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1197:
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1632:
45:
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1997:
1917:
1907:
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1987:
1867:
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1602:
36:
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1227:
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2179:
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1809:
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1572:
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1642:
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1477:
2777:
2645:
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1977:
1897:
1707:
1427:
1397:
1385:
1345:
1217:
2285:
2121:
2027:
1877:
1529:
1487:
1335:
1305:
1287:
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1839:
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2189:
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1859:
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268:
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1967:
1947:
1927:
2727:
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2131:
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2141:
1757:
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1539:
2705:
2635:
2265:
2111:
2007:
1672:
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2159:
1449:
2169:
1957:
1937:
1612:
1459:
1325:
2407:
2275:
1682:
1277:
2255:
2199:
2017:
1747:
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1622:
1407:
1417:
1355:
1267:
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2219:
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1297:
1247:
2675:
519:
But in 1842, in a book on monumental brasses, J.G. Waller took the word fylfot for the shape of the pattern in the picture; hence a swastika. In reality fylfot seems to derive from words meaning 'fill' and 'foot' - meaning nothing more than a filler at the foot of the window. Yet, as the 19th century
193:
Both of these swastika-like crosses may have been indigenous to the
British Isles before the Roman invasion. Certainly they were in evidence a thousand years earlier but these may have been largely imports. They were certainly substantially in evidence during the Romano-British period with widespread
258:
The fylfot is sometimes found on church bells in
England. It was adopted by the Heathcote family in Derbyshire as part of their iconographic tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries. This is probably an example where pagan and Christian influence both have a part to play as the fylfot was amongst
181:
The gammadion is associated more with
Byzantium, Rome and Graeco-Roman culture on the one hand, whereas the fylfot is associated more with Celtic and Anglo-Saxon culture on the other. Although the gammadion is very similar to the fylfot in appearance, it is thought to have originated from the
197:
The fylfot is known to have been very popular amongst these incoming tribes from
Northern Europe, as it is found on artefacts such as brooches, sword hilts and funerary urns. Although the findings at Sutton Hoo are most instructive about the style of lordly Anglo-Saxon burials, the fylfot or
205:, Essex, England. As the parish guide states, the fylfot or gammadion can be traced back to the Roman catacombs where it appears in both Christian and pagan contexts. More recently it has been found on grave-slabs in Scotland and Ireland. A particularly interesting example was found in
354:
has gained greater currency within the areas of design history and collecting, where it is used to distinguish the swastika motif as used in designs and jewellery from that used in Nazi paraphernalia. After the appropriation of the swastika by Nazi organisations, the term
227:
From the early 14th century on, the fylfot was often used to adorn
Eucharistic robes. During that period it appeared on the monumental brasses that preserved the memory of those priests thus attired. They are mostly to be found in East Anglia and the Home Counties.
364:
in the late 19th century. However, the word and symbol continue to have major religious significance for
Buddhists, Hindus, Jains and other eastern faiths. For this reason, some have campaigned to have all uses of the word in a Nazi context changed to use the
346:
However, it was only rarely used. Wilson, writing in 1896, says, "The use of Fylfot is confined to comparatively few persons in Great
Britain and, possibly, Scandinavia. Outside of these countries it is scarcely known, used, or understood".
2664:
119:
culture. It is a cross with perpendicular extensions, usually at 90° or close angles, radiating in the same direction. However – at least in modern heraldry texts, such as Friar and
Woodcock & Robinson (see
359:
has been used to distinguish historical and non-Nazi instances of the symbol from those where the term swastika might carry specific connotations. The word "swastika" itself was appropriated into
English from
178:, has been found in a great variety of contexts over the centuries. It has occurred in both secular and religious contexts in the British Isles, elsewhere in Europe, in Asia Minor and in Africa.
201:
The fylfot was widely adopted in the early
Christian centuries. It is found extensively in the Roman catacombs. An example of its usage is to be found in the porch of the parish church of
367:
305:
248:
231:
Probably its most conspicuous usage has been its incorporation in stained glass windows notably in Cambridge and Edinburgh. In Cambridge it is found in the baptismal window of the
194:
examples of the duplicated Greek fret motif appearing on mosaics. After the withdrawal of the Romans in the early 5th century there followed the Anglo-Saxon and Jutish migrations.
453:
124:) – the fylfot differs somewhat from the archetypal form of the swastika: always upright and typically with truncated limbs, as shown in the figure at right.
1086:
2800:
879:
The occurrence of the Fylfot-Cross in the church of Saint Mary the Virgin, Great Canfield, in the county of Essex, in relation to its wider usage at home and abroad
316:). Examples of fylfots in heraldry are extremely rare, and the charge is not mentioned in Oswald Barron's article on "Heraldry" in most 20th-century editions of
520:
went on, the word was copied from book to book. Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924) throws fylfot about as if it were the regular mediaeval label for a swastika.
1172:
670:
259:
other things the symbol of Thor, the Norse god of thunder and its use on bells suggests it was linked to the dispelling of thunder in popular mythology.
1042:
563:
2805:
975:
The Swastika: The Earliest Known Symbol, and Its Migrations; with Observations on the Migration of Certain Industries in Prehistoric Times
1139:
1124:
886:
825:
762:
718:
693:
649:
571:
99:
596:
1165:
950:
Legends o' the bells; being a collection of legends, traditions, folk-tales, myths, etc., centred around the bells of all lands
244:
236:
235:, together with other allied Christian symbols, originating in the 19th century. In Scotland, it is found in a window in the
686:
The Fylfot File: Studies in the origin and significance of the Fylfot-Cross and allied symbolism within the British Isles
2858:
2314:
2232:
2020:
1046:
1980:
1800:
1655:
1196:
1158:
212:
Gospel books also contain examples of this form of the Christian cross. The most notable examples are probably the
486:
232:
1436:
1880:
1490:
1181:
252:
2304:
2084:
843:
The Ardagh chalice; a description of the ministral chalice found at Ardagh in county Limerick in the year 1868
2370:
2348:
1950:
1364:
1230:
979:
491:
1558:
993:
2873:
2863:
2709:
2638:
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1890:
637:
621:
2750:
2380:
2246:
1760:
1506:
1440:
2010:
1796:
1631:
642:
The Wheel as a cult symbol in the Romano-Celtic world : with special reference to Gaul and Britain
1916:
920:
2182:
2070:
2060:
1990:
1960:
1605:
1240:
973:
433:
389:
2796:
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2238:
44:
2825:
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2328:
2050:
2036:
1970:
1930:
1920:
1848:
1338:
458:
280:
217:
1828:
190:, the third letter of the Greek alphabet) but that the similarity of the symbols is coincidental.
2511:
2444:
2202:
2000:
1220:
1060:
916:
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2228:
1996:
1906:
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778:
35:
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1986:
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758:
714:
689:
645:
567:
443:
159:
863:
499:
2400:
1866:
1675:
1358:
1226:
1200:
600:
279:
In modern heraldry texts, the fylfot is typically shown with truncated limbs, rather like a
240:
70:
2776:
2178:
1976:
1216:
2506:
2396:
2318:
2294:
2222:
1808:
1690:
1645:
1585:
1552:
1486:
1480:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1236:
1072:
393:
371:
339:
From its use in heraldry – or from its use by antiquaries –
309:
1790:
2786:
2386:
1571:
2736:
2516:
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2481:
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2434:
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2148:
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1615:
1581:
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1368:
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1210:
1038:
328:
243:
and installed during the 1920s. He was also responsible for a window in the chapel of
221:
202:
2756:
2644:
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2356:
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1896:
1706:
1426:
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1344:
798:
Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society
2852:
2533:
2486:
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2278:
2030:
1832:
1780:
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1290:
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857:
213:
149:
2746:
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2324:
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2120:
2066:
2056:
2026:
1876:
1528:
1334:
1286:
267:
2766:
2590:
2528:
2501:
2476:
2471:
2454:
2416:
2344:
2268:
2192:
1966:
1946:
1926:
1870:
1842:
1838:
1818:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1700:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1500:
1468:
1410:
1388:
1378:
1374:
1206:
532:
116:
2726:
2704:
2188:
2130:
2046:
1766:
1661:
1591:
1496:
1256:
480:
2837:
2596:
2570:
2543:
2459:
2140:
1940:
1822:
1786:
1770:
1756:
1736:
1665:
1595:
1400:
1270:
1260:
448:
198:
gammadion on the silver dish unearthed there clearly had an Eastern provenance.
137:
2634:
2264:
2110:
2076:
2006:
1671:
324:, noting that only one instance occurs on coats of arms, that of Chamberlayne.
2790:
2698:
2688:
2600:
2566:
2466:
2158:
2124:
1625:
1562:
1448:
604:
587:
Buxton, David Roden (1947). "The Christian Antiquities of Northern Ethiopia".
438:
376:
343:
has become an established word for this symbol, in at least British English.
1012:
2820:
2770:
2556:
2258:
2168:
2080:
2016:
1956:
1936:
1611:
1458:
1324:
133:
17:
2406:
2274:
1681:
1538:
1416:
1276:
2254:
2198:
1746:
1696:
1621:
1406:
388:
for 12 June 1996 reports a House of Commons discussion about the badge of
2780:
2760:
2740:
2658:
2212:
2134:
1452:
423:
418:
361:
175:
156:
112:
2624:
1354:
1266:
2694:
2678:
2648:
2580:
2560:
2547:
2218:
1910:
1051:
428:
384:
275: – drawn from the blazon given in the British Library.
2172:
803:
327:
A 20th-century example (with four heraldic roses) can be seen in the
152:
2654:
1296:
1246:
517:. Vol. 285, no. 8977, (Aug 26, 2000). London. p. 14.
174:
The fylfot, together with its sister figures, the gammadion and the
162:. This etymology is often cited in modern dictionaries (such as the
136:
for this is that it comes from the notion common among 19th-century
2674:
1000:. Vol. X. Sole–Sz. Oxford University Press. 1933. p. 290.
266:
206:
183:
140:, but based on only a single 1500 manuscript, that it was used to
2628:
2523:
644:. Brussels: Latomus (Revue d'Etudes Latines). pp. 295–296.
1154:
922:
Buddhism : its historical, theoretical and popular aspects
881:. Cambridge: Cambridge Universal Publications. pp. 10–14.
2607:
2604:
734:
Waller, J. G. (1883). "The Church of Great Canfield, Essex".
818:
From Durrow to Kells : the insular gospel-books 650-800
1150:
1013:"How the world loved the swastika – until Hitler stole it"
88:
952:. London: S. Low, Marston & Co., Ltd. pp. 12–14.
79:
713:. London: British Museum Publications. pp. 57–58.
783:
Irish Art in the early Christian period (to 800 A.D.)
757:(Eng. ed.). Venice: Arsenale. pp. 106–107.
454:
Western use of the Swastika in the early 20th century
100:
85:
76:
91:
82:
2616:
2542:
2427:
2102:
1188:
73:
479:
688:. Cambridge: Perfect Publishers. pp. 37–40.
626:. Oxford: James Parker and Co. 1894. p. 281.
2801:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
736:Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society
962:Harley MS 1394, pt. 129, fol. 9=fol. 349 of MS.
220:. An example of this decoration occurs on the
796:Cormack, William Fleming (1995). "Barhobble".
1166:
785:. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 119–120.
8:
820:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 110.
400:is used to describe the ancient symbol, and
273:Argent a chevron between three fylfots gules
862:. London: Oxford University Press. p.
1173:
1159:
1151:
1130:Thomas Woodcock and John Martin Robinson,
671:Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies
560:Anatolian Sepulchral Stelae in Roman Times
239:in Edinburgh. The work was undertaken by
845:. Dublin: Browne & Nolan. p. 93.
247:. A similar usage is to be found in the
27:Anglo-Saxon symbol and swastika variation
616:
614:
1011:Campion, Mukti Jain (23 October 2014).
513:Wordsworth, Dot. "Mind your language".
471:
1087:"273 Squadron RAF (Old Pattern) badge"
1068:
1058:
7:
2806:List of tallest crosses in the world
623:A glossary of terms used in heraldry
500:participating institution membership
322:A glossary of terms used in heraldry
320:. Parker (1894) includes it in his
25:
408:to the symbol used by the Nazis.
121:
2831:
2819:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2703:
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2683:
2673:
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2653:
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2633:
2623:
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2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2093:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
597:Society of Antiquaries of London
564:Adam Mickiewicz University Press
69:
43:
34:
1052:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
753:Della Portella, Ivana (2002) .
537:Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
53:Left: fylfot. Right: gammadion.
287:cut off. It's also known as a
271:Arms of Leonard Chamberlayne:
245:Westminster College, Cambridge
237:Scottish National War Memorial
1:
249:Central Congregational Church
182:conjunction of four capital '
166:and Merriam-Webster Online).
1132:The Oxford Guide to Heraldry
1117:A New Dictionary of Heraldry
856:Beaumont, Edward T. (1913).
255:, USA, installed in 1893.
233:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
209:, Wigtownshire in Scotland.
107:) and its mirror image, the
709:Evans, Angela Care (1986).
283:that's had one arm of each
2890:
816:Henderson, George (1987).
711:The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial
299:, as each arm resembles a
164:Collins English Dictionary
2814:
2091:
998:Oxford English Dictionary
605:10.1017/S0261340900009863
558:Wujewski, Tomasz (1991).
487:Oxford English Dictionary
115:associated with medieval
2601:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
925:(3rd ed.). London:
877:Taylor, Stephen (2003).
859:Ancient Memorial Brasses
684:Taylor, Stephen (2006).
667:Roman Mosaics in Britain
390:No. 273 Fighter Squadron
253:Providence, Rhode Island
132:The most commonly cited
2826:Christianity portal
980:Smithsonian Institution
972:Wilson, Thomas (1896).
948:Morris, Ernest (1935).
905:. 2006. pp. 57–62.
841:Gógan, Liam S. (1932).
665:Neal, David S. (1981).
492:Oxford University Press
318:Encyclopædia Britannica
303:or angle-iron (compare
2639:Armenian eternity sign
1211:Anchored/Saint Clement
1142:); figure, p. 200
1127:); figure, p. 121
1047:"273 Squadron (Badge)"
375:
350:In more recent times,
335:Modern use of the term
313:
276:
2751:Shield of the Trinity
1833:Portate/Saint Gilbert
1115:Stephen Friar (ed.),
404:used as if it refers
270:
2524:Rood/Triumphal cross
1961:Saint James/Santiago
1911:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1586:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1091:militarybadges.co.uk
1055:. col. 397–404.
434:Boreyko coat of arms
2859:Crosses in heraldry
2791:Triskelion/Triskele
2233:Cuthbert's pectoral
1656:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1646:Jerusalem/Crusaders
742:(Part IV): 377–388.
638:Green, Miranda Jane
490:(Online ed.).
459:Esquarre (heraldry)
218:Lindisfarne Gospels
144:empty space at the
122:§ Bibliography
1119:(Alpha Books 1987
1041:, Member for
982:. p. 769–770.
917:Eitel, Ernest John
566:. pp. 23–24.
277:
2846:
2845:
2761:Sunwheel swastika
2144:Blanc croix rouge
755:Subterranean Rome
498:(Subscription or
16:(Redirected from
2881:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2799:
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2779:
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2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2213:Cross cramponnée
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2097:
2096:
2079:
2071:Syriac (Western)
2069:
2061:Syriac (Eastern)
2059:
2049:
2041:Serbian Orthodox
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
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1899:
1891:Russian Orthodox
1889:
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1045:(12 June 1996).
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927:Trübner & Co
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779:Henry, Françoise
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724:
706:
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699:
681:
675:
674:
662:
656:
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634:
628:
627:
618:
609:
608:
584:
578:
577:
555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
529:
523:
522:
510:
504:
503:
495:
483:
476:
370:
308:
289:cross cramponned
241:Douglas Strachan
189:
103:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
47:
38:
21:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:Arts portal
2830:
2818:
2810:
2612:
2538:
2423:
2098:
2094:
2089:
1761:Order of Christ
1553:Globus cruciger
1369:Catherine wheel
1184:
1179:
1149:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1084:
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1067:
1057:
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971:
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966:
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942:
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914:
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903:The Fylfot File
901:
900:
896:
889:
876:
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871:
855:
854:
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840:
839:
835:
828:
815:
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795:
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765:
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747:
733:
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728:
721:
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696:
683:
682:
678:
664:
663:
659:
652:
636:
635:
631:
620:
619:
612:
599:: 11 & 23.
586:
585:
581:
574:
557:
556:
552:
542:
540:
531:
530:
526:
512:
511:
507:
497:
478:
477:
473:
468:
463:
414:
394:Royal Air Force
366:
337:
304:
265:
187:
172:
130:
111:, are types of
101:
72:
68:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2887:
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2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
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2851:
2850:
2844:
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2840:
2828:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2721:Solomon's knot
2713:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
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2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
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2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2391:Teutonic Order
2383:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2203:Coptic (Early)
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1606:Greek Orthodox
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1465:
1463:Cruciform halo
1455:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1241:Archiepiscopal
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1147:External links
1145:
1144:
1143:
1128:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1078:
1039:Nigel Waterson
1029:
1003:
985:
964:
955:
940:
908:
894:
887:
869:
848:
833:
826:
808:
788:
770:
763:
745:
738:. New Series.
726:
719:
701:
694:
676:
657:
650:
629:
610:
579:
572:
550:
524:
505:
470:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:Brigid's cross
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
413:
410:
336:
333:
314:Winkelmaßkreuz
264:
261:
222:Ardagh Chalice
203:Great Canfield
171:
168:
129:
126:
52:
51:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2886:
2875:
2874:Visual motifs
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Cross symbols
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:
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2813:
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2728:
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2718:
2714:
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2711:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
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2670:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
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2650:
2646:
2642:
2640:
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2632:
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2622:
2621:
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2609:
2606:
2602:
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2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2085:Saint Anthony
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:Saint Patrick
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:Saint Florian
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
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1826:
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1798:
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1718:
1714:
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1702:
1698:
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1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
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1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
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1613:
1609:
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1603:
1599:
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1587:
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1573:
1569:
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1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1498:
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1470:
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1460:
1456:
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1438:
1434:
1433:
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1428:
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1402:
1398:
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1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
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1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
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1326:
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1310:
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1248:
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1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:In modern use
1187:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1140:0-19-285224-8
1137:
1134:(Oxford 1990
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:0-906670-44-6
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
989:
986:
981:
977:
976:
968:
965:
959:
956:
951:
944:
941:
929:. p. 119
928:
924:
923:
918:
912:
909:
904:
898:
895:
890:
888:9780954545505
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
860:
852:
849:
844:
837:
834:
829:
827:9780500234747
823:
819:
812:
809:
805:
799:
792:
789:
784:
780:
774:
771:
766:
764:9788877432810
760:
756:
749:
746:
741:
737:
730:
727:
722:
720:9780714105444
716:
712:
705:
702:
697:
695:9781905399222
691:
687:
680:
677:
673:. p. 19.
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
651:9782870311233
647:
643:
639:
633:
630:
625:
624:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
580:
575:
573:9788323203056
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
538:
534:
528:
525:
521:
516:
515:The Spectator
509:
506:
501:
493:
489:
488:
482:
475:
472:
465:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
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440:
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435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
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420:
417:
416:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
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353:
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344:
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334:
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330:
325:
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315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
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290:
286:
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274:
269:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
214:Book of Kells
210:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
185:
179:
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
150:stained-glass
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
96:
66:
62:
46:
37:
19:
2708:
2591:Signum manus
2544:Christograms
2512:Processional
2445:Conciliation
2371:Saint Julian
2183:Consecration
2021:Saint Thomas
2001:Saint Philip
1951:Saint George
1542:
1221:Anuradhapura
1131:
1116:
1110:Bibliography
1095:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1050:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:
1006:
997:
988:
974:
967:
958:
949:
943:
931:. Retrieved
921:
911:
902:
897:
878:
872:
858:
851:
842:
836:
817:
811:
797:
791:
782:
773:
754:
748:
739:
735:
729:
710:
704:
685:
679:
666:
660:
641:
632:
622:
592:
589:Archaeologia
588:
582:
559:
553:
541:. Retrieved
536:
527:
518:
514:
508:
485:
474:
405:
401:
397:
396:. In this,
383:
382:
356:
351:
349:
345:
340:
338:
326:
321:
317:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:cross potent
278:
272:
257:
230:
226:
211:
200:
196:
192:
180:
173:
163:
145:
141:
138:antiquarians
131:
108:
65:fylfot cross
64:
60:
58:
18:Fylfot cross
2731:Scientology
2571:IX monogram
2428:By function
2361:Saint Alban
2163:Carolingian
2051:Short Sword
2011:Saint Piran
1991:Saint Peter
1931:Saint David
1813:Patriarchal
1666:Latin/Roman
1491:Evangelists
1271:Balkenkreuz
1261:Arrow/Barby
1069:|work=
1022:15 February
449:Ugunskrusts
329:Lotta Svärd
263:In heraldry
117:Anglo-Saxon
2853:Categories
2401:Two-barred
2103:Historical
1971:Saint John
1921:Saint Chad
1862:Resistance
1676:Macedonian
1565:'s variant
1563:Archbishop
1359:Canterbury
1231:Archangels
1043:Eastbourne
994:"Swastika"
669:. London:
562:. Poznań:
502:required.)
466:References
439:Triskelion
377:Hakenkreuz
2548:Chrismons
2507:Preaching
2349:Quarterly
2319:Nestorian
2259:Gammadion
2242:Engrailed
1481:Ethiopian
1329:Byzantine
1309:Bulgarian
1071:ignored (
1061:cite book
919:(1884) .
368:‹See Tfd›
306:‹See Tfd›
207:Barhobble
134:etymology
128:Etymology
109:gammadion
2869:Swastika
2781:Swastika
2741:Shamrock
2669:Kolovrat
2659:Irminsul
2617:See also
2517:Lalibela
2497:Pectoral
2492:Necklace
2482:Memorial
2450:Heraldry
2440:Blessing
2299:Lorraine
2269:Jewelled
2115:Avellane
1853:Quadrate
1741:Novgorod
1711:Maronite
1636:Jeremiah
1616:Huguenot
1453:Crucifix
1431:Crosslet
1401:Cercelée
1349:Camargue
1319:Burgundy
1251:Armenian
1097:31 March
1017:BBC News
933:31 March
781:(1940).
640:(1984).
543:31 March
533:"Fylfot"
481:"fylfot"
424:Hinduism
419:Buddhism
412:See also
402:swastika
362:Sanskrit
331:emblem.
216:and the
176:swastika
160:churches
157:medieval
113:swastika
2689:Mjölnir
2679:Lauburu
2649:Ichthys
2581:Labarum
2561:Chi Rho
2534:Wayside
2487:Mission
2411:Victory
2381:Templar
2339:Pierced
2329:Peñalba
2289:Lazarus
2279:Katanga
2250:Erminée
2031:Serbian
1881:Russian
1801:Fitchée
1781:Patonce
1751:Occitan
1686:Maltese
1576:Gnostic
1533:Fourchy
1421:Cossack
1389:Variant
1339:Calvary
1291:Bottony
1281:Bolnisi
1201:Alcoraz
1182:Crosses
429:Jainism
385:Hansard
301:crampon
170:History
153:windows
2529:Summit
2502:Plague
2477:Mercat
2472:Market
2455:Nordic
2420:Voided
2193:Coptic
2173:Chouan
2153:Brigid
1871:Ringed
1843:Potent
1791:Pattée
1731:Nordic
1721:Moline
1701:Marian
1691:Marada
1543:Fylfot
1523:Forked
1511:Fitchy
1501:Fleury
1472:Double
1441:Fitchy
1411:Coptic
1379:Celtic
1300:Branch
1138:
1123:
1093:. 2015
885:
824:
804:passim
761:
717:
692:
648:
570:
539:. 2015
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