590:
841:
287:
41:
533:
858:
4945:
3659:
3671:
432:
702:
160:
3695:
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740:
worth of damage in Europe annually. Root knot nematodes have quite a large host range, they parasitize plant root systems and thus directly affect the uptake of water and nutrients needed for normal plant growth and reproduction, whereas cyst nematodes tend to be able to infect only a few species.
1011:
Plant diseases cause major economic losses for farmers worldwide. Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that diseases typically reduce plant yields by 10% every year in more developed settings, but yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings. The
976:
Many natural and synthetic compounds can be employed to combat plant diseases. This method works by directly eliminating disease-causing organisms or curbing their spread; however, it has been shown to have too broad an effect, typically, to be good for the local ecosystem. From an economic
1798:
17, " A more comprehensive estimate of the frequency and diversity of non indigenous plants, particularly those introduced as contaminants in cargo, would likely require a substantial increase in inspection efforts by APHIS
1784:
17, "It is clear, however, that continuing increases in global trade and travel will provide opportunities for non indigenous species to be transported into the U.S. at rates that are unprecedented in world
1016:
estimates that pests and diseases are responsible for about 25% of crop loss. To solve this, new methods are needed to detect diseases and pests early, such as novel sensors that detect plant odours and
4775:
4780:
910:
a similar shortcoming of understanding has a different origin: Port inspections are not very useful because inspectors know too little about taxonomy. There are often pests that the
4913:
2055:
Sutton, John
Clifford; Sopher, Coralie Rachelle; Owen-Going, Tony Nathaniel; Liu, Weizhong; Grodzinski, Bernard; Hall, John Christopher; Benchimol, Ruth Linda (1990-01-06).
958:
for inspections will continue to improve. Between 2020 and 2030, IPPC expects continued technological improvement to lower costs and improve performance, albeit not for
1922:
Begerow, D.; Schäfer, A.M.; Kellner, R.; Yurkov, A.; Kemler, M.; Oberwinkler, F.; Bauer, R. (2014). "Ustilaginomycotina.". In McLaughlin, D.J.; Spatafora, J.W. (eds.).
385:
Despite not being closely related to the fungi, the oomycetes have developed similar infection strategies, using effector proteins to turn off a plant's defenses.
3644:
3299:
3262:
2625:
4831:
2995:
1967:
899:
2724:
Strategic framework for the
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 2020–2030 : Protecting global plant resources and facilitating safe trade
2103:
2750:
944:
194:
and other structures. Spores may be spread long distances by air or water, or they may be soil borne. Many soil inhabiting fungi are capable of living
2929:
2719:
951:
4647:
3612:
3556:
947:), producers, and consumers were all accepting of the results - more thorough pest eradication and lesser taste degradation than heat treatment.
977:
standpoint, all but the simplest natural additives may disqualify a product from "organic" status, potentially reducing the value of the yield.
523:
causes tomato plants to produce less fruit, and it "continues to adapt to the tomato by minimizing its recognition by the tomato immune system."
2661:
Moy JH, Wong L (2002). "The efficacy and progress in using radiation as a quarantine treatment of tropical fruits — A case study in Hawaii".
2287:
2156:"Phytophthora ramorum: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals"
1216:
49:
1169:
3699:
988:
is a traditional and sometimes effective means of preventing pests and diseases from becoming well-established, alongside other benefits.
3514:
3544:
1619:
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1946:
1083:
1013:
3732:
2988:
4171:
3592:
3577:
3572:
3349:
1567:
1120:
129:
2536:"Effectiveness of Steinernema rarum PAM 25 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Against Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)"
4652:
3639:
3634:
3582:
3329:
1751:
1716:
72:(infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include
906:, even to get a better estimate of the number of such introductions would require a substantial increase in inspections. In
4102:
3314:
3025:
2947:
2922:
1999:
1653:
1446:
914:
has prioritised as harmful to be kept out of the country, but which have near taxonomic relatives that confuse the issue.
797:
Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen-induced disorders. Abiotic causes include natural processes such as
4821:
4408:
3923:
3334:
3309:
2487:"A major QTL corresponding to the Rk locus for resistance to root-knot nematodes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)"
1631:
1159:
940:
792:
1200:
898:
The introduction of harmful non native organisms into a country can be reduced by controlling human traffic (e.g., the
4903:
4657:
3319:
2981:
2534:
Dos Santos JJ, de Brida AL, Jean-Baptiste MC, Bernardi D, Wilcken SR, Leite LG, Garcia FR (August 2022). Lee J (ed.).
1350:
2771:
Ryder MH, Jones DA (1991-10-01). "Biological
Control of Crown Gall Using Using Agrobacterium Strains K84 and K1026".
1136:
450:
and do no harm to the plant itself. However, a small number, around 100 known species, cause disease, especially in
4637:
3359:
3294:
3121:
2636:
1584:
1527:
1488:
1185:
4787:
3096:
1756:
1274:
999:
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2801:
1624:
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3820:
3607:
3193:
3106:
3091:
3046:
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2915:
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1414:
1338:
1070:
959:
921:
818:
273:
2385:
4969:
3534:
3257:
3252:
3143:
3111:
2229:
Schwelm, Arne; Badstöber, Julia; Bulman, Simon; Desoignies, Nicolas; Etemadi, Mohammad; et al. (2018).
2065:
1603:
1333:
1058:
767:
that may be able to survive in a resting state in the soil for many years. Further, they can transmit plant
149:
31:
1457:
589:
4755:
4679:
3602:
3587:
3529:
3524:
3279:
3210:
3203:
3020:
3015:
1400:
1377:
1363:
1315:
1282:
840:
559:
372:
45:
2902:
1260:
4920:
3418:
3198:
2336:"Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas"
1904:
Yu. T Dyakov, Chapter 0 - Overview on parasitism, Editors: Yu, T. Dyakov, V.G. Dzhavakhiya, T. Korpela,
1732:
1535:
971:
955:
911:
656:
1406:
1727:
1369:
1147:
286:
220:
Biotrophic fungal pathogens colonize living plant tissue and obtain nutrients from living host cells.
4642:
4494:
4166:
3725:
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3499:
3289:
3148:
3101:
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1697:
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1502:
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1235:
1113:
1107:
593:
540:
187:
4812:
4357:
3116:
1554:
1521:
1301:
997:, which causes gall diseases in many plants, can be provided by dipping cuttings in suspensions of
183:
3670:
2399:
Gasparich, Gail E. (2010). "Spiroplasmas and phytoplasmas: Microbes associated with plant hosts".
741:
Nematodes are able to cause radical changes in root cells in order to facilitate their lifestyle.
4750:
4615:
4484:
4393:
4085:
3871:
3767:
3675:
3597:
3423:
3339:
2824:
2746:
2698:
2426:
1858:"Infectious Plant Diseases: Etiology, Current Status, Problems and Prospects in Plant Protection"
1541:
1465:
1433:
1254:
902:). Global trade provides unprecedented opportunities for the introduction of plant pests. In the
705:
520:
472:
292:
265:
2626:"Abiotic plant disorders: Symptoms, signs and solutions. A diagnostic guide to problem solving"
4908:
3757:
3752:
3267:
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3188:
3158:
2877:
2690:
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2516:
2467:
2418:
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2316:
2283:
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2185:
2136:
2084:
1942:
1887:
1703:
1683:
1241:
224:
fungal pathogens infect and kill host tissue and extract nutrients from the dead host cells.
1321:
4694:
4600:
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4549:
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4427:
4388:
4313:
4154:
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3354:
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3153:
3138:
2867:
2859:
2816:
2782:
2682:
2596:
2547:
2506:
2498:
2485:
Huynh BL, Matthews WC, Ehlers JD, Lucas MR, Santos JR, Ndeve A, et al. (January 2016).
2457:
2410:
2357:
2347:
2308:
2250:
2242:
2175:
2167:
2126:
2118:
2074:
1877:
1869:
925:
645:
532:
379:
1962:
614:. Therefore, it is not economically viable to try to control them, except when they infect
4948:
4930:
4792:
4621:
4571:
4559:
4539:
4521:
4457:
4284:
4252:
4213:
4186:
4015:
4010:
3901:
3837:
3718:
3479:
3215:
2952:
1710:
1689:
822:
680:
615:
371:. They include some of the most destructive plant pathogens, such as the causal agents of
137:
109:
3687:
2575:
Jankevicius JV, Itow-Jankevicius S, Maeda LA, Campaner M, Conchon I, et al. (1988).
2678:
2312:
136:
and causing injury that may admit plant pathogens. The study of plant disease is called
4842:
4807:
4760:
4742:
4706:
4462:
4289:
4267:
4233:
4208:
4191:
4181:
4176:
4058:
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3861:
3815:
3810:
3435:
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2843:
2511:
2486:
2362:
2335:
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2131:
1882:
1857:
1761:
1307:
1288:
1094:
1076:
1053:
760:
536:
497:
411:
210:
163:
2898:
Pacific
Northwest Fungi, online mycology journal with papers on fungal plant pathogens
2686:
2414:
857:
679:. In many cases, the insect and virus are specific for virus transmission such as the
570:. Their cells are extremely small, 1 to 2 micrometres across. They tend to have small
4963:
4878:
4626:
4544:
4516:
4479:
4447:
4383:
4303:
4203:
4005:
3988:
3911:
3891:
3832:
3827:
3775:
3629:
3494:
3452:
3398:
3220:
3041:
2962:
2800:
Martinelli F, Scalenghe R, Davino S, Panno S, Scuderi G, et al. (January 2015).
2171:
2102:
Kamoun S, Furzer O, Jones JD, Judelson HS, Ali GS, Dalio RJ, et al. (May 2015).
1471:
1394:
1227:
985:
903:
649:
477:
436:
368:
245:
179:
113:
2828:
2702:
2601:
2576:
2430:
2079:
2056:
17:
4873:
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4474:
3983:
3950:
3549:
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3383:
3225:
3183:
3128:
3086:
2334:
An SQ, Potnis N, Dow M, Vorhölter FJ, He YQ, Becker A, et al. (October 2019).
1909:
1614:
1022:
1018:
492:
447:
406:
317:
257:
133:
97:
40:
4689:
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4669:
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3235:
3076:
3004:
2401:
1494:
1383:
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605:
563:
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511:
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451:
431:
417:
309:
125:
85:
1873:
701:
4718:
4711:
4701:
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4367:
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4298:
4090:
3937:
3896:
3790:
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3178:
3173:
3056:
2863:
2855:
2820:
2502:
1572:
1548:
1439:
1295:
1032:
As of 2018 the most costly diseases of the most produced crops worldwide are:
1026:
991:
Other biological methods include inoculation. Protection against infection by
776:
755:
611:
582:, both sap-sucking insect vectors. These inject the bacteria into the plant's
575:
567:
398:
394:
345:
221:
206:
195:
175:
167:
2694:
2088:
4826:
4723:
4452:
4257:
4238:
4149:
4073:
3945:
3886:
3866:
3805:
3440:
3168:
2907:
2352:
1856:
Nazarov PA, Baleev DN, Ivanova MI, Sokolova LM, Karakozova MV (2020-10-27).
1579:
932:
907:
772:
713:
684:
641:
579:
364:
214:
159:
81:
77:
2881:
2561:
2520:
2471:
2422:
2371:
2320:
2264:
2189:
2140:
2029:
1891:
2610:
2552:
2535:
4868:
4858:
4802:
4797:
4564:
4437:
4413:
4330:
4000:
3785:
3133:
2670:
1390:
834:
764:
750:
721:
696:
676:
672:
637:
462:
455:
443:
402:
329:
301:
237:
105:
101:
69:
4053:
4048:
3965:
3955:
3489:
3445:
3413:
2462:
2445:
1515:
1478:
1154:
798:
768:
571:
467:
375:
322:
117:
2786:
2246:
2122:
4506:
4398:
4352:
4318:
4272:
4262:
4223:
4161:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
3741:
3467:
3393:
3061:
3051:
2203:
1638:
1482:
1357:
1328:
1195:
1101:
1049:
936:
826:
668:
660:
659:, but mechanical and seed transmission also occur. Vectors are often
625:
583:
334:
191:
89:
73:
1906:
Studies in Plant
Science, Comprehensive and Molecular Phytopathology
4730:
4664:
4586:
4554:
4511:
4403:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4323:
4308:
4277:
4198:
3856:
3847:
3484:
1908:, Elsevier, 2007, Pages 3-17, ISSN 0928-3420, ISBN 9780444521323,
1663:
1248:
929:
917:
839:
814:
802:
664:
588:
531:
482:
430:
338:
285:
158:
121:
93:
65:
39:
2231:"Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae"
2204:"Scientists discover how deadly fungal microbes enter host cells"
2061:
root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives"
574:(roughly between 0.5 and 2 Mb). They are normally transmitted by
4581:
4576:
4228:
4068:
4043:
4038:
4022:
3993:
3881:
3375:
3163:
2727:
2714:
2712:
1746:
1427:
830:
810:
806:
780:
717:
652:, and sometimes a protein that allows transmission by a vector.
199:
3714:
2977:
2911:
4501:
4063:
2973:
2386:"Research team unravels tomato pathogen's tricks of the trade"
852:
633:
629:
622:
2303:
Burkholder WH (October 1948). "Bacteria as plant pathogens".
736:) are widely distributed in Europe and the Americas, causing
2104:"The Top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology"
2897:
2844:"Plant-Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions"
2000:"This Humongous Fungus Is as Massive as Three Blue Whales"
3710:
2280:
Plant
Pathogenic Bacteria: Genomics and Molecular Biology
1926:(2 ed.). Berlin.: Springer-Verlag. pp. 295–329.
349:
spp. (honey fungus species, virulent pathogens of trees)
2802:"Advanced methods of plant disease detection. A review"
869:
1924:
The Mycota. Vol. VII Part A. Systematics and
Evolution
566:, which are human pathogens, they belong to the class
771:. When the motile zoospores come into contact with a
205:
Fungal diseases may be controlled through the use of
2633:
Michigan State
University Department of Horticulture
2446:"Curtovirus Infection of Chile Pepper in New Mexico"
4887:
4851:
4741:
4614:
4530:
4426:
4376:
4101:
4031:
3974:
3936:
3910:
3846:
3766:
3621:
3565:
3513:
3374:
3278:
3075:
3034:
198:, carrying out the role of their life cycle in the
2747:Tipsheet: Crop Rotation in Organic Farming Systems
1003:before inserting them in the ground to take root.
2842:Velásquez AC, Castroverde CD, He SY (May 2018).
2154:Grünwald NJ, Goss EM, Press CM (November 2008).
2030:"Genome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded"
1910:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452132-3/50003-1
928:has been trialed as a quarantine treatment for
621:Most plant viruses have small, single-stranded
488:Significant bacterial plant pathogens include:
209:and other agricultural practices. However, new
687:virus causing disease in several crop plants.
562:, bacteria that lack cell walls and, like the
3726:
2989:
2923:
655:Plant viruses are generally transmitted by a
227:Significant fungal plant pathogens include:
8:
4832:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1968:National Invasive Species Information Center
900:Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
648:to facilitate cell to cell movement through
409:in potatoes. These are caused by species of
290:Wheat leaf rust caused by the Basidiomycete
2734:of the United Nations). pp. viii + 28.
2635:. Michigan State University. Archived from
2023:
2021:
1941:. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 239.
1025:that are able to diagnose plant health and
3933:
3733:
3719:
3711:
2996:
2982:
2974:
2930:
2916:
2908:
2751:National Center for Appropriate Technology
1632:sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV)
1620:sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV)
945:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
471:uses cell wall–degrading enzymes to cause
217:that are resistant to various fungicides.
44:Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, the
2871:
2720:International Plant Protection Convention
2600:
2551:
2510:
2461:
2444:Creamer R, Hubble H, Lewis A (May 2005).
2361:
2351:
2254:
2179:
2130:
2078:
1881:
952:International Plant Protection Convention
894:Port and border inspection and quarantine
888:Plants are subject to disease epidemics.
4776:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1034:
700:
610:Many plant viruses cause only a loss of
1988:"Fungi", Lillian E Hawker, 1966, p. 167
1833:
1807:
1773:
1568:beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV)
1351:groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV)
1302:Ganoderma orbiforme/Ganoderma boninense
821:; deposition of mineral salts such as
636:. These may encode only three or four
485:to cause tumours with phytohormones.
1654:tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
202:. These are facultative saprotrophs.
7:
3682:
2809:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
2036:. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
1160:African cassava mosaic virus (ACMVD)
401:cause important diseases, including
367:are fungus-like organisms among the
3694:
2313:10.1146/annurev.mi.02.100148.002133
844:Orchid leaves with viral infections
749:A few plant diseases are caused by
461:Most plant pathogenic bacteria are
3545:Environmental impact of irrigation
2624:Schutzki, R.E.; Cregg, B. (2007).
2589:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
763:. They are transmitted as durable
249:spp. (canker rot, black root rot,
25:
4781:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2732:Food and Agriculture Organization
2415:10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.11.007
2208:(VBI) at Virginia Tech affiliates
1625:sweet potato virus disease (SPVD)
1186:cassava brown streak virus (CBSV)
1014:Food and Agriculture Organization
628:. Some also have double stranded
405:in cabbage and its relatives and
4944:
4943:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3658:
3657:
2491:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2172:10.1111/J.1364-3703.2008.00500.X
1998:Daley, Jason (15 October 2018).
856:
728:regions. Potato cyst nematodes (
3613:Agriculture and the environment
3350:British Agricultural Revolution
2903:The Pest and Pathogens Glossary
2663:Radiation Physics and Chemistry
2602:10.1590/S0074-02761988000500073
2080:10.1590/S0100-54052006000400001
1845:(3rd ed.). Academic Press.
1164:African cassava mosaic disease
521:Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
174:Most phytopathogenic fungi are
3557:Climate change and agriculture
3330:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
2540:Journal of Economic Entomology
2057:"Etiology and epidemiology of
1752:Common names of plant diseases
1717:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
618:species, such as fruit trees.
130:pests that affect plant health
1:
2948:Physiological plant disorders
2687:10.1016/s0969-806x(01)00557-6
2305:Annual Review of Microbiology
2028:Davis N (September 9, 2009).
1528:soybean cyst nematode disease
1334:groundnut rosette virus (GNV)
1190:cassava brown streak disease
787:Physiological plant disorders
632:or single or double stranded
435:Crown gall disease caused by
4822:History of plant systematics
4409:Thorns, spines, and prickles
3335:Arab Agricultural Revolution
941:Food and Drug Administration
833:and breakage by storms; and
793:Physiological plant disorder
241:spp. (Fusarium wilt disease)
1275:Giberella stalk and ear rot
446:associated with plants are
4986:
4638:Alternation of generations
3295:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
2282:. Caister Academic Press.
1874:10.32607/actanaturae.11026
1489:Colletotrichum sublineolum
969:
790:
694:
603:
147:
29:
4939:
4788:Cultivated plant taxonomy
4751:Biological classification
3748:
3654:
3645:Universities and colleges
3263:Universities and colleges
3068:
3011:
2943:
2938:Plant disorders / control
2864:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054
2821:10.1007/s13593-014-0246-1
2745:Dufour, Rex (July 2015).
2583:[Biological cycle of
2503:10.1007/s00122-015-2611-0
2340:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
2235:Molecular Plant Pathology
2160:Molecular Plant Pathology
2111:Molecular Plant Pathology
2006:. Smithsonian Institution
1939:Rhizoctonia-forming fungi
1757:Plant disease forecasting
1709:
1662:
1637:
1623:
1613:
1578:
1547:
1514:
1477:
1426:
1389:
1356:
1339:Groundnut rosette disease
1337:
1327:
1294:
1247:
1194:
1153:
1100:
1048:
1000:Agrobacterium radiobacter
994:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
4648:Evolutionary development
3630:Agriculturist profession
3107:Agricultural engineering
3092:Agricultural cooperative
2958:Plant stress measurement
2774:Functional Plant Biology
2278:Jackson RW, ed. (2009).
2210:. Physorg. July 22, 2010
1658:tomato yellow leaf curl
1415:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
1071:Mycosphaerella fijiensis
962:unless funding changes.
960:less developed countries
954:(IPPC) anticipates that
720:. They are a problem in
274:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
4299:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
3535:Agricultural wastewater
3258:Sustainable food system
3253:Sustainable agriculture
3144:Animal-free agriculture
3112:Agricultural technology
2307:. 2 (1 vol.): 389–412.
1604:Colletotrichum falcatum
1059:banana bunchy top virus
586:, where it reproduces.
560:intracellular parasites
458:regions of the world.
150:Lists of plant diseases
4914:by author abbreviation
4838:Plant taxonomy systems
4756:Botanical nomenclature
3635:Agricultural machinery
3593:History of agriculture
3578:Agriculture by country
3573:Agricultural machinery
3530:Agricultural pollution
3525:Agricultural expansion
3300:Austronesian expansion
3211:Mechanised agriculture
2388:. Virginia Tech. 2011.
2066:Summa Phytopathologica
1728:yam mosaic virus (YMV)
1644:Phytophthora infestans
1401:Leptosphaeria maculans
1378:Phytophthora infestans
1364:Ralstonia solanacearum
1316:Phytophthora palmivora
1283:Cercospora zeae-maydis
1171:Xanthomonas axonopodis
845:
709:
596:
544:
439:
333:spp. (severe rusts of
296:
190:via the production of
182:. They reproduce both
171:
58:
51:Xanthomonas campestris
4921:Botanical expeditions
3640:Government ministries
3583:Agriculture companies
3419:Convertible husbandry
3097:Agricultural supplies
3047:Agricultural Engineer
2353:10.1093/femsre/fuz024
1536:Phakopsora pachyrhizi
1458:rice bacterial blight
972:Pesticide application
956:molecular diagnostics
912:Australian Government
843:
704:
592:
541:Ca. Phytoplasma vitis
535:
481:changes the level of
434:
354:Fungus-like organisms
318:Phakospora pachyrhizi
289:
162:
148:Further information:
43:
30:For the journal, see
4653:Evolutionary history
4643:Double fertilization
4495:Cellular respiration
3290:Neolithic Revolution
3149:Cellular agriculture
3102:Agricultural science
2642:on 24 September 2015
2577:"Ciclo biológico de
1698:Puccinia striiformis
1676:Fusarium head blight
1670:Fusarium graminearum
1561:Cercospora leaf spot
1509:Turcicum leaf blight
1503:Exserohilum turcicum
1421:Sclerotinia stem rot
1269:Fusarium graminearum
1236:Verticillium dahliae
1114:Fusarium head blight
1108:Fusarium graminearum
1044:Disease common name
644:, a coat protein, a
594:Tobacco mosaic virus
18:Fungal crop pathogen
3872:Non-vascular plants
2679:2002RaPC...63..397M
2553:10.1093/jee/toac010
1937:Roberts P. (1999).
1555:Cercospora beticola
1522:Heterodera glycines
1261:Aspergillus ear rot
926:irradiation of food
819:nutrient deficiency
817:and poor drainage;
683:that transmits the
112:. Not included are
4377:Surface structures
4172:Flower development
3424:Rotational grazing
3340:Columbian exchange
2463:10.1094/PD-89-0480
1841:Agrios GN (1972).
1733:yam mosaic disease
1542:Asian soybean rust
1466:Rhizoctonia solani
1448:Xanthomonas oryzae
1434:Magnaporthe oryzae
1345:GNV satellite RNA
1255:Aspergillus flavus
1218:Fusarium oxysporum
1085:Fusarium oxysporum
1064:banana bunchy top
1041:Disease Latin name
868:. You can help by
846:
779:which invades the
710:
706:Root-knot nematode
597:
578:(cicadellids) and
545:
440:
373:potato late blight
341:)(fungus)|rusts]].
297:
293:Puccinia tricicina
266:Magnaporthe grisea
172:
59:
27:Diseases of plants
4957:
4956:
4596:Herbaceous plants
4422:
4421:
3708:
3707:
3268:Urban agriculture
3241:Rice-duck farming
3189:Intensive farming
3159:Extensive farming
2971:
2970:
2787:10.1071/pp9910571
2591:(in Portuguese).
2289:978-1-904455-37-0
2247:10.1111/mpp.12580
2123:10.1111/mpp.12190
1738:
1737:
1704:wheat yellow rust
1684:Puccinia graminis
1407:Phoma stem canker
1242:Verticillium wilt
1211:bacterial blight
1202:Xanthomonas citri
1180:bacterial blight
1138:Puccinia graminis
1122:Blumeria graminis
935:originating from
886:
885:
730:Globodera pallida
716:parasitize plant
96:-like organisms,
16:(Redirected from
4977:
4947:
4946:
4926:Individual trees
4601:Secondary growth
4572:Succulent plants
4560:Prostrate shrubs
4443:Apical dominance
4428:Plant physiology
4389:Epicuticular wax
3934:
3927:
3918:Plant morphology
3735:
3728:
3721:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3505:Wildlife farming
3355:Green Revolution
3306:Ancient history
3246:Rice-fish system
3154:Contract farming
3139:Animal husbandry
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2963:Transplant shock
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2241:(4): 1029–1044.
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1370:Potato brown rot
1148:barley stem rust
1035:
881:
878:
860:
853:
739:
734:G. rostochiensis
646:movement protein
421:, respectively.
380:sudden oak death
196:saprotrophically
110:parasitic plants
64:are diseases in
21:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4935:
4904:Botanical terms
4897:
4883:
4847:
4793:Citrus taxonomy
4771:Author citation
4737:
4631:
4610:
4532:
4526:
4522:Turgor pressure
4430:
4418:
4372:
4187:Floral symmetry
4105:
4097:
4027:
4016:Vascular bundle
4011:Vascular tissue
3970:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3906:
3877:Vascular plants
3842:
3838:Plant pathology
3762:
3744:
3739:
3709:
3704:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3617:
3608:Poultry farming
3561:
3516:
3509:
3480:Poultry farming
3370:
3346:Modern history
3326:Post-classical
3274:
3273:
3272:
3216:Organic farming
3071:
3070:
3066:
3030:
3007:
3002:
2972:
2967:
2953:Plant pathology
2939:
2936:
2894:
2889:
2848:Current Biology
2841:
2840:
2836:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2722:(IPPC) (2021).
2718:
2717:
2710:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2004:Smithsonian.com
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1843:Plant Pathology
1840:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1743:
1690:wheat stem rust
1596:Ratoon stunting
1131:powdery mildew
1009:
1007:Economic impact
983:
974:
968:
943:), USDA APHIS (
896:
882:
876:
873:
866:needs expansion
851:
823:sodium chloride
795:
789:
775:they produce a
747:
737:
699:
693:
681:beet leafhopper
608:
602:
530:
429:
391:
361:
356:
284:
233:
213:of fungi often
166:, a biotrophic
157:
152:
146:
144:Plant pathogens
138:plant pathology
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4983:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4970:Plant diseases
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4894:Related topics
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4843:Taxonomic rank
4840:
4835:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Botanical name
4753:
4747:
4745:
4743:Plant taxonomy
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4719:Megasporangium
4716:
4715:
4714:
4707:Microsporangia
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4545:Cushion plants
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4480:Plant hormones
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4463:Photosynthesis
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Floral formula
4179:
4177:Floral diagram
4174:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4106:(incl. Flower)
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4006:Storage organs
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Spermatophytes
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Archaeplastida
3859:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3816:Phytogeography
3813:
3811:Phytochemistry
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:Subdisciplines
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3436:Insect farming
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:Ancient Greece
3312:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2892:External links
2890:
2888:
2887:
2834:
2792:
2781:(5): 571–579.
2763:
2737:
2708:
2653:
2616:
2567:
2546:(4): 967–971.
2526:
2477:
2456:(5): 480–486.
2436:
2409:(2): 193–203.
2391:
2377:
2326:
2295:
2288:
2270:
2221:
2195:
2146:
2117:(4): 413–434.
2094:
2073:(4): 307–321.
2047:
2017:
1990:
1981:
1963:"Soybean Rust"
1954:
1947:
1929:
1914:
1897:
1848:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1787:
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1771:
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1713:
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1678:
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1641:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1586:Leifsonia xyli
1582:
1576:
1575:
1570:
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1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1308:Basal stem rot
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:grey leaf spot
1286:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1245:
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1239:
1231:
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1150:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:Panama disease
1092:
1080:
1079:
1077:black sigatoka
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1008:
1005:
982:
979:
967:
964:
939:. The US FDA (
895:
892:
884:
883:
863:
861:
850:
847:
791:Main article:
788:
785:
746:
743:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
604:Main article:
601:
598:
537:Vitis vinifera
529:
526:
525:
524:
518:
517:
516:
508:
498:Pseudomonadota
495:
428:
425:
412:Plasmodiophora
390:
387:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
342:
326:
314:
306:
283:
282:Basidiomycetes
280:
279:
278:
270:
262:
254:
242:
232:
229:
180:Basidiomycetes
164:Powdery mildew
156:
153:
145:
142:
62:Plant diseases
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4982:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4879:Phytochemical
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Transpiration
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4304:Inflorescence
4302:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:Ground tissue
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:Plant anatomy
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Plant ecology
3831:
3829:
3828:Plant anatomy
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Archaeobotany
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Meat industry
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Biotechnology
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3515:Environmental
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Sheep farming
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Dairy farming
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3376:Farming Types
3373:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Ancient Egypt
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Paludiculture
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:Biotechnology
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Agriculturist
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:: R619–R634.
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:BV: 397–401.
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:Plant Disease
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:(6): 729–40.
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1948:1-900347-69-5
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1791:
1788:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:sheath blight
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:Fusarium wilt
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
989:
987:
986:Crop rotation
980:
978:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
922:electron-beam
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
904:United States
901:
893:
891:
889:
880:
877:December 2023
871:
867:
864:This section
862:
859:
855:
854:
848:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:kinetoplastid
758:
757:
752:
744:
742:
738:$ 300 million
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
703:
698:
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:; others are
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
650:plasmodesmata
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
619:
617:
613:
607:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:are obligate
557:
556:
551:
550:
542:
538:
534:
527:
522:
519:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
500:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
480:
479:
478:Agrobacterium
474:
470:
469:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
437:Agrobacterium
433:
426:
424:
422:
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
386:
383:
381:
377:
374:
370:
369:Stramenopiles
366:
358:
353:
348:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
331:
327:
324:
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
295:
294:
288:
281:
277:(cottony rot)
276:
275:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
259:
255:
252:
251:Thielaviopsis
248:
247:
246:Thielaviopsis
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
165:
161:
154:
151:
143:
141:
139:
135:
134:plant tissues
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:ectoparasites
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
56:
52:
47:
46:gram negative
42:
36:
34:
33:Plant Disease
19:
4874:Horticulture
4864:Floriculture
4766:Correct name
4616:Reproduction
4606:Woody plants
4531:Plant growth
4490:Gas Exchange
4475:Phytomelanin
4353:Plant embryo
4103:Reproductive
3951:Phragmoplast
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3550:Overdrafting
3409:Goat farming
3320:Ancient Rome
3226:Permaculture
3184:Horticulture
3129:Agroforestry
3087:Agribusiness
2851:
2847:
2837:
2812:
2808:
2795:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2740:
2723:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2637:the original
2632:
2619:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2497:(1): 87–95.
2494:
2490:
2480:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2380:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2304:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2114:
2110:
2097:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2033:
2008:. Retrieved
2003:
1993:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1971:. 2012-02-24
1966:
1957:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1900:
1868:(3): 46–59.
1865:
1862:Acta Naturae
1861:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1819:
1810:
1790:
1776:
1722:anthracnose
1715:
1696:
1682:
1668:
1648:late blight
1643:
1615:Sweet potato
1602:
1589:
1585:
1553:
1534:
1520:
1501:
1487:
1464:
1451:
1447:
1432:
1413:
1399:
1376:
1362:
1314:
1300:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1174:
1170:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1031:
1023:biophotonics
1019:spectroscopy
1010:
998:
992:
990:
984:
975:
949:
916:
897:
890:
887:
874:
870:adding to it
865:
796:
754:
748:
733:
729:
711:
654:
620:
609:
553:
547:
546:
510:
502:
493:Burkholderia
487:
476:
466:
460:
448:saprotrophic
441:
423:
416:
410:
407:powdery scab
392:
384:
362:
344:
328:
316:
308:
305:spp. (smuts)
300:
291:
272:
269:(rice blast)
264:
258:Verticillium
256:
250:
244:
236:
226:
222:Necrotrophic
219:
204:
173:
98:phytoplasmas
61:
60:
54:
50:
32:
4690:Pollen tube
4685:Pollinators
4675:Pollination
4670:Germination
4485:Respiration
4468:Chlorophyll
4314:Pedicellate
4248:Gametophyte
4167:Aestivation
4118:Antheridium
4113:Archegonium
3961:Plasmodesma
3938:Plant cells
3801:Paleobotany
3796:Ethnobotany
3781:Astrobotany
3700:Wikiproject
3540:Overgrazing
3475:Pig farming
3458:Paddy field
3431:Hydroponics
3404:Fur farming
3389:Aquaculture
3384:Agrivoltaic
3365:Monoculture
3286:Prehistory
3236:Polyculture
3057:Farm worker
3035:Occupations
3005:Agriculture
2815:(1): 1–25.
2402:Biologicals
2346:(1): 1–32.
1799:personnel."
1495:Anthracnose
1384:late blight
1222:vasinfectum
1206:malvacearum
933:commodities
726:subtropical
606:Plant virus
576:leafhoppers
564:mycoplasmas
555:Spiroplasma
549:Phytoplasma
543:" infection
512:Pseudomonas
504:Xanthomonas
452:subtropical
418:Spongospora
395:slime molds
310:Rhizoctonia
231:Ascomycetes
176:Ascomycetes
128:, or other
126:vertebrates
4712:Microspore
4702:Sporangium
4680:Artificial
4368:Sporophyte
4363:Sporophyll
4358:Receptacle
4253:Gynandrium
4123:Androecium
4032:Vegetative
3902:Angiosperm
3897:Gymnosperm
3791:Dendrology
3566:Categories
3231:Plantation
3179:Free range
3174:Feed ratio
2856:Cell Press
2749:(Report).
2730:: UN FAO (
2595:: 601–10.
2585:Phytomonas
2579:Phytomonas
2034:Haas et al
2010:21 October
1975:2020-12-06
1829:References
1573:rhizomania
1549:Sugar beet
1440:rice blast
1296:Palm fruit
1249:Maize/corn
1027:metabolism
981:Biological
970:See also:
777:plasmodium
756:Phytomonas
612:crop yield
568:Mollicutes
528:Mollicutes
399:Phytomyxea
389:Phytomyxea
346:Armillaria
207:fungicides
168:Ascomycete
132:by eating
68:caused by
55:campestris
48:bacterium
4909:Botanists
4827:Herbarium
4724:Megaspore
4622:Evolution
4565:Subshrubs
4533:and habit
4458:Nutrition
4453:Cellulose
4448:Bulk flow
4431:Materials
4394:Epidermis
4258:Gynoecium
4239:Endosperm
4234:Dispersal
4150:Staminode
4086:Sessility
4074:Cataphyll
3994:Mesophyll
3946:Cell wall
3887:Lycophyte
3867:Bryophyte
3821:Geobotany
3806:Phycology
3598:Livestock
3441:Livestock
3169:Farmhouse
2695:0969-806X
2089:0100-5405
1785:history."
1580:Sugarcane
1175:manihotis
908:Australia
849:Epidemics
835:wildfires
773:root hair
765:zoospores
714:nematodes
691:Nematodes
685:curly top
673:nematodes
642:replicase
616:perennial
365:oomycetes
359:Oomycetes
253:root rot)
188:asexually
106:nematodes
78:oomycetes
70:pathogens
53:pathovar
35:(journal)
4964:Category
4949:Category
4869:Forestry
4859:Agronomy
4852:Practice
4803:Cultivar
4798:Cultigen
4658:timeline
4550:Rosettes
4438:Aleurone
4414:Trichome
4331:Perianth
4143:Filament
4001:Meristem
3924:glossary
3786:Bryology
3664:Category
3490:Orchards
3463:Pastoral
3134:Agronomy
2882:29787730
2829:18000844
2703:93883640
2671:Elsevier
2646:10 April
2562:35187578
2521:26450274
2472:30795425
2431:23419581
2423:20153217
2372:31578554
2321:18104350
2265:29024322
2214:July 31,
2190:19019002
2141:25178392
1892:33173596
1762:Stunting
1741:See also
1609:red rot
1391:Rapeseed
1054:plantain
966:Chemical
924:/E-beam
831:windburn
815:flooding
753:such as
751:protozoa
745:Protozoa
722:tropical
697:Nematode
677:protozoa
663:such as
638:proteins
580:psyllids
473:soft rot
456:tropical
444:bacteria
427:Bacteria
403:clubroot
376:root rot
330:Puccinia
302:Ustilago
238:Fusarium
184:sexually
102:protozoa
82:bacteria
4627:Ecology
4384:Cuticle
4214:Capsule
4204:Anatomy
4155:Tapetum
4079:Petiole
4054:Rhizome
4049:Rhizoid
3976:Tissues
3966:Vacuole
3956:Plastid
3758:Outline
3753:History
3688:Commons
3500:Terrace
3446:Pasture
3414:Grazing
3360:Organic
3280:History
3194:animals
3117:Digital
3077:General
3021:History
3016:Outline
2873:5967643
2675:Bibcode
2669:(3–6).
2611:3253512
2587:].
2512:4703619
2363:8042644
2256:5772912
2181:6640315
2132:6638381
2059:Pythium
2040:24 July
1883:7604890
1820:Table 2
1588:subsp.
1516:Soybean
1479:Sorghum
1395:mustard
1322:bud rot
1220:f. sp.
1155:Cassava
1140:f. sp.
1124:f. sp.
1089:cubense
799:drought
769:viruses
661:insects
626:genomes
600:Viruses
572:genomes
468:Erwinia
463:bacilli
339:grasses
335:cereals
323:soybean
118:insects
90:viroids
86:viruses
4931:Plants
4834:(IAPT)
4587:Lianas
4555:Shrubs
4507:Starch
4399:Nectar
4319:Raceme
4285:Stigma
4273:Locule
4263:Carpel
4224:Pyrena
4162:Flower
4138:Anther
4133:Stamen
4128:Pollen
3850:groups
3742:Botany
3676:Portal
3517:impact
3468:Bocage
3394:Cattle
3062:Herder
3052:Farmer
2880:
2870:
2854:(10).
2827:
2701:
2693:
2609:
2560:
2519:
2509:
2470:
2429:
2421:
2370:
2360:
2319:
2286:
2263:
2253:
2188:
2178:
2139:
2129:
2087:
1945:
1890:
1880:
1816:
1796:
1782:
1639:Tomato
1483:millet
1452:oryzae
1358:Potato
1329:Peanut
1196:Cotton
1142:hordei
1126:hordei
1102:Barley
1087:f.sp.
1061:(BBTV)
1050:Banana
937:Hawaii
827:gypsum
675:, and
665:aphids
657:vector
584:phloem
539:with "
483:auxins
378:, and
215:evolve
192:spores
170:fungus
66:plants
4891:Lists
4808:Group
4731:Spore
4665:Flora
4582:Vines
4577:Trees
4540:Habit
4512:Sugar
4404:Stoma
4346:Sepal
4341:Petal
4336:Tepal
4324:Umbel
4309:Bract
4290:Style
4278:Ovule
4268:Ovary
4209:Berry
4199:Fruit
4192:Whorl
4059:Shoot
3857:Algae
3848:Plant
3622:Lists
3485:Ranch
3453:Mixed
3204:crops
3026:Index
2825:S2CID
2805:(PDF)
2756:4 May
2699:S2CID
2640:(PDF)
2629:(PDF)
2427:S2CID
2107:(PDF)
1768:Notes
1664:Wheat
930:fruit
918:X-ray
803:frost
781:roots
718:roots
712:Some
708:galls
669:fungi
442:Most
393:Some
325:rust)
211:races
155:Fungi
122:mites
116:like
94:virus
74:fungi
4813:Grex
4695:Self
4229:Seed
4091:Stem
4069:Leaf
4044:Root
4039:Bulb
4023:Wood
3984:Cork
3882:Fern
3199:pigs
3164:Farm
2878:PMID
2758:2016
2728:Rome
2691:ISSN
2648:2015
2607:PMID
2558:PMID
2517:PMID
2468:PMID
2419:PMID
2368:PMID
2317:PMID
2284:ISBN
2261:PMID
2216:2012
2186:PMID
2137:PMID
2085:ISSN
2042:2012
2012:2018
1943:ISBN
1888:PMID
1818:39,
1747:Burl
1590:xyli
1481:and
1450:pv.
1428:Rice
1393:and
1204:pv.
1173:pv.
1052:and
1038:Crop
1021:and
950:The
920:and
825:and
811:hail
809:and
807:snow
759:, a
732:and
724:and
640:: a
552:and
515:spp.
507:spp.
454:and
415:and
363:The
337:and
313:spp.
261:spp.
200:soil
186:and
108:and
4502:Sap
4219:Nut
4064:Bud
2868:PMC
2860:doi
2817:doi
2783:doi
2683:doi
2597:doi
2548:doi
2544:115
2507:PMC
2499:doi
2495:129
2458:doi
2411:doi
2358:PMC
2348:doi
2309:doi
2251:PMC
2243:doi
2176:PMC
2168:doi
2127:PMC
2119:doi
2075:doi
1878:PMC
1870:doi
1711:Yam
872:.
837:.
634:DNA
630:RNA
623:RNA
397:in
382:.
178:or
4966::
2876:.
2866:.
2852:28
2850:.
2846:.
2823:.
2813:35
2811:.
2807:.
2779:18
2777:.
2726:.
2711:^
2697:.
2689:.
2681:.
2667:63
2665:.
2631:.
2605:.
2593:83
2556:.
2542:.
2538:.
2515:.
2505:.
2493:.
2489:.
2466:.
2454:89
2452:.
2448:.
2425:.
2417:.
2407:38
2405:.
2366:.
2356:.
2344:44
2342:.
2338:.
2315:.
2259:.
2249:.
2239:19
2237:.
2233:.
2206:.
2184:.
2174:.
2162:.
2158:.
2135:.
2125:.
2115:16
2113:.
2109:.
2083:.
2071:32
2069:.
2063:.
2032:.
2020:^
2002:.
1965:.
1886:.
1876:.
1866:12
1864:.
1860:.
1814:p.
1794:p.
1780:p.
1029:.
829:;
813:;
805:,
801:,
783:.
671:,
475:.
465:.
140:.
124:,
120:,
104:,
100:,
92:,
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80:,
76:,
3926:)
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2983:v
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2884:.
2862::
2831:.
2819::
2789:.
2785::
2760:.
2705:.
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2677::
2650:.
2613:.
2599::
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2192:.
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