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1451:. The frontal sinus is hollow, and thus it can be more difficult to remove bossing there. If the bone over the frontal sinus is thick enough the bossing can be removed by simply grinding down the bone. However, in some people, the wall of bone is so thin that it is not possible to grind the bossing away completely without breaking through the wall into the frontal sinus.
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An incision is usually made just under the base of the nose and a section of skin is removed. When the gap is closed it has the effect of lifting the top lip, placing it in a more feminine position and often exposing a little of the upper incisors. The surgeon can also use a lip lift to roll the top
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taken in the 1970s, and then working with a set of several hundred skulls to see if he could reliably differentiate which were females and which were males using those measurements. Ousterhout then began working out what surgical techniques and materials he already used could be applied in order to
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is often used in feminization. Injectable fillers are low-risk but tend to be absorbed after six months or so, and many implants have higher complication rates like infection or rejection. Use of fat harvested from the person can result in lumps and does not last long. The longest lasting and least
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Cis males tend to have larger, longer, and wider noses than cis females; also, the tip of the female nose will more often visibly point slightly upwards than that of a male. Hence, the procedure involves removing bone and cartilage and remodelling what remains. In most cases this is performed in an
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Subtle changes to the shape and structure of lips can have a strong influence on feminization. The distance between the base of the nose and the top of the upper lip tends to be longer in males than in females and the upper lip is longer; when a female mouth is open and relaxed, the upper incisors
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bone cement which can smooth out any visible step between remaining bossing and the rest of the forehead. In these cases, some additional reduction in the bossing can sometimes be achieved by thinning the soft tissues that sit over it. Alternatively, FFS surgeons can perform a procedure called a
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with a request from a transgender woman patient of Pratt's; the patient wanted plastic surgery to make her face appear more feminine, since people still reacted to her as though she were a man. Ousterhout's prior practice had involved reconstructing faces and skulls of people who had had birth
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The chins of cis males tend to be longer and wider than those of cis females, with a more square base, and to project outward more than female chins. Cis male jawlines tend to extend outward from the chin at a wider angle than those of cis females, and to have a sharp corner at the back.
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Some studies have shown that the shape of the forehead is one of the key differences between cisgender males and cisgender females. Hairline correction, forehead recontouring, eye socket recontouring, and brow lift are procedures often performed at the same time, with rhinoplasty in mind.
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In some studies, the eye shape has been shown to be the key differentiating feature between cis males and females. Cis female eye sockets tend to be smaller, located higher on the face, to have more sharply angled outer edges, and to be closer together at their inner edges (the
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and screws. The data on which approach is better is limited and does not provide guidance. The risks of cranioplasty include the skull not healing properly, movement of the bone fragments, and the formation of cysts; these can usually be corrected by another procedure.
1379:(SRS) in reducing gender dysphoria and helping trans women integrate socially as women; data on these sorts of outcomes are limited by small study size and confounding variables like other feminization procedures. While most FFS patients are transgender women, some
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that make male and female faces readily distinguishable, including the shape of the forehead, nose, lips, cheeks, chin, and jawline; the features in the upper third of the face seem to be the most important, and subtle changes in the lips can have a strong effect.
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and repositioning the facial bones. Augmenting the cheeks with implants or with fat harvested from other parts of the body is common. Risks of implants include infection, and the implant moving and becoming asymmetrical; fat can eventually be absorbed.
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FFS surgeons have taken two main approaches to resolving this problem. The most conservative approach is to grind down the wall of bone as far as possible without breaking through, and then build up the area around any remaining bossing with
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when compared to cisgender women. Cis men's eyebrows tend to be below their brow ridges while cis women's eyebrows tend to be above their brow ridges. Accordingly, FFS to raise the eyebrows results in a face with a more womanly appearance.
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In males, the hairline is often higher than in females and usually has receded corners above the temples that give it an "M" shape. The hairline can be moved forward and given a more rounded shape, either with a procedure called a
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Stan
Monstrey, Gennaro Selvaggi and Peter Ceulemans. Surgery: Male-to-Female Patient. Chapter 6 in Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery (Human Sexuality series). Eds. Randi Ettner, et al. Routledge 2007
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Beautification and rejuvenation procedures are often performed at the same time as facial feminisation. For example, it is common for eye bags and sagging eyelids to be corrected with a procedure called
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FFS candidates should wait until the bones of their skull have stopped growing before undergoing FFS. The way to determine if the bones of the skull have stopped growing is to take successive
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that alter typically male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features. FFS can include various bony and soft tissue procedures such as
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defects, accidents, or other trauma. Ousterhout was interested in helping but knew that he did not know what a "female face" was, so he investigated by first reading the
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Morrison SD, Vyas KS, Motakef S, Gast KM, Chung MT, Rashidi V, Satterwhite T, Kuzon W, Cederna PS (2016). "Facial
Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature".
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transform a male face into a female face. He pioneered most of the procedures involved in FFS and was involved in their subsequent improvements as well.
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Ousterhout, D.K. (2009). Facial
Feminization Surgery: A Guide for the Transgendered Woman. Omaha, Nebraska: Addicus Books, Inc. pp. 11, 15 & 22.
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from the early 20th century to identify what features were "female", then deriving measurements defining those features from a series of
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Plemons, Eric D. (2014). "Description of sex difference as prescription for sex change: On the origins of facial feminization surgery".
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and the point of the chin. Planning of cheek contouring is done while planning reshaping of the chin. The cheeks are reshaped by
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bone is taken apart, thinned and re-shaped, and reassembled in the new feminine position with small titanium wires or titanium
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that runs through the chin and jaw; other risks include damage to tooth roots, infection, nonunion, and damage to the
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The brow ridge is usually solid bone and can simply be ground down. The section of bossing between the eyebrows (the
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of the
Journal covering milestones and the ongoing development of transgender facial surgery as of 2019
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function. Standard rhinoplasty procedures are generally used. There is limited data on outcomes.
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The surgical procedures most frequently performed during FFS include the following.
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Altman K (2012). "Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art".
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women who feel that their faces are too masculine will also undergo FFS.
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2198:"Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Volume 30, Issue 5, July/August 2019"
1991:"Facial feminization for cisgender women with masculine-looking faces"
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FFS began in 1982 when
Darrell Pratt, a plastic surgeon who performed
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women and non binary pepole, FFS is medically necessary to treat
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in length either by bone shaving or with a procedure called a "
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Van de Ven, BFML (2008). "Facial feminisation: why and how?".
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that controls the lower lip and is at the edges of the chin.
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and wrist bones to make sure that bone growth has stopped.
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Plastic surgery changing one's face to feminine morphology
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Noureai, SA; Randhawa, P; Andrews, PJ; Saleh, HA (2007).
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surgery; sometimes this is done through the mouth. The
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The biggest risk in these procedures is damage to the
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Cis females often have fuller lips than cis males, so
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can also be reduced to make the jaw appear narrower.
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1809:. 2012. p. 58. Archived from
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2196:Habal, Mutaz B (August 2019).
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1331:) is a set of reconstructive
1243:Social construction of gender
2078:European Journal of Sexology
1906:10.1097/PRS.0000000000002171
1735:Plemons, Eric (2017-07-27).
815:Gender-sexuality questioning
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1956:Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg
1655:sex reassignment surgeries
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450:Gender self-identification
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1741:. Duke University Press.
1722:"WPATH POLICY STATEMENTS"
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1597:Adam's apple reduction
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2057:. Pages 105 and 111
1738:The Look of a Woman
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1568:chin can be reduced
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1406:Upper third of face
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322:
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318:Sex assignment
314:
313:
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283:
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506:United States
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471:
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414:Voice therapy
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310:
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305:
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296:
295:Gender clinic
292:
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271:
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117:
115:
114:Gender bender
112:
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1994:
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1959:
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1930:cite journal
1897:
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1811:the original
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1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1774:
1765:
1737:
1730:
1716:
1668:cephalograms
1652:
1637:
1620:
1603:Adam's apple
1600:
1587:mental nerve
1584:
1565:
1561:
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1462:cranioplasty
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1143:Nazi Germany
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716:Publications
672:
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455:Legal gender
443:legal status
397:Hair removal
379:
263:
244:
237:
208:
176:
148:Third gender
135:
101:
94:
1547:lip filling
1510:nasal valve
1503:Rhinoplasty
1483:brow ridges
1388:radiographs
1369:transgender
1341:rhinoplasty
1107: [
1087:Transphobia
1040:South Korea
1010:New Zealand
934: [
501:South Korea
441:Rights and
309:in children
286:Health care
273:Transsexual
254:Transgender
228:Trans woman
184:Mudoko dako
165:Femminiello
2243:Femininity
2222:Categories
2000:2021-08-12
1785:2016-06-20
1708:References
1611:epiglottis
1554:products.
1522:cheekbones
1464:where the
1438:brow ridge
1363:Candidates
978:Tamil Nadu
870:By country
781:Deadnaming
731:Television
709:non-binary
694:Literature
591:Inequality
564:Non-binary
491:Healthcare
334:feminizing
204:Two-spirit
189:Mukhannath
158:Faʻafafine
2204:4 January
1477:Brow lift
1381:cisgender
1367:For some
1337:brow lift
1178:Stonewall
1148:Singapore
1116:Australia
1104:Argentina
1065:2022 bill
1025:Singapore
998:2017 bill
994:Pakistan
968:2014 bill
914:2016 bill
899:Australia
882:Argentina
403:Pregnancy
288:practices
265:Akava'ine
233:Fakaleitī
223:Trans man
143:Koekchuch
109:Cisgender
103:Burrnesha
90:Androgyne
2179:24609120
2171:25362828
2131:17875823
2009:cite web
1976:22682235
1922:23174099
1914:27219232
1675:See also
1466:glabella
1445:glabella
1392:mandible
1288:Category
1213:Intersex
1192:See also
1163:Legality
1121:Re Kevin
1082:Title IX
1060:2004 act
1048:2022 law
1033:2003 act
1018:2016 act
1003:2018 act
973:2019 act
958:2024 law
953:2018 law
948:1980 law
892:2021 law
887:2012 law
721:Religion
596:Violence
586:Genocide
517:Toilets
239:Mak nyah
216:X-gender
199:Travesti
71:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
1634:History
1390:of the
1138:Finland
1097:History
1014:Norway
990:Ireland
943:Germany
926:Finland
835:Studies
673:Culture
601:Murders
513:Prisons
246:Rae-rae
172:Khanith
137:Kathoey
66:History
61:Outline
2177:
2169:
2129:
2053:
2036:
1974:
1920:
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1128:Brazil
1044:Spain
964:India
931:France
909:Canada
904:Brazil
876:Rights
726:Sports
704:People
526:Unisex
486:Asylum
210:Winkte
51:
48:
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42:
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2175:S2CID
1918:S2CID
1814:(PDF)
1803:(PDF)
1133:China
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921:China
845:views
661:March
420:WPATH
259:Youth
153:Bakla
119:Hijra
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2167:PMID
2127:PMID
2051:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2015:link
1972:PMID
1936:link
1910:PMID
1751:ISBN
1566:The
1533:Lips
1223:LGBT
985:Iran
689:Film
666:more
656:Flag
194:Muxe
178:Māhū
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1964:doi
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