629:. The commitment gained from individuals who took direct responsibility for their own work, working by themselves at home, led to significant productivity gains of more than 40% when compared to conventional software and systems businesses. This was underpinned by the early focus on estimating and costing projects accurately in advance; there were sound systems in place to monitor progress, costs and quality.
637:
Some aspects of the company's technical work on standards and methods were published in technical journals and presented at international conferences. Senior technical staff and management contributed to technical journals and conferences concerning issues such as management measurement techniques
171:
It sounded mad. Drawbacks included the following. I had no capital to speak of. I had no experience of running a company. I had no employees, no office, no customers, and no reason to believe that there were any companies out there with any interest in buying my product. Nobody sold software in those
533:
Many of the tasks performed by engineers, draftsmen, and other white-collar employees might be done from home as readily as, or sometimes more readily than, from the office.' One "seed of the future" exists already in
Britain, for example, where a company called F. International Ltd. (the "F" stands
528:
could be done from home as well as in the office. Such a system would increase the labor pool by allowing married secretaries caring for small children at home to continue to work ... there may be no overriding reason why a secretary could not just as well, in many instances, take dictation at home
285:
I felt strongly that my “female” approach, which had attracted such scorn in the business’s early years, had been vindicated, and it irked me that the state, in addition to its other meddlings, had now declared that approach illegal. Still, there was no point in quarrelling with the law, especially
552:
Around 71 per cent of staff work from home — ideal for married women, and for a slowly growing number of men who likewise appreciate being able to care for children, or maybe start their own business. Hours are from a minimum of 20 a week when a project is underway ... contact with head office and
642:
maintenance, strategy and standards. The paper by Calow on maintenance is particularly interesting, because it explains how a strategy was devised to manage the maintenance of legacy systems, freeing mainline systems development staff to undertake productive work and significantly reducing the
472:
As the 1990s opened, the company made several strategic acquisitions, for example AMP Computer
Recruitment in 1990 and the Kernel Group in 1991, with the objective of providing clients with staffing and training services. In 1997, IIS Infotech Limited, an Indian computer services company based in
212:
software and systems specialists, nearly all female, began to work for the company. An early assignment came from Urwick
Diebold and this attracted attention from the media. The early days were difficult; at one point Kit Grindley, a recent acquaintance at Urwick Diebold, wrote Steve a cheque for
577:
Some answers may be found in Party
Manifestos. But the real changes are to be found where people live and work. F International has several characteristics which make it a model. It allows people to organise their own lives; it decentralises management decisions; it makes effective use of modern
588:
Despite the extensive practice of home working amongst its employees, the company introduced its "workcentre" concept towards the end of the 1980s, necessitated by the acquisition of larger clients and in response to research conducted among its workforce. By 1989, around 40% of the company's
534:
for
Freelance) employs 400 part-time computer programmers, all but a handful of whom work in their own homes. The company, which organizes teams of programmers for industry, has expanded to Holland and Scandinavia and counts among its clients such giants as British Steel, Shell, and Unilever.
501:
Although for the first decade the F International workforce communicated successfully on a daily basis, using the United
Kingdom overnight first class mail service, home working became increasingly interesting and increasingly accepted as telecommunications services became available. The F
299:
Despite these issues, the business continued to grow until the 1970s, when it encountered difficulties for at least two reasons: the business reported its first financial loss (of ÂŁ3,815) and suffered its first significant personnel loss, when Pamela
Woodman resigned to form Pamela Woodman
521:
included a
Chapter on "The Electronic Cottage" wherein he quotes from a 1971 report by the Institute for the Future suggesting a range of occupations that could be undertaken from home, and mentioning F International as one example. Toffler wrote (quoting from the IFF report):
497:
The founding idea at F International was to provide meaningful home-based employment for young mothers with software skills, and later (when challenged by the legislation on sex discrimination) for "people with dependents unable to work in a conventional environment".
217:
problems the business began to grow. By 1966, there were about 75 regular freelance workers on the panel, some of whom became significant role players as technical experts and project managers. Seriously problematic projects were rare, but one in particular, with
553:
the five regional sales offices is through project managers and staffing co-ordinators. In essence the company uses the skills of women who have opted out of the everyday labour market after having had at least four years work experience with computers.
488:
In March 2001, now a substantial and international business with over 6,000 employees, a market capitalisation of ÂŁ1.2bn and projected sales for the coming year of ÂŁ515m, the company announced that it was going to change its name to Xansa plc.
1036:
Thomas, Neil; Conner, Connie (December 1984). At home in the office - A Guide for the
Homeworker (Report). Office for Research in High Technology Education, College of Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
200:
was the nature of market entry. F International is an early example: business and industry were short of computer-skilled people, and the nature of much software and systems work was, even at that time, amenable to
286:
such a well-intentioned one. At a board meeting ... we amended our personnel policy again. Our purpose was now to provide employment for “people with dependants unable to work in a conventional environment.
453:) opened a new FI Group headquarters and commended the company's success, that he attributed to "flexibility and speed" coupled with "decentralisation, delegation and releasing energy rather than control"
1546:
589:
workforce was based in one of the ten centres, these being "deliberately conceived as upmarket" and intended to mitigate feelings of isolation experienced by those working from home.
142:; she was involved in the company until she retired in 1993. The company was renamed in 1974 to F International. In 1988 the company was renamed again, to The FI Group, and later as
573:(in a television programme marking his retirement from the London School of Economics) support this idea. When he addressed the question: 'Has Britain got a future?', he said:
1541:
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documented the F International business in a number of case studies. The business was the subject of several other international academic studies of homeworking.
548:
In a book concerning adapting to change in the world of work (and surviving) Michel Syrett summarised some of the particulars of working with F International:
167:
started the company despite having no capital or business experience, to escape the constraints of working as a woman in a predominantly male working context:
29:
324:
countries; At home, still in the 1970s, spin-off businesses were re-absorbed into the parent business which was re-established in 1974 as "F International".
368:
1981 - Steve
Shirley established the F International Shareholders’ Trust to share the ownership of the company. In that year revenues had reached £3.4m.
196:
in the late 1980s, concluding that because of the differences in context and background for men and women, the principal factor for successful women
411:
1985 - By the end of 1985 13% of the ownership of the business had been taken up by outside interests and 17% was with the FI Shareholders’ Trust
514:, Michel Syrett, and Francis Kinsman. Steve herself continued to write and speak about the business model and the benefits for the workforce.
425:
1987 - In the Times’ Top 500 Companies, 25 per cent of the top 500 were FI Group clients, as were 50 of the top 100 and eight of its top 10.
398:
273:
that was intended to bring equal rights to women but had unexpected consequences; F International was specifically offering employment
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By 1980 the business had developed country-wide coverage with more than 600 staff. The administrative headquarters for the
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569:: flexibility, variable remuneration for different modes of working, and a high level of self-reliance. Comments from
840:
380:
1984 - Following re-structuring, a survey was undertaken to establish the feelings of the workforce about the changes
918:
Geels, Frank W and Smit, Wim A (2000). "Failed technology futures: pitfalls and lessons from a historical survey".
450:
433:
346:
and the Institute for Data Processing Management (IDPM) It was in the early 1980s that a wider general interest in
28:
975:
Collins, F., "Change-Related Behaviour and Information Systems", OMEGA, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 369-381, Sep-Oct 1988
985:
Geels, Frank W; Smit, Wim A (2000). "Failed technology futures: pitfalls and lessons from a historical survey".
626:
565:
More recently Steve Shirley has observed that the F International way of working presaged many features of the
343:
1001:
804:
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frequency of bugs and systems failures; this was a key feature of the F International strategy at the time.
250:
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405:
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F International was founded in 1962 when successful female entrepreneurs and freelance working were rare.
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had risen to ÂŁ2.5m and there was a partnership with Heights Information Technology Services Inc in the
300:
Associates, working in direct competition to Freelance Programmers. However, by the end of the decade,
1050:
The Social and Behavioral Impacts of Information Systems in the Automated Office: A Literature Review
1201:
Sir John Harvey-Jones speaking at the official opening of the new FI Group Head Office, 10 July 1990
660:"Delivering digital transformation together - Registration Document and Annual Report" (Document).
558:
503:
208:
The company, then known as "Freelance Programmers", was registered on 13 May 1964 and a "panel" of
342:
F International was a founder member of the Computing Services Association, and was active in the
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and type the text on a home terminal which produces a clean text at the author's home or office.
1319:
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1149:
772:
1438:
Bytheway, Andy; Morris, Gill (1983). "Structured Systems Analysis - from ideas to practice".
1477:
1348:
1119:
878:
684:
639:
622:
226:. Quality management became one of the foundations of the operating model for the company.
1495:
Bytheway, Andy (April 1987). "Open System Construction - a strategy for turbulent times".
1022:
825:
570:
507:
336:
266:
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International story attracted extensive public and professional interest, for example in
125:
Revenue and employee statistics are from 1985 - 'key year' in the history of the business
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139:
1339:
Shirley, Steve (1985). "F international: A unique approach to computer consulting".
1393:
Shirley, Steve; Collins, E G (January–February 1986). "A company without offices".
661:
456:
1991 - Staff take 44% ownership of the company by means of a workforce share scheme
197:
193:
147:
890:
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As well as a Quality Manual there were ten other management manuals dealing with:
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213:ÂŁ500 to cover operating costs and payments to the workforce. Once over the early
566:
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1987 - A further gift of 7% of the shares took staff ownership just short of 25%
363:
347:
313:
246:
202:
1064:
688:
869:
Balzer, Robert and Green, Cordell (1983). "Software Technology in the 1990s".
610:
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309:
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Women Homeworkers and Information Technology - The F International Experience
882:
474:
372:
317:
214:
209:
98:
Systems specification, software development, process outsourcing, consulting
1481:
1423:
Bytheway, Andy (June 1980). "On the proper treatment of measurement data".
481:-based project management and IT consultancy group and in 2000 by Druid, a
339:, where the original organisation, Freelance Programmers had been founded.
134:
was a British freelance software and systems services company, founded as
1226:
Michael Read (14 November 1991). "Shirley hands over IT reins to staff".
1170:"MODUK - DEF STAN 05-21 Quality Control System Requirements for Industry"
262:
242:
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419:
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1983 - Franchising of Heights Information Technology Services Inc (USA)
332:
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301:
219:
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undertook a study of the reported differences between male and female
1187:
anon (18 October 1987). "Wouldn't you like to go to work like this".
1000:
Zuboff, Shoshana; Delong, David (1 September 1989). "Steve Shirley".
478:
506:(a long-running BBC science and technology programme), and books by
1143:
261:
In the 1970s the company's development paralleled the emergence of
143:
408:(but not quoted on the stock exchange, an unusual move for a plc)
1510:
Bytheway, Andy (September 1987). "An open season on Standards".
1211:
anon (11 November 1991). "FI share scheme gives staff control".
185:
The total revenues for the first 10-month tax year were ÂŁ1,700.
1241:
Ruth Sunderland (7 March 1996). "Women lead ÂŁ60m share float".
383:
1984 - The F International Charter was developed and published
265:
thinking and the consequent awareness and pre-occupation with
146:. Xansa plc was acquired by the French company now known as
1453:
Bytheway, Andy (1985). "Structured Methods - an analysis".
1052:(Masters). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
328:
765:
Shirley, Dame Stephanie; Askwith, Richard (10 June 2014).
725:
Evans, Pam. Davidson, Marilyn J.; Cooper, Cary L. (eds.).
442:
1988 - The company name was changed again, to "FI Group"
386:
1985 - The US partner company, now owned, was sold, and
277:, and therefore they had to adjust their policies to be
237:, but in the 1970s the business attracted interest from
841:"Female Entrepreneurs - are they really any different?"
1547:
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
1470:
Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice
1110:
Huws, Ursula (January 1991). "Telework: Projections".
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days. In so far as it existed, it was given away free.
229:
At the start, in the 1960s, there were no accessible
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82:Re-organised and renamed as the 'FI Group' in 1988
58:Software and systems services, process outsourcing
1408:Shirley, Steve (1987). "The distributed office".
675:Lessem, Ronnie (1986). "Becoming a Metapreneur".
526:... many of the present duties of the secretary "
390:was appointed as Chief Executive of UK Operations
1100:F International Group hand-out for clients, 1980
966:F International Quality Manual, 15 December 1986
768:Let IT Go: The Memoirs of Dame Stephanie Shirley
712:Case Study: Growth and Change at F International
578:technology — and of course, it is successful.
575:
550:
524:
350:via telecommunications support became evident.
283:
169:
404:1985 - F International was re-registered as a
1468:Calow, Hilary (1990). "Practice case study".
848:Cranfield School of Management Working Papers
807:. Case numbers: 486-118, 486-119 and 486-120.
8:
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932:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
760:
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609:, and technical standards for general work,
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803:Franklin, Diane (1986). "F International".
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269:; together these led to legislation in the
729:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 227–242.
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583:Dahrendorf on Britain, BBC1, January 1983
222:, forced the management team to focus on
1542:Software companies of the United Kingdom
477:was acquired, joined in 1999 by a small
362:1981 - Freehold premises were bought in
33:F International Logo used from 1974-1988
16:Software companies of the United Kingdom
652:
371:1982 - A subsidiary was established in
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896:
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459:1996 - The company was floated on the
358:Key dates in the 1980s-1990s include:
1048:Cavanaugh, Joseph P (December 1991).
962:
960:
958:
7:
1410:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
1256:Dahrendorf, Ralf (15 October 1982).
436:to celebrate 25 years of operations
1455:Proc IBM Computer Users Conference
14:
1440:Proc Pergamon Infotech Conference
493:Philosophy and method of working
1497:Proc BCS Database 87, Edinburgh
1260:. University Of Chicago Press.
531:" In addition, IFF continued, "
122:Footnotes / references
1004:. Case number: 490004-PDF-ENG.
190:Cranfield School of Management
1:
1353:10.1016/S0736-5853(85)80010-1
1065:"Sex Discrimination Act 1975"
714:. Springer. pp. 142–150.
677:Journal of General Management
517:In his book "The Third Wave"
485:-based software consultancy.
397:was successfully assessed to
1124:10.1016/0016-3287(91)90003-K
316:, and F International BV in
354:The middle years - Timeline
1563:
1341:Telematics and Informatics
689:10.1177/030630708601100401
434:National Exhibition Centre
428:1987 - The company held a
1366:Jones, Mike (July 1989).
1318:. New Opportunity Press.
1142:Kinsman, Francis (1987).
710:Symons, Rosemary (1987).
308:, F International ApS in
120:
26:
1347:(2). Elsevier: 165–168.
627:configuration management
401:DEF STAN 05-21 standards
344:British Computer Society
1395:Harvard Business Review
1314:Syrett, Michel (1985).
1286:Toffler, Alvin (1989).
1148:. John Wiley and Sons.
1002:Harvard Business School
883:10.1109/MC.1983.1654237
805:Harvard Business School
633:Innovation and outreach
251:Harvard Business School
138:in England in 1962, by
1482:10.1002/smr.4360020107
1063:UK Government (1975).
1017:Cite journal requires
820:Cite journal requires
771:. Andrews UK Limited.
619:software documentation
586:
563:
546:
406:Public Limited Company
297:
292:Dame Stephanie Shirley
183:
178:Dame Stephanie Shirley
140:Dame Stephanie Shirley
1532:Outsourcing companies
1069:The National Archives
461:London Stock Exchange
447:Sir John Harvey-Jones
136:Freelance Programmers
42:Freelance Programmers
1425:Computer Performance
839:Birley, Sue (1988).
1537:Worker cooperatives
1088:FI newsletter, 1983
664:. 2018. p. 16.
414:1986 - A primitive
399:Ministry of Defence
331:were then based in
231:data communications
112:Number of employees
66:1962 in Chesham, UK
23:
951:. 31 January 1964.
947:"Computer women".
603:project management
395:Quality management
279:gender-independent
224:quality management
106:ÂŁ7.60m (1985)
50:Private until 1985
1368:"Home advantage?"
1145:The telecommuters
593:Working standards
245:as an example of
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