94:(COE) will be compatible. Coefficient of expansion is one indicator that glasses may be compatible, but there are many other factors that determine whether glasses are compatible. If incompatible glasses are fused together, it is unlikely that the fused piece will be able to maintain structural integrity. The piece may shatter during the cooling process, or develop stress originating from the point of contact between the incompatible glasses over time, leading to fractures within the glass, and eventually breakage.
188:(holding the temperature at a specific point) until the separate pieces begin to bond together. The longer the kiln is held at the maximum temperature, the more thoroughly the stack will fuse, eventually softening and rounding the edges of the original shape. Once the desired effect has been achieved at the maximum desired temperature, the kiln temperature will be brought down quickly through the temperature range of 815 °C (1,499 °F) to 573 °C (1,063 °F) to avoid
203:(961 °F) relieving the stress between those areas. The last stage, once all areas have had time to reach a consistent temperature, is the final journey to room temperature. The kiln is slowly brought down over the course of 2 hours to 371 °C (700 °F), soaked for 2 hours at 371 °C (700 °F), down again to 260 °C (500 °F) which ends the firing schedule. The glass will remain in the closed kiln until the
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While glass working in general enjoyed a revival during the
Renaissance, fusing was largely ignored during this period. Fusing began to regain popularity in the early part of the 20th century, particularly in the U.S. during the 1960s. Modern glass fusing is a widespread hobby but the technique is
210:
Note that these temperatures are not hard and fast rules. Depending on the kiln, the size of the project, the number of layers, the desired finished look, and even the brand of glass, ramp and soak temperatures and times may vary. Small pendants can be fired and cooled very rapidly. For instance,
65:
While the precise origins of glass fusing techniques are not known with certainty, there is archeological evidence that the
Egyptians were familiar with techniques ca. 2000 BCE. Although this date is generally accepted by researchers, some historians argue that the earliest fusing techniques were
202:
The first stage- the rapid cool period is meant to place the glass into the upper end of the annealing range 516 °C (961 °F). The second stage- the anneal soak at 516 °C (961 °F) is meant to equalize the temperature at the core and the surface of the glass at 516 °C
97:
Generally, kiln-glass manufacturers will rate their glasses for compatibility with other glasses they make. In order to be certain that the glasses they use will be compatible, many glass fusers will adopt one manufacturer's glasses to use exclusively.
227:, and jewelry, notably beads. Slumping techniques allow the creation of larger, functional pieces like dishes, bowls, plates, and ashtrays. Producing functional pieces generally requires 2 or more separate firings, one to fuse the glass and a second
180:, or layering thin sheets of glass, often using different colors to create patterns or simple images. The stack is then placed inside the kiln (which is almost always electric, but can be heated by gas or wood) and then heated through a series of
101:
The stress in two pieces of incompatible glass that were fused can be observed by placing the item between two polarizing filters. This will show areas of tension which will develop stress and fracture over time.
66:
first developed by the Romans, who were much more prolific glassworkers. Fusing was the primary method of making small glass objects for approximately 2,000 years, until the development of the glass
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192:. The glass is then allowed to cool slowly over a specified time, soaking at specified temperature ranges which are essential to the
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242:. This has become especially popular since the introduction of glass manufactured for the specific purpose of fusing in a kiln.
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49:. This is usually done roughly between 700 °C (1,292 °F) and 820 °C (1,510 °F), and can range from
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at lower temperatures, in which separate pieces of glass stick together but still retain their individual shapes, to
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in order to ensure they can be fused properly. It is a common misconception that glasses having the same
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process. This prevents uneven cooling and breakage and produces a strong finished product.
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Since the 1970s, more hobbyists have focused on using kiln-fused glass to make
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This cooling takes place normally for a period of 10–12 hours in 3 stages.
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at higher ones, in which separate pieces merge smoothly into one another.
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largely supplanted fusing due to its greater efficiency and utility.
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small glass pieces can be fired in as little as one hour.
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Joining together of pieces of glass at high temperature
524:"TechNotes 3: Compatibility of Glasses | Kilnforming"
219:
Fused glass techniques are generally used to create
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78:also gaining popularity in the world of fine art.
460:. Hidden Valley Books; Scottsdale, Arizona 1987,
500:. www.glass-fusing-made-easy.com. Archived from
249:Glass bas-relief - artist : Carlo Roccella
480:. Vitreous Publications; Colton, Oregon 1983,
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8:
290:"Glass Fusing Basics | Methods & Ideas"
144:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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176:Most contemporary fusing methods involve
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
498:"Glass Fusing and Slumping Information"
281:
430:"The Four Main Stages in Firing Glass"
34:Fused and kiln-formed glass sculpture.
571:Digital Controller Instruction Manual
41:is the joining together of pieces of
7:
142:adding citations to reliable sources
639:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)
86:Disparate pieces of glass must be
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634:Blowing and pressing (containers)
561:National Capital Art Glass Guild
114:
1:
817:Machine drawn cylinder sheet
930:Glossary of glass art terms
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566:Blank Glass Firing Records
43:glass at high temperature
847:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass
659:Overflow downdraw method
654:Precision glass moulding
649:Drawing (optical fibers)
458:The Fused Glass Handbook
319:"What is "Fused" Glass?"
207:reads room temperature.
92:coefficient of expansion
900:Shock metamorphic glass
344:"Glass Fusing - Fusing"
405:"What is tack-fusing?"
250:
35:
528:www.bullseyeglass.com
437:www.spectrumglass.com
409:www.bullseyeglass.com
376:www.bullseyeglass.com
294:www.bullseyeglass.com
248:
33:
762:Cylinder blown sheet
184:(rapid heating) and
138:improve this section
885:Radiative processes
700:historic techniques
624:Float glass process
556:FusedGlassBooks.com
348:www.delphiglass.com
238:and components for
679:Chemical polishing
369:"Heat & Glass"
251:
36:
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877:Natural processes
792:Fourcault process
478:Kiln Firing Glass
476:Boyce Lundstrom:
215:Finished products
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16:(Redirected from
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607:Glass production
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378:. Archived from
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890:Opal formation
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867:Tempered glass
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551:FusedGlass.Org
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545:External links
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456:Gil Reynolds:
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323:FusedGlass.Org
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629:Fritted glass
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504:on 2012-01-19
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300:on 2019-03-31
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265:Glass casting
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231:to shape it.
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154:February 2016
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123:This section
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82:Compatibility
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862:Studio glass
837:Porous glass
802:Glass mosaic
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787:Forest glass
698:Artistic and
531:. Retrieved
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506:. Retrieved
502:the original
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440:. Retrieved
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412:. Retrieved
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387:. Retrieved
380:the original
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351:. Retrieved
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326:. Retrieved
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302:. Retrieved
298:the original
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260:Fused quartz
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136:Please help
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72:Glassblowing
64:
54:
50:
39:Glass fusing
38:
37:
812:Lampworking
752:Crown glass
747:Cased glass
742:Caneworking
737:Broad sheet
732:Blown plate
442:22 February
414:22 February
389:22 February
353:22 February
328:22 February
225:glass tiles
55:full fusing
51:tack fusing
18:Fused glass
961:Warm glass
950:Categories
822:Millefiori
722:Beadmaking
644:Glass wool
617:techniques
615:Commercial
609:techniques
533:2018-01-18
508:2008-05-21
304:2015-09-09
276:References
106:Techniques
88:compatible
956:Glass art
904:Impactite
895:Sea glass
807:Glassware
767:Engraving
757:Cut glass
717:Glass art
712:Art glass
707:Āina-kāri
221:art glass
205:pyrometer
194:annealing
125:does not
852:Slumping
664:Pressing
270:Slumping
254:See also
178:stacking
68:blowpipe
923:Related
772:Etching
727:Blowing
689:Rolling
669:Casting
240:jewelry
146:removed
131:sources
61:History
827:Mirror
797:Fusing
484:
464:
433:(PDF)
383:(PDF)
372:(PDF)
236:beads
229:slump
186:soaks
182:ramps
482:ISBN
462:ISBN
444:2019
416:2019
391:2019
355:2019
330:2019
129:any
127:cite
47:kiln
140:by
952::
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
