657: 1650:Traditional societies 1624: 1608:North American mounds 1562:and metal, including 1547: 1531: 1519:Mesoamerican ballgame 1504: 1441: 1347:6th-century Japanese 1346: 1311:of the West, and the 1273: 1159: 1127:bronze ritual vessels 1091: 945: 924:or the winged female 900:Etruscan civilization 872: 842:Alexander Sarcophagus 734:ancient Greek pottery 722:Fayum mummy portraits 633: 470: 350: 66: 54: 35: 6196:The Triumph of Death 6098:Death and the Maiden 5770:Death and the Maiden 5730:and mortality in art 5641:. London: Batsford. 5247:Mohen, Jean-Pierre. 4914:Gargett, Robert H. " 4876:, UBC Press, 2005, 4856:El-Shahawy, Abeer. 4845:Downey, Glanville. " 4835:, Routledge, 1988, 4776:Etruscan Italy today 4402:The New York Times, 4163:26 July 2011 at the 3840:23 June 2008 at the 2859:presidential library 2233:Canterbury Cathedral 2225:St Cuthbert's coffin 2186:Pope Urban VIII 2028:symbols were left. 2010:Hofkirche, Innsbruck 1890:Plaster cast of the 1633:origins. However, a 1538:Zapotec civilization 1167:, in "three-colour" 585:Twenty-fifth Dynasty 526:Representational art 463:Art of ancient Egypt 379: 4510 BCE 145:ship burial and the 127:Tutankhamun treasure 37:Tomb of Philippe Pot 6182:The Shadow of Death 6175:The Garden of Death 6119:La Calavera Catrina 6105:Death and the Miser 5635:Curl, James Stevens 5582:, JHU Press. 1996. 5550:Early Christian Art 5397:, Grafikol, 2010, 5384:2 June 2007 at the 5277:Jaina Standing Lady 5205:Wesleyan University 4721:Benson, Elizabeth P 4654:Brasses, Monumental 4101:monuments like the 4026:Syndicus, 39, 72–90 3890:The Daily Telegraph 3825:by Andrew Gulliford 2980:(Online ed.). 2798:in Tokyo, which is 2771:Holocaust memorials 2733:Contemporary period 2476:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi 2287:Notre Dame de Paris 2283:Katarzyna Opalińska 2178:and works like the 2112:St Paul's Cathedral 1915:sculpted sarcophagi 1854:Tashiding Monastery 1662:cliff burial site. 995:Tomb of the Scipios 802:Alexander the Great 599:Seventeenth dynasty 569:Valley of the Kings 107:ancestor veneration 6288:Visual arts genres 5995:Hamlet's soliloquy 5918:Catacombs of Paris 5743:All flesh is grass 5557:American Antiquity 5548:Syndicus, Eduard; 5518:Spanel, Donald B. 5378:When Burial Begins 5221:Public Archaeology 5179:The Museum Journal 5102:, Springer, 2000. 4809:American Antiquity 4622:Bogucki, Peter I. 4347:Ruggles, Chapter 9 4237:Arnolfini Portrait 4232:Saltonstall Family 3538:Evasdottir, 158–60 3400:Toynbee, Chapter I 3377:Johnston, 489 3194:Boardman, Edwards 2885:Mourning portraits 2794:in Berlin and the 2779:Vel d'Hiv Memorial 2777:in Jerusalem, the 2755: 2678:Süleymaniye Mosque 2580:Empires, like the 2418: 2395:Certosa di Bologna 2291: 2270: 2156: 2034:Byzantine Emperors 2030:Constantine I 2014:tomb of St Dominic 2004:. The monument to 1972: 1895: 1831:candi of Indonesia 1713:people of central 1701:burial poles from 1683:typically feature 1668: 1627: 1534: 1507: 1452: 1377:Takamatsuzuka Tomb 1359: 1307:of the South, the 1280: 1221:disastrous results 1202:Qianling Mausoleum 1162: 1107: 1043:Pyramid of Cestius 999:Castel Sant'Angelo 957: 938:Roman funerary art 888: 746:. The two-handled 702:Hellenistic period 668:coin to pay Charon 664: 661: 430–420 BCE 473: 419:cup and ring marks 372:thermoluminescence 360: 356:Poulnabrone dolmen 154:funeral ceremonies 83: 76:Süleymaniye Mosque 61: 49: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6133:Pyramid of Skulls 6066:Et in Arcadia ego 5648:978-0-7134-7336-0 5544:978-0-8047-4263-4 5487:Sickman, Laurence 5482:978-0-8122-4025-2 5403:978-0-9844043-0-8 5371:978-0-521-85889-2 5341:978-0-8109-3870-0 5306:978-1-875378-90-6 5271:978-0-19-507139-9 5213:978-0-8195-6040-7 5199:978-3-86195-096-7 5162:Early Renaissance 5108:978-0-306-46158-3 5012:. Washington DC: 4882:978-0-7748-0930-6 4841:978-0-7102-1370-9 4763:978-0-520-01844-0 4751:Cohen, Kathleen. 4719:, Snow, Dean and 4712:978-0-8061-3542-7 4648:978-0-226-06457-4 4634:978-1-57718-112-5 4566:978-0-7546-0693-2 4550:978-0-226-03437-9 4088:Levey 1967, 57–59 4050:Orthodox churches 3957:978-1-60413-097-3 3225:Boardman, 212, 15 2988:(Subscription or 2954:Banister Fletcher 2835:Lenin's Mausoleum 2820:Socialist Realism 2509:Samanid Mausoleum 2217:Stonyhurst Gospel 2096:Dukes of Burgundy 2065:Early Renaissance 2025:Eastern Orthodoxy 1968:equestrian statue 1899:Catacombs of Rome 1860:, as well as the 1612:Grave Creek Mound 1515:this Flickr photo 1422:mausoleum in the 1303:of the East, the 1293:three-legged bird 1185:in the form of a 1146:First Qin Emperor 1115:jade burial suits 779:Tanagra figurines 714:Tomb of the Diver 688:animal sacrifices 672:ferryman to Hades 573:Theban Necropolis 368:Iberian peninsula 314:ancestor portrait 123:Egyptian pyramids 18:Funerary monument 16:(Redirected from 6295: 5984:Book of the Dead 5947:The Seventh Seal 5903: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5698: 5674: 5652: 5491:Soper, Alexander 5345:Park, Changbom. 5312:Soper, Alexander 5219:Merriman, Nick. 5160:Levey, Michael. 5041:Insoll Timothy. 4900:Gäbler, Ulrich. 4815:Dien, Albert E. 4677:Carrier, Peter. 4663:Brown, Miranda. 4638:Bonnefoy, Yves. 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4478:Associated Press 4471: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4302:Mosse, Chapter 5 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4218:Huldrych Zwingli 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3927:on 23 March 2010 3923:. Archived from 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3519:the diagram here 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3454:Hall, 15, 35, 78 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323:Boardman, 126–27 3321: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3288:Boardman, 149–50 3286: 3280: 3279:Boardman, 212–13 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3030:Church Monuments 3025: 3019: 3018: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2936: 2930: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2880:List of mausolea 2751:Rachel Whiteread 2622:Tomb of Jahangir 2554:Dome of the Rock 2542: 2523: 2504: 2446:World War I 2412:family tombs at 2325:mourning clothes 2299:was a temporary 2252:monumental brass 2229:the Black Prince 2219:, with a unique 2154:monument of 1547 2137:High Renaissance 1928:St Peter's, Rome 1882:monumental brass 1846:Kursha Monastery 1600:Mogollon culture 1584:Huaca de la Luna 1580:human sacrifices 1333:ancestor worship 1047:Caecilia Metella 662: 659: 577:mortuary temples 477:religious belief 427:Urnfield culture 392:ancestor-worship 380: 377: 297:funeral effigies 57:Sejong the Great 21: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6242: 6201: 6168:The Ambassadors 6052: 6004: 5952: 5932: 5894: 5823: 5731: 5725: 5681: 5671: 5657:Panofsky, Erwin 5655: 5649: 5633: 5630: 5628:Further reading 5625: 5604:Welch, Evelyn. 5391:Phuoc, Le Huu 5386:Wayback Machine 5375:Pettitt, Paul. 5329:Panofsky, Irvin 5275:Muren, Gladys " 5185:Maspero, Gaston 5175:Mason, J. Alden 5055:James, T.G.H., 5016:, 1999. 49–66. 5004:Hammond, Norman 4541:The Pope's Body 4520: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338:Ruggles, 103–04 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4165:Wayback Machine 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4103:Albert Memorial 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4043: 4039: 4035:Toynbee, 48–49. 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3842:Wayback Machine 3833: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079:appears not to. 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3047:Hoa Hakananai'a 3045: 3041: 3036:: 137–41 (137). 3027: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3014:978-1900289-870 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2937: 2933: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2871: 2796:Yasukuni Shrine 2735: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2454: 2343:countries, but 2313:coffin portrait 2296:castrum doloris 2278:Castrum doloris 2128:parish churches 2032:and most later 1966:, including an 1941:ritually impure 1907:Early Christian 1884: 1874: 1790: 1759: 1754: 1738:Hell bank notes 1717:are famous for 1658:A stone-carved 1652: 1588:Andean cultures 1568:Paracas culture 1464:Pacal the Great 1436: 1341: 1268: 1232:Jiaxiang County 1142:Terracotta army 1086: 1079: 1067:Greek mythology 1013:Pliny the Elder 940: 934: 867: 854:Battle of Issus 696:statues in the 680:funeral oration 660: 628: 595:Nubian pyramids 565:Giza Necropolis 465: 459: 435:standing stones 417:), for example 378: 345: 339: 334: 245:chariot burials 194: 131:Terracotta Army 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6091:Death and Life 6087: 6084:Death and Fire 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5923:Sedlec Ossuary 5920: 5915: 5913:Capuchin Crypt 5909: 5907: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5679:External links 5677: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5653: 5647: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5602: 5590: 5574: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5501: 5484: 5468: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5421:Potter, G. R. 5419: 5405: 5389: 5373: 5357: 5343: 5333:Tomb Sculpture 5326: 5308: 5294: 5280: 5273: 5259: 5245: 5231: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5182: 5172: 5158: 5144:Levey, Michael 5141: 5127: 5113:Kubler, George 5110: 5096: 5082: 5067: 5053: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5001: 4987: 4975:Hall, James. 4973: 4958: 4944: 4937: 4923: 4912: 4898: 4884: 4868: 4854: 4843: 4827: 4813: 4804: 4790: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4737:Coe, Michael. 4735: 4714: 4698: 4691: 4689:978-1845452957 4675: 4661: 4650: 4636: 4620: 4606: 4592:Boardman, John 4589: 4582: 4580:978-0711223844 4568: 4552: 4536: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4435: 4419: 4410: 4392: 4379: 4370: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4320:Insoll, 177–80 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4222: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4107:Scott Monument 4099:Gothic revival 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3988: 3986:Groseclose, 23 3979: 3963: 3956: 3938: 3912: 3903: 3876: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3827: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3783: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3668: 3659: 3646: 3637: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3418:Toynbee, 39–40 3411: 3402: 3393: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3261:Henderson, 135 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3064: 3055: 3039: 3020: 3013: 2995: 2961: 2940:history of art 2931: 2913:disarticulated 2904: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2837:and those for 2816:Communist East 2769:, and several 2749:, designed by 2734: 2731: 2606:Mughal gardens 2562:Persian sphere 2544: 2537: 2536: 2527:Humayun's Tomb 2525: 2518: 2517: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2453: 2450: 2367:Antonio Canova 2363:Neo-Classicism 2305:lying in state 2262:Ligier Richier 2202:Sedlec Ossuary 2198:Capuchin Crypt 2176:Dance of Death 2100:Scaliger tombs 2098:in 1383. The 1873: 1870: 1797:'s body after 1789: 1786: 1770:samādhi mandir 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1651: 1648: 1604:funerary bowls 1582:, such as the 1435: 1432: 1340: 1337: 1315:of the North. 1313:Black Tortoise 1305:Vermilion Bird 1288:Three Kingdoms 1284:Goguryeo tombs 1267: 1264: 1209:Goguryeo tombs 1135:Tomb of Fu Hao 1103:Bactrian camel 1078: 1075: 961:ancient Romans 936:Main article: 933: 930: 866: 863: 848:in the modern 838:Neo-Classicism 830:British Museum 814:Persian Empire 698:Archaic period 627: 626:Ancient Greece 624: 620:Middle Kingdom 616:funerary texts 545:Fourth dynasty 461:Main article: 458: 455: 341:Main article: 338: 335: 333: 330: 193: 190: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6300: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268:Death customs 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6019:Danse macabre 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Funerary text 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5794:Mono no aware 5791: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5763:Danse Macabre 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5670:9780714828244 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614:0-19-284279-X 5611: 5607: 5603: 5601:, 2005. 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In the 2759:modernism 2747:Holocaust 2610:pavilions 2594:Taj Mahal 2590:Samarkand 2558:Jerusalem 2529:(1560s), 2422:Symbolism 2410:bourgeois 2378:Old World 2365:, led by 2245:vestments 2194:ossuaries 2139:, led by 2069:Donatello 1988:ossuaries 1819:Borobudur 1799:cremation 1762:Cremation 1746:Kane Kwei 1742:Ga people 1644:Methodism 1554:The Maya 1424:Sennyū-ji 969:cremation 865:Etruscans 795:Scythians 785:tombs of 530:encaustic 498:Ka statue 447:cenotaphs 399:Neolithic 353:Neolithic 253:Catacombs 215:, mound, 206:afterlife 186:mausoleum 182:Christian 147:Taj Mahal 129:, to the 94:cenotaphs 59:, d. 1450 41:pleurants 6230:Erlkönig 6071:Guercino 6058:Painting 6040:Erlkönig 5860:Memorial 5808:Ubi sunt 5659:(1992). 5637:(1993). 5382:Archived 4829:Dowman, 4444:madrassa 4161:Archived 4105:and the 3931:21 April 3910:Oxenham. 3896:21 April 3892:. London 3838:Archived 3781:raise".) 3653:UNESCO, 3631:UNESCO, 3409:Hall, 15 3198:, 688–89 3051:26 April 2869:See also 2826:war and 2808:genocide 2718:madrasah 2705:Javanese 2682:Istanbul 2618:minarets 2598:charbagh 2584:tomb of 2490:charbagh 2485:Paradise 2468:Muhammad 2434:Art Deco 2416:in Paris 2399:maquette 2393:and the 2341:Lutheran 2339:seen in 2061:Florence 2046:porphyry 1949:Anatolia 1842:chortens 1788:Buddhism 1782:Cambodia 1757:Hinduism 1715:Sulawesi 1703:ironwood 1698:pukumani 1492:Campeche 1472:La Venta 1470:site of 1191:chimeras 1187:tortoise 1039:freedman 1030:Republic 1017:Polybius 875:Etruscan 759:lekythos 650:Myrrhine 637:lekythos 387:Brittany 343:Megalith 293:epitaphs 273:cenotaph 160:Pharaoh 125:and the 111:dynastic 80:Istanbul 72:Roxelana 6076:Poussin 5899:Artwork 5885:Tragedy 5875:Requiem 5819:Vanitas 5781:Macabre 5423:Zwingli 5261:Mosse, 5207:Press. 4480:story, 4214:Leo Jud 4079:Downey. 3973:, from 3792:Zapotec 3644:Lee, 64 3548:Wu Hung 3156:serdabs 2839:Atatürk 2723:Qaitbay 2713:Imogiri 2674:Turkish 2659:Ottoman 2574:Timurid 2513:Bokhara 2480:Samarra 2353:Baroque 2289:in 1747 2221:Insular 2213:crozier 2209:sceptre 2190:Bernini 2085:Baroque 2018:Bologna 2008:in the 1998:shrines 1978:at the 1945:Lycians 1937:Judaism 1932:martyrs 1924:Chi Rho 1911:frescos 1905:of the 1850:Zanskar 1835:Tibetan 1731:Kabakas 1664:Tau tau 1631:Puritan 1448:Nayarit 1416:bodaiji 1412:bodaiji 1406:bodaiji 1403:. The 1245:hunping 1133:. 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