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months old have shown the ability to distinguish between faces. During this time, babies may exhibit the ability to differentiate between genders, with some evidence suggesting that they prefer faces of the same sex as their primary caregiver. It is theorized that, in terms of evolution, babies focus on women for food, although the preference could simply reflect a bias for the caregivers they experience. Infants do not appear to use this area for the perception of faces. Recent fMRI work has found no face selective area in the brain of infants 4 to 6 months old. However, given that the adult human brain has been studied far more extensively than the infant brain, and that infants are still undergoing major neurodevelopmental processes, it may simply be that the FFA is not located in an anatomically familiar area. It may also be that activation for many different percepts and cognitive tasks in infants is diffuse in terms of neural circuitry, as infants are still undergoing periods of
345:
181:
Gauthier et al., in an adversarial collaboration with
Kanwisher, tested both car and bird experts, and found some activation in the FFA when car experts were identifying cars and when bird experts were identifying birds. This finding has been replicated, and expertise effects in the FFA have been found for other categories such as chess displays and X-rays. Recently, it was found that the thickness of the cortex in the FFA predicts the ability to recognize faces as well as vehicles.
41:
312:; this may make it more difficult to distinguish the signal, or what we would imagine as visual and complex familiar objects (like faces), from the noise, including static firing rates of neurons, and activity that is dedicated to a different task entirely than the activity of face processing. Infant vision involves only light and dark recognition, recognizing only major features of the face, activating the
29:
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of these functional clusters in perceiving the facial image. While it is generally agreed that the FFA responds more to faces than to most other categories, there is debate about whether the FFA is uniquely dedicated to face processing, as proposed by Nancy
Kanwisher and others, or whether it participates in the processing of other objects. The expertise hypothesis, as championed by
232:
participants were more accurate at matching familiar faces than unfamiliar ones. Using an fMRI, they also found that the participants that were more accurate in identifying familiar faces had more activity in their right fusiform face area and participants that were poor at matching had less activity in their right fusiform area.
215:
as a result of a car accident, later developed object agnosia. He experienced great difficulty with basic-level object recognition, also extending to body parts, but performed very well at recognizing faces. A later study showed that C. K. was unable to recognize faces that were inverted or otherwise
227:
have demonstrated that activity in the FFA codes for individual faces and the FFA is tuned for behaviorally relevant facial features. An electrocorticography study found that the FFA is involved in multiple stages of face processing, continuously from when people see a face until they respond to it,
332:
Recent evidence, however, shows that the FFA has other functions regarding emotion. The FFA is differentially activated by faces exhibiting different emotions. A study has determined that the FFA is activated more strongly by fearful faces than neutral faces. This implies that the FFA has functions
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There is evidence supporting the FFA's evolutionary face-perception. Case studies into other dedicated areas of the brain may suggest that the FFA is intrinsically designed to recognize faces. Other studies have recognized areas of the brain essential to recognizing environments and bodies. Without
267:
determined this phenomenon. When first exposed to greebles, a person's FFA was activated more strongly by faces than by greebles. After familiarising themselves with individual greebles or becoming a greeble expert, a person's FFA was activated equally by faces and greebles. Likewise, children with
175:
in the visual system. Studies have recently shown that the FFA is composed of functional clusters that are at a finer spatial scale than prior investigations have measured. Electrical stimulation of these functional clusters selectively distorts face perception, which is causal support for the role
272:
have been shown to develop object recognition at a similarly impaired pace as face recognition. Studies of late patients of autism have discovered that autistic people have lower neuron densities in the FFA. This raises an interesting question, however: Is the poor face perception due to a reduced
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The FFA is underdeveloped in children and does not fully develop until adolescence. This calls into question the evolutionary purpose of the FFA, as children show the ability to differentiate faces. Three-day-old babies have been shown to prefer the face of their mother. Babies as early as three
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has determined that the FFA is essential to the recognition of unique faces. However, these patients are capable of recognizing the same people normally by other means, such as voice. Studies involving language characters have also been conducted in order to ascertain the role of the FFA in face
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and others, offers an explanation for how the FFA becomes selective for faces in most people. The expertise hypothesis suggests that the FFA is a critical part of a network that is important for individuating objects that are visually similar because they share a common configuration of parts.
328:
humans use that disturb the structure of the face. These disruptions and emotions are first processed in the amygdala and later transmitted to the FFA for facial recognition. This data is then used by the FFA to determine more static information about the face. The fact that the FFA is so far
231:
Another study found that there is stronger activity in the FFA when a person sees a familiar face as opposed to an unfamiliar one. Participants were shown different pictures of faces that either had the same identity, familiar, or faces with separate identities, or unfamiliar. It found that
155:. Comparing the neural response between faces and scrambled faces will reveal areas that are face-responsive, while comparing cortical activation between faces and objects will reveal areas that are face-selective.
294:
characters, elicit a high response in different areas of the FFA than those areas that elicit a high response from faces. This data implies that certain areas of the FFA have evolutionary face-perception purposes.
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distorted, even in cases where they could easily be identified by normal subjects. This is taken as evidence that the fusiform face area is specialized for processing faces in a normal orientation.
1273:
Khan, Sheraz; Gramfort, Alexandre; Shetty, Nandita R.; Kitzbichler, Manfred G.; Ganesan, Santosh; Moran, Joseph M.; Lee, Su Mei; Gabrieli, John D. E.; Tager-Flusberg, Helen B. (2013-02-19).
1044:
Moscovitch M, Winocur G, Behrmann M (1997). "What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition".
361:
151:(fMRI) studies. Usually, a participant views images of faces, objects, places, bodies, scrambled faces, scrambled objects, scrambled places, and scrambled bodies. This is called a
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number of cells or is there a reduced number of cells because autistic people seldom perceive faces? Asked simply: Are faces simply objects with which every person has expertise?
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reason. The conflicting hypotheses stem from the ambiguity in FFA activation, as the FFA is activated by both familiar objects and faces. A study regarding novel objects called
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Ghuman, Avniel Singh; Brunet, Nicolas M.; Li, Yuanning; Konecky, Roma O.; Pyles, John A.; Walls, Shawn A.; Destefino, Vincent; Wang, Wei; Richardson, R. Mark (2014-01-01).
192:, evoke an early (165-millisecond) activation in the FFA, at a time and location similar to that evoked by faces, whereas other common objects do not evoke such
200:. The authors suggest that face perception evoked by face-like objects is a relatively early process, and not a late cognitive reinterpretation phenomenon.
1340:
Weibert, K; Andrews, TJ (August 2015). "Activity in the right fusiform face area predicts the behavioural advantage for the perception of familiar faces".
1935:
Deen, Ben; Richardson, Hilary; Dilks, Daniel D.; Takahashi, Atsushi; Keil, Boris; Wald, Lawrence L.; Kanwisher, Nancy; Saxe, Rebecca (2017-01-10).
1892:
Quinn, P.C.; Yahr J; Kuhn A.; Slater A.M.; Pascalils O. (2002). "Representation of the Gender of Human Faces by
Infants: a Preference for Female".
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Downing, Paul; Yuhong Jiang; Miles Shuman; Nancy
Kanwisher (September 2001). "A Cortical Area Selective for Visual Processing of the Human Body".
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220:
148:
344:
474:
Sergent J, Ohta S, MacDonald B (Feb 1992). "Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing. A positron emission tomography study".
49:
scan of a person who has been asked to look at faces. The image shows increased blood flow in cerebral cortex that recognizes faces (FFA).
1773:"Neural Adaptation Provides Evidence for Categorical Differences in Processing of Faces and Chinese Characters: an ERP Study of the N170"
329:
downstream in the processing of emotion suggests that it has little to do with emotion perception and instead deals in face perception.
732:"High-resolution imaging of expertise reveals reliable object selectivity in the fusiform face area related to perceptual performance"
2102:
89:
638:, Skudlarski P, Gore JC, Anderson AW (Feb 2000). "Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition".
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Guyer AE, Monk CS, McClure-Tone EB, Nelson EE, Roberson-Nay R, Adler AD, Fromm SJ, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Ernst M (July 2010).
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van Kooten IA, Palmen SJ, von
Cappeln P, Steinbusch HW, Korr H, Heinsen H, Hof PR, van Engeland H, Schmitz C (April 2008).
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Studies into what else may trigger the FFA validates arguments about its evolutionary purpose. There are countless
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in processing emotion despite its downstream processing and questions its evolutionary purpose to identify faces.
2108:
Bukach C. M.; Gauthier I.; Tarr M. (2006). "Beyond faces and modularity: The power of an expertise framework".
1383:
Gauthier, I; Behrmann M Tarr MJ (1999). "Can Face
Recognition Really be Dissociated from Object Recognition?".
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Epstein, Russell; Kanwisher, Nancy (April 1998). "A cortical representation of the local visual environment".
97:
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these dedicated areas, people are incapable of recognizing places and bodies. Similar research regarding
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provided evidence that faces are processed in a special way. A patient known as C. K., who suffered
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1397:
1208:"Unraveling the distributed neural code of facial identity through spatiotemporal pattern analysis"
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demonstrating the dynamic and important role the FFA plays as part of the face perception network.
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Parvizi J, Jacques C, Foster BL, Witthoft N, Rangarajan V, Weiner KS, Grill-Spector K (Oct 2012).
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1275:"Local and long-range functional connectivity is reduced in concert in autism spectrum disorders"
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McGugin, Rankin
Williams; Gatenby, J. Christopher; Gore, John C.; Gauthier, Isabel (2012-10-16).
663:
615:
515:"Sparsely-distributed organization of face and limb activations in human ventral temporal cortex"
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425:"The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception"
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2017:
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Bushnell, I.W.R. (2001). "Mother's Face
Recognition in Newborn Infants: Learning and Memory".
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Fu, S; Chunliang F; Shichun G; Yuejia L; Raja P (2012). Barton, Jason Jeremy
Sinclair (ed.).
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899:"Cortical Thickness in Fusiform Face Area Predicts Face and Object Recognition Performance"
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with a debated purpose. Some researchers believe that the FFA is evolutionary purposed for
635:
614:(2017-02-22). "The Quest for the FFA led to the Expertise Account of its Specialization".
611:
564:"Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception"
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1722:"Face-sensitivity Despite Right Lateral Occipital Brain Damage in Acquired Prosopagnosia"
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Chinese characters similar to those used in Fu et al., which elicit a response in the FFA
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1007:"Intact visual imagery and impaired visual perception in a patient with visual agnosia"
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2013:
850:"The Faces in Radiological Images: Fusiform Face Area Supports Radiological Expertise"
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BilaliΔ, Merim; Grottenthaler, Thomas; NΓ€gele, Thomas; Lindig, Tobias (2016-03-01).
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Psychologists debate whether the FFA is activated by faces for an evolutionary or
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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BilaliΔ, Merim; Langner, Robert; Ulrich, Rolf; Grodd, Wolfgang (2011-07-13).
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In 2020, scientists showed the area is also activated in people born blind.
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Anzellotti, Stefano; Fairhall, Scott L.; Caramazza, Alfonso (2014-08-01).
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799:"Many Faces of Expertise: Fusiform Face Area in Chess Experts and Novices"
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256:. Others believe that the FFA discriminates between any familiar stimuli.
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Part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition
1159:"Decoding representations of face identity that are tolerant to rotation"
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81:
2045:"A Developmental Examination of Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions"
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study found that objects incidentally perceived as faces, an example of
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The FFA was discovered and continues to be investigated in humans using
61:
1117:
897:
McGugin, Rankin W.; Van Gulick, Ana E.; Gauthier, Isabel (2015-10-06).
208:
956:"Early (N170) activation of face-specific cortex by face-like objects"
394:"Face-specific brain area responds to faces even in people born blind"
269:
1853:
2000:
Adolphs, R (April 2002). "Neural Systems for Recognizing Emotion".
683:"Revisiting the Role of the Fusiform Face Area in Visual Expertise"
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The fusiform face area (FFA) is a part of the brain located in the
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in 1997 who proposed that the existence of the FFA is evidence for
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1580:
1094:"Dynamic encoding of face information in the human fusiform gyrus"
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33:
Human brain, bottom view. Fusiform face area shown in bright blue.
1206:
Nestor, Adrian; Plaut, David C.; Behrmann, Marlene (2011-06-14).
1673:"Perception of Face Parts and Face Configuration: an fMRI Study"
1534:(4th ed.). New York City: W.W. Norton Company Inc. p.
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Gazzaniga, Michael; Ivry, Richard B.; Mangun, George R. (2014).
1438:"Atypical Development of Face and Greeble Recognition in Autism"
197:
46:
1487:"Neurons in the Fusiform Gyrus are Fewer and Smaller in Autism"
316:. These findings question the evolutionary purpose of the FFA.
196:. This activation is similar to a face-specific ERP component
954:
Hadjikhani N, Kveraga K, Naik P, Ahlfors SP (February 2009).
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recognition. These studies have found that objects, such as
1937:"Organization of high-level visual cortex in human infants"
88:(while also activated in people blind from birth) that is
2097:
Carlson, Neil R., Physiology of Behavior, 9th ed., 2007.
1436:
Scherf, S; Behrmann M; Minshew N; Luna B (April 2008).
362:
Neural processing for individual categories of objects
1005:
Behrmann M, Moscovitch M, Winocur G (October 1994).
1720:Prieto, EA; Caharel S; Henson R; Rossion B (2011).
21:
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2094:McKone et al., Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2007
398:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1530:Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind
1279:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
736:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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1871:. Belmont, CA: Cengage Lerning. p. 91.
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1671:Liu, J; Kanwisher N Harris A (2010).
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221:functional magnetic resonance imaging
163:The human FFA was first described by
149:functional magnetic resonance imaging
7:
136:, usually being larger in the right
442:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997
84:face area) is a part of the human
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2049:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1677:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1385:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1011:J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
903:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1454:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01903.x
531:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.262
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2002:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1726:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
350:Fusiform face area shown in red
816:10.1523/jneurosci.5727-10.2011
580:10.1523/jneurosci.2609-12.2012
120:on the ventral surface of the
1:
2014:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00301-X
98:inferior temporal cortex (IT)
2110:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1832:Infant and Child Development
1798:10.1371/journal.pone.0041103
974:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328325a8e1
145:positron emission tomography
1023:10.1037/0096-1523.20.5.1068
167:in 1992 and later named by
124:on the lateral side of the
2178:
2122:10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.004
130:parahippocampal place area
116:The FFA is located in the
1867:Goldstein, Bruce (2013).
1058:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.555
54:
38:
26:
1739:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00138
244:Function and controversy
128:. It is lateral to the
2061:10.1162/jocn.2008.20114
1689:10.1162/jocn.2009.21203
1642:10.1126/science.1063414
1407:10.1162/089892999563472
1300:10.1073/pnas.1214533110
1233:10.1073/pnas.1102433108
803:Journal of Neuroscience
757:10.1073/pnas.1116333109
96:. It is located in the
511:Grill-Spector, Kalanit
488:10.1093/brain/115.1.15
320:Evidence from emotions
281:
186:magnetoencephalography
56:Anatomical terminology
1941:Nature Communications
1176:10.1093/cercor/bht046
1098:Nature Communications
867:10.1093/cercor/bhu272
700:10.1093/cercor/bhi006
681:Xu, Y. (2005-08-01).
299:Evidence from infants
279:
1869:Sense and Perception
1504:10.1093/brain/awn033
915:10.1162/jocn_a_00891
225:electrocorticography
153:functional localizer
1961:10.1038/ncomms13995
1953:2017NatCo...813995D
1789:2012PLoSO...741103F
1624:2001Sci...293.2470D
1618:(5539): 2470β2473.
1573:1998Natur.392..598E
1291:2013PNAS..110.3107K
1224:2011PNAS..108.9998N
1110:2014NatCo...5.5672G
809:(28): 10206β10214.
748:2012PNAS..10917063M
742:(42): 17063β17068.
132:. It displays some
1218:(24): 9998β10003.
1118:10.1038/ncomms6672
509:Weiner, Kevin S.;
326:facial expressions
282:
173:domain specificity
94:facial recognition
74:fusiform face area
45:Computer-enhanced
22:Fusiform face area
1878:978-1-133-95849-9
1567:(6676): 598β601.
1545:978-0-393-91348-4
372:Cross-race effect
367:Super recognisers
337:Additional images
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612:Gauthier, Isabel
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62:edit on Wikidata
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687:Cerebral Cortex
680:
679:
675:
634:
633:
629:
610:
609:
605:
561:
560:
556:
508:
507:
503:
473:
472:
468:
435:(11): 4302β11.
419:
418:
411:
402:
400:
392:
391:
384:
380:
358:
351:
348:
339:
322:
301:
254:face perception
246:
241:
178:Isabel Gauthier
169:Nancy Kanwisher
165:Justine Sergent
161:
114:
66:
50:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2116:(4): 159β166.
2105:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2055:(9): 1565β82.
2035:
1992:
1927:
1900:(9): 1109β21.
1884:
1877:
1859:
1838:(1β2): 67β74.
1822:
1763:
1712:
1663:
1633:10.1.1.70.6526
1602:
1551:
1544:
1518:
1477:
1428:
1398:10.1.1.34.4412
1375:
1332:
1265:
1198:
1149:
1079:
1052:(5): 555β604.
1036:
1017:(5): 1068β87.
997:
946:
909:(2): 282β294.
889:
840:
789:
722:
673:
627:
603:
554:
525:(4): 1559β73.
501:
466:
409:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
342:
338:
335:
321:
318:
310:neural pruning
300:
297:
250:fusiform gyrus
245:
242:
240:
237:
219:Studies using
160:
157:
134:lateralization
126:fusiform gyrus
118:ventral stream
113:
110:
102:fusiform gyrus
82:spindle-shaped
68:
67:
58:
52:
51:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2160:Temporal lobe
2158:
2156:
2155:Visual system
2153:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2103:0-205-46724-5
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
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2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:(2): 169β71.
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:10.1068/p3331
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
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1794:
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1783:(7): e41103.
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:(1): 203β11.
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
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1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:10.1038/33402
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1522:
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1505:
1500:
1497:(4): 987β99.
1496:
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1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(8): 838β47.
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
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1399:
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1391:(4): 349β70.
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
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1347:
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1336:
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1301:
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1234:
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1213:
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1177:
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1111:
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1103:
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1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
984:
979:
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971:
967:
963:
962:
957:
950:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
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817:
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808:
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800:
793:
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785:
781:
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771:
767:
763:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:10.1038/72140
649:
645:
641:
640:Nat. Neurosci
637:
631:
628:
622:
617:
613:
607:
604:
599:
595:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
555:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
467:
462:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
410:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
298:
296:
293:
288:
287:prosopagnosia
278:
274:
271:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
243:
238:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
179:
174:
170:
166:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:temporal lobe
119:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:visual system
83:
79:
75:
63:
57:
53:
48:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2113:
2109:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1868:
1862:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1680:
1676:
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1615:
1611:
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1564:
1560:
1554:
1529:
1521:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1388:
1384:
1378:
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1335:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1101:
1097:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1014:
1010:
1000:
968:(4): 403β7.
965:
959:
949:
906:
902:
892:
857:
853:
843:
806:
802:
792:
739:
735:
725:
690:
686:
676:
646:(2): 191β7.
643:
639:
630:
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571:
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522:
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479:
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397:
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306:neurogenesis
302:
283:
258:
247:
234:
230:
218:
213:brain damage
202:
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961:NeuroReport
429:J. Neurosci
421:Kanwisher N
90:specialized
2149:Categories
1894:Perception
1348:: 588β96.
636:Gauthier I
621:1702.07038
568:J Neurosci
519:NeuroImage
403:2021-03-06
378:References
205:case study
194:activation
190:pareidolia
147:(PET) and
138:hemisphere
80:, meaning
1969:2041-1723
1947:: 13995.
1840:CiteSeerX
1628:CiteSeerX
1393:CiteSeerX
1309:0027-8424
1242:1091-6490
1185:1460-2199
1126:2041-1723
1074:207550378
923:0898-929X
876:1047-3211
766:0027-8424
709:1047-3211
261:expertise
112:Structure
100:, in the
2138:17207613
2130:16516534
2079:18345988
2030:13169882
2022:12015233
1987:28072399
1922:11359932
1914:12375875
1817:22911750
1777:PLOS ONE
1758:22275889
1707:19302006
1650:11577239
1513:18332073
1472:18422548
1415:10471845
1370:17278436
1362:26187507
1327:23319621
1260:21628569
1193:23463339
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1066:23965118
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717:15677350
668:15752722
660:10649576
598:23100414
549:20457261
356:See also
314:amygdala
265:greebles
159:Function
2070:2902865
1978:5234071
1949:Bibcode
1808:3404057
1785:Bibcode
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1698:2888696
1658:1564641
1620:Bibcode
1612:Science
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1463:3071970
1423:7111762
1318:3581984
1287:Bibcode
1251:3116398
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1135:4339092
1106:Bibcode
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826:6623046
775:3479484
744:Bibcode
589:3517886
540:3122128
496:1559150
461:9151747
452:6573547
292:Chinese
239:History
209:agnosia
184:A 2009
2136:
2128:
2101:
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2028:
2020:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1920:
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270:autism
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1593:S2CID
1491:Brain
1419:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1070:S2CID
664:S2CID
616:arXiv
476:Brain
60:[
2126:PMID
2099:ISBN
2075:PMID
2018:PMID
1983:PMID
1965:ISSN
1910:PMID
1873:ISBN
1813:PMID
1754:PMID
1703:PMID
1646:PMID
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1540:ISBN
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1305:ISSN
1256:PMID
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762:ISSN
713:PMID
705:ISSN
656:PMID
594:PMID
545:PMID
492:PMID
457:PMID
308:and
223:and
203:One
198:N170
92:for
72:The
47:fMRI
2118:doi
2065:PMC
2057:doi
2010:doi
1973:PMC
1957:doi
1902:doi
1850:doi
1803:PMC
1793:doi
1744:PMC
1734:doi
1693:PMC
1685:doi
1638:doi
1616:293
1577:doi
1565:392
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1228:doi
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1130:PMC
1114:doi
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