20:
270:
is important because this molten salt can dissolve and transport the "O" ions to the anode to be discharged. The anode reaction depends on the material of the anode. Depending on the system it is possible to produce either CO or
464:
336:
evolution at the anode becomes more favourable. In addition, when compared to a carbon anode, more energy is required to achieve the same reduced phase at the cathode. Inert anodes suffer from stability issues.
79:. (The name FFC derives from the first letters of the last names of the inventors). The intellectual property relating to the technology has been acquired by Metalysis, (Sheffield, UK).
137:
reduction" (or, more generally, an example of metallothermic reduction). For example, if the cathode was primarily made from TiO then calciothermic reduction would appear as:
428:
332:, the discharge of the O ions leads to the evolution of oxygen gas. However the use of an inert anode has disadvantages. Firstly, when the concentration of CaO is low, Cl
103:
The electrocalciothermic reduction mechanism may be represented by the following sequence of reactions, where "M" represents a metal to be reduced (typically titanium).
87:
The process typically takes place between 900 and 1100 °C, with an anode (typically carbon) and a cathode (the oxide being reduced) in a solution of molten CaCl
91:. Depending on the nature of the oxide it will exist at a particular potential relative to the anode, which is dependent on the quantity of CaO present in CaCl
591:
147:
Whilst the cathode reaction can be written as above it is in fact a gradual removal of oxygen from the oxide. For example, it has been shown that TiO
229:
Reaction (2b) describes the production of Ca metal from Ca ions within the salt, at the cathode. The Ca would then proceed to reduce the cathode.
478:
Fray, D. J.; Chen, G. Z.; Farthing, T. W. (2000). "Direct
Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide to Titanium in Molten Calcium Chloride".
533:
R. Bhagat; M. Jackson; D. Inman; R. Dashwood (2008). "Production of Ti-Mo Alloys from Mixed Oxide
Precursors via the FFC Cambridge Process".
718:
708:
713:
657:
X. Ge; X. Wang; S. Seetharaman (2009). "Copper extraction from copper ore by electro-reduction in molten CaCl
620:
Il Park; Takashi Abiko; Toru H. Okabe (February–April 2005). "Production of titanium powder directly from TiO
76:
134:
50:
of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, and in 1954
47:
637:
600:
561:
535:
487:
232:
The net result of reactions (1) and (2) is simply the reduction of the oxide into metal plus oxygen:
511:
503:
57:
670:
645:
608:
569:
543:
495:
403:
31:
641:
604:
491:
443:
702:
557:"Production of Ti-W Alloys from Mixed Oxide Precursors via the FFC Cambridge Process"
515:
674:
459:
445:
423:
68:
61:
60:
for the production of metals like titanium by reduction of the metal oxide by a
649:
612:
408:
391:
151:
does not simply reduce to Ti. It, in fact, reduces through the lower oxides (Ti
52:
688:
72:
507:
462:, Marcus, Olson Carl, "Production of metals", issued 1958-07-29
35:
581:
Ryosuke O. Suzuki (February–April 2005). "Calciothermic reduction of TiO
573:
547:
499:
133:
When this reaction takes place on its own, it is referred to as the "
328:
However, if an inert anode is used, such as that of high density SnO
19:
556:
38:(Ti) from titanium oxide by electrolysis in molten calcium salts.
18:
46:
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the
693:
392:"Recent Progress in Titanium Extraction and Recycling"
555:
R. Bhagat; M. Jackson; D. Inman; R. Dashwood (2009).
16:
Metal and metalloid synthesis process by electrolysis
628:
through an electronically mediated reaction (EMR)".
75:, and Thomas Farthing between 1996 and 1997 at the
585:and in situ electrolysis of CaO in the molten CaCl
170:The calcium oxide produced is then electrolyzed:
64:reducing agent in a specific gravity apparatus.
8:
390:Takeda, O.; Ouchi, T.; Okabe, T. H. (2020).
385:
383:
67:The FFC Cambridge process was developed by
630:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
592:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
407:
379:
7:
689:YouTube video:Metalysis FFC process
448:. D. Van Nostrand co. p. 137.
275:or a mixture at the carbon anode:
14:
426:, "Publication of DE150557C"
675:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.015
442:Rideal, Eric Keightley (1919).
1:
735:
650:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.06.052
613:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.06.041
409:10.1007/s11663-020-01898-6
99:Cathode reaction mechanism
262:Anode reaction mechanism
396:Metall. Mater. Trans. B
77:University of Cambridge
694:Metalysis Ltd. website
266:The use of molten CaCl
23:
34:method for producing
28:FFC Cambridge process
22:
562:J. Electrochem. Soc.
536:J. Electrochem. Soc.
142:TiO + Ca → Ti + CaO
53:U.S. patent 2845386A
663:Electrochimica Acta
642:2005JPCS...66..410P
605:2005JPCS...66..461S
492:2000Natur.407..361C
167:, TiO etc.) to Ti.
719:Titanium processes
709:Chemical processes
24:
669:(18): 4397–4402.
574:10.1149/1.2999340
548:10.1149/1.2904454
58:Carl Marcus Olson
726:
714:Electrochemistry
678:
653:
636:(2–4): 410–413.
616:
599:(2–4): 461–465.
577:
551:
520:
519:
500:10.1038/35030069
475:
469:
468:
467:
463:
456:
450:
449:
439:
433:
432:
431:
427:
420:
414:
413:
411:
402:(4): 1315–1328.
387:
364:
363:
362:
361:
354:
353:
324:
323:
322:
321:
314:
313:
306:C + O → CO + 2
302:
301:
300:
299:
292:
291:
257:
248:
247:
225:
199:
180:
179:CaO → x Ca + x O
143:
129:
119:
118:
55:
734:
733:
729:
728:
727:
725:
724:
723:
699:
698:
685:
660:
656:
627:
623:
619:
588:
584:
580:
554:
532:
529:
527:Further reading
524:
523:
486:(6802): 361–4.
477:
476:
472:
465:
458:
457:
453:
441:
440:
436:
429:
422:
421:
417:
389:
388:
381:
376:
371:
360:
358:
357:
356:
352:
350:
349:
348:
347:
345:
341:
335:
331:
320:
318:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
308:
307:
305:
298:
296:
295:
294:
290:
288:
287:
286:
285:
283:
279:
274:
269:
264:
256:
246:
241:
240:
239:
237:
219:
208:
186:
175:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
117:
112:
111:
110:
108:
101:
94:
90:
85:
56:was awarded to
51:
44:
32:electrochemical
17:
12:
11:
5:
732:
730:
722:
721:
716:
711:
701:
700:
697:
696:
691:
684:
683:External links
681:
680:
679:
658:
654:
625:
621:
617:
586:
582:
578:
552:
528:
525:
522:
521:
470:
451:
434:
415:
378:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:
351:
343:
333:
329:
326:
325:
319:
311:
303:
297:
289:
281:
272:
267:
263:
260:
259:
258:
254:
242:
227:
226:
217:
201:
200:
182:
181:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
144:
131:
130:
113:
100:
97:
92:
88:
84:
81:
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
731:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
676:
672:
668:
664:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
563:
558:
553:
549:
545:
542:(6): E63–69.
541:
538:
537:
531:
530:
526:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
471:
461:
455:
452:
447:
446:
438:
435:
425:
419:
416:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
384:
380:
373:
368:
340:
339:
338:
304:
278:
277:
276:
261:
252:
245:
235:
234:
233:
230:
223:
215:
211:
206:
205:
204:
197:
193:
189:
184:
183:
178:
173:
172:
171:
168:
140:
139:
138:
136:
135:calciothermic
127:
123:
116:
106:
105:
104:
98:
96:
82:
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
54:
49:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
666:
662:
633:
629:
596:
590:
565:
560:
539:
534:
483:
479:
473:
454:
444:
437:
418:
399:
395:
327:
280:C + 2O → CO
265:
250:
243:
231:
228:
221:
213:
209:
202:
195:
191:
187:
176:
169:
146:
132:
125:
121:
114:
102:
86:
66:
45:
27:
25:
568:(1): E1–7.
69:George Chen
62:molten salt
703:Categories
460:US2845386A
374:References
73:Derek Fray
516:205008890
424:DE150557C
124:Ca → M +
48:reduction
661:–NaCl".
508:11014188
369:See also
36:Titanium
638:Bibcode
624:in CaCl
601:Bibcode
488:Bibcode
236:(3)
207:(2c)
185:(2b)
174:(2a)
107:(1)
83:Process
42:History
514:
506:
480:Nature
466:
430:
342:2O → O
249:→ M +
190:Ca + 2
30:is an
512:S2CID
504:PMID
346:+ 4
253:/2 O
216:/2 O
212:O →
203:and
194:e →
159:, Ti
26:The
671:doi
646:doi
609:doi
589:".
570:doi
566:156
544:doi
540:155
496:doi
484:407
404:doi
284:+4
220:+ 2
128:CaO
705::
667:54
665:.
644:.
634:66
632:.
607:.
597:66
595:.
559:.
510:.
502:.
494:.
482:.
400:51
398:.
394:.
382:^
271:CO
238:MO
198:Ca
120:+
109:MO
95:.
71:,
677:.
673::
659:2
652:.
648::
640::
626:2
622:2
615:.
611::
603::
587:2
583:2
576:.
572::
550:.
546::
518:.
498::
490::
412:.
406::
355:e
344:2
334:2
330:2
315:e
293:e
282:2
273:2
268:2
255:2
251:x
244:x
224:e
222:x
218:2
214:x
210:x
196:x
192:x
188:x
177:x
165:3
163:O
161:2
157:5
155:O
153:3
149:2
126:x
122:x
115:x
93:2
89:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
