315:. In addition, many individuals with factitious disorder do not present for treatment, often insisting their symptoms are genuine. Some degree of recovery, however, is possible. The passage of time seems to help the disorder greatly. There are many possible explanations for this occurrence, although none are currently considered definitive. It may be that a factitious disorder individual has mastered the art of feigning sickness over so many years of practice that the disorder can no longer be discerned. Another hypothesis is that many times a factitious disorder individual is placed in a home, or experiences health issues that are not self-induced or feigned. In this way, the problem with obtaining the "patient" status is resolved because symptoms arise without any effort on the part of the individual.
105:(also called Munchausen syndrome by proxy, Munchausen by proxy, or factitious disorder by proxy) is a condition in which a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates the symptoms of someone in their care. In either case, the perpetrator's motive is to perpetrate factitious disorders, either as a patient or by proxy as a caregiver, in order to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role. Malingering differs fundamentally from factitious disorders in that the malingerer simulates illness intending to obtain a material benefit or avoid an obligation or responsibility.
302:
disorder. These sessions should focus on the psychiatrist's establishing and maintaining a relationship with the patient. Such a relationship may help to contain symptoms of factitious disorder. Monitoring is also a form that may be indicated for the factitious disorder patient's own good; factitious disorder (especially proxy) can be detrimental to an individual's health—if they are, in fact, causing true physiological illnesses. Even faked illnesses and injuries can be dangerous and might be monitored for fear that unnecessary surgery may subsequently be performed.
207:, is the involuntary use of another individual to play the patient role. This disorder is relatively rare. False symptoms have been produced in children by perpetrator caregivers or parents. Less frequently they are produced in one adult by another adult. The disorder produces the "appearance" of illness, which "appearance" may be augmented by the perpetrator by providing an intentionally misleading medical history, or even by tampering with laboratory tests to make the targeted individual appear sick.
242:. Individuals also give approximate answers to simple questions such as, "How many legs on a cat?" "Three"; "What's the day after Wednesday?" "Friday"; and so on. The disorder is extraordinarily rare with fewer than 100 recorded cases. While individuals of all backgrounds have been reported with the disorder, there is a higher inclination towards males (75% or more). The average age of those with Ganser syndrome is 32, though it stretches from ages 15–62 years old.
231:. It is a disorder of extreme stress or an organic condition. The patient experiences approximation or giving absurd answers to simple questions. The syndrome is sometimes diagnosed as merely malingering—however, it is more often defined as a factitious disorder. This has been seen in prisoners following solitary confinement, and the symptoms are consistent in different prisons, though the patients do not know one another.
143:
Each particular case of factitious disorder presents itself differently and is derived from various etiologies. However, there is an overarching belief that patients experience the uncontrollable urge to maintain the sick-patient role, acting as a type of behavioral addiction. This contributes to the
310:
Some individuals experience only a few outbreaks of the disorder. However, in most cases, factitious disorder is a chronic long-term condition that is difficult to treat. There are relatively few positive outcomes for this disorder; in fact, treatment provided a lower percentage of positive outcomes
301:
In this therapeutic setting, the family is urged not to condone or reward the factitious disorder individual's behavior. This form of treatment can be unsuccessful if the family is uncooperative or displays signs of denial and/or antisocial disorder. Psychotherapy is another method used to treat the
215:
might knowingly introduce gluten into the son's diet. Such parents may be validated by the attention that they receive from having a sick child. When the disorder occurs between adults, a perpetrator may gain sympathy for their supposedly "heroic efforts" to care for the other targeted adult. For
132:
Individuals diagnosed with this disorder are more likely to have a history of emotional or physical abuse, neglect, and/or turbulent childhoods. This upbringing can cause an unstable sense of identity and low self-esteem. Abuse may prompt a feeling of lack of control, and the person may use faked
128:
If an individual did not form a healthy attachment to a caregiver as a child, there is a possibility that the person may develop factitious disorder in order to fulfill the need of receiving care. Attention from medical professionals may act as a replacement in satisfying important needs that the
124:
Individuals may experience a heightened thrill from medical procedures, a desire for attention and care, or feelings of control or accomplishment when deceiving medical professionals. They may partake in this behavior in order to seek and maintain relationships or use the sick-patient role as a
139:
There is a significant correlation found between the comorbidity of factitious disorder and personality disorders, specifically borderline personality disorder. Depressive disorders are also often diagnosed concurrently with factitious disorder. The causality cannot be known about whether one
189:, previously called Munchausen syndrome, or factitious disorder with predominantly physical signs and symptoms, has specified symptoms. Factitious disorder symptoms may seem exaggerated; individuals undergo major surgery repeatedly, and they "hospital jump" or migrate to avoid detection.
765:
738:
723:
210:
Occasionally in cases of this disorder, caregivers have been known to actually injure a child or to medically harm another adult in order to ensure that the targeted individual is medically treated. For instance, a mother whose son has
157:, and they do not act sick for personal gain as in the case of malingering sentiments. When the individual applies this pretended sickness to a dependent, for example, a child, it is often referred to as "factitious disorder by proxy".
129:
person never received as a child. Individuals may also use invasive or painful tests or procedures as a way to punish oneself for past mistakes or to cope with guilt associated with abuse. This is considered masochistic behavior.
152:
Criteria for diagnosis include intentionally fabricating to produce physical or psychological signs or symptoms and the absence of any other mental disorder. Motivation for their behavior must be to assume the "sick"
262:(previously called hysteria), a neurological deficit appears with no organic cause. The patient, again, is truly experiencing the symptoms and signs and has no intention to deceive. The differential also includes
337:
Factitious disorders with combined psychological and physical signs and symptoms: if both psychological and physical signs and symptoms are present and neither predominates in the clinical presentation
136:
Those with factitious disorder are also more likely to have experienced a severe illness in childhood, with the early exposure to healthcare being a major contributor to the onset of the disorder.
286:
can be used to treat factitious disorder, as a mood disorder may be the underlying cause of factitious disorder. Some authors (such as Prior and Gordon 1997) also report good responses to
1296:
298:
can also help. In such therapy, families are helped to better understand patients (the individual in the family with factitious disorder) and that person's need for attention.
554:
216:
example a wife has been found to have induced a "manufactured" illness in her husband via the surreptitious injection of a harmful substance into her husband.
1768:
1724:
827:
331:
Factitious disorders with predominantly psychological signs and symptoms: if psychological signs and symptoms predominate in the clinical presentation
1583:
1200:
1013:
993:
279:
1319:
198:
174:
102:
121:
What causes factitious disorder is not well understood, however there is a handful of possible motives that drive this pattern of behavior.
401:
334:
Factitious disorders with predominantly physical signs and symptoms: if physical signs and symptoms predominate in the clinical presentation
177:(Munchausen syndrome by proxy), defined as: When an individual falsifies illness in another, whether that be a child, pet, or older adult.
1780:
928:
186:
168:
98:
1030:
1005:
840:
656:
1534:
1816:
1636:
687:
603:
550:
1908:
1145:
1116:
1057:
1150:
945:
870:
140:
disorder causes the other, but it can be deduced that these diagnoses share similar etiologies and some overlapping symptoms.
1588:
1559:
820:
628:
1329:
2085:
1047:
1023:
234:
Symptoms include a clouding of consciousness, somatic conversion symptoms, confusion, stress, loss of personal identity,
1992:
1529:
1062:
907:
2050:
1237:
1035:
1987:
902:
1997:
1966:
1344:
1227:
813:
1121:
422:
Jafferany M, Khalid Z, McDonald KA, Shelley AJ (February 2018). "Psychological
Aspects of Factitious Disorder".
2045:
1961:
1956:
1653:
1616:
1608:
1426:
1395:
1136:
788:
352:
263:
251:
106:
1982:
1489:
1339:
1334:
1291:
1108:
1860:
1499:
1390:
1349:
1324:
1232:
110:
2055:
1788:
1668:
1575:
1554:
255:
228:
1880:
1793:
1549:
1369:
970:
950:
1930:
1912:
1875:
1865:
1719:
1621:
1598:
1446:
1438:
1217:
1195:
769:
259:
1803:
1593:
1190:
1042:
398:
679:
595:
576:
Nolan- Hoeksema, Susan. (2014). Abnormal
Psychology. McGraw Hill Publishing; 6th int ed. p. 159
258:), in which the patient is truly experiencing the symptoms and has no intention to deceive. In
1839:
1364:
1354:
1286:
1212:
1096:
683:
624:
599:
532:
471:
439:
347:
101:(also called Munchausen syndrome) was for some time the umbrella term for all such disorders.
30:
1709:
1663:
1631:
1479:
1457:
1422:
1185:
1067:
1018:
965:
940:
935:
892:
880:
671:
587:
522:
512:
431:
282:(SSRIs) can help manage underlying problems. Medicines such as SSRIs that are used to treat
1885:
1843:
1714:
1701:
1648:
1643:
1626:
1506:
1301:
1273:
1074:
897:
836:
759:
755:
751:
747:
405:
362:
311:
than did the treatment of individuals with obvious psychotic symptoms such as people with
224:
1935:
382:
16:
Disease of mental health where symptoms are deliberately produced, feigned or exaggerated
497:"Epidemiology and evolution of the diagnostic classification of factitious disorders in
1870:
1811:
1735:
1544:
1511:
1494:
1484:
782:
778:
774:
527:
496:
357:
295:
212:
88:
2079:
1904:
1855:
1173:
672:
588:
312:
287:
283:
267:
805:
1758:
1539:
1091:
646:
National
Institute of Health. By MO Krebs. April 6, 1996. Accessed October 22, 2023
76:
64:
793:
278:
No true psychiatric medications are prescribed for factitious disorder. However,
1743:
1474:
1205:
955:
113:, are characterized by physical complaints that are not produced intentionally.
56:
463:
2060:
1753:
1658:
1359:
1084:
1079:
875:
732:
239:
39:
35:
2013:
1945:
1763:
1222:
960:
885:
742:
623:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. p. 1747.
387:
235:
227:
was once considered a separate factitious disorder, but is now considered a
204:
133:
symptoms and a fabricated medical history to gain back a sense of autonomy.
643:
536:
475:
443:
435:
203:
Factitious disorder imposed on another, previously
Munchausen syndrome by
71:. People with a factitious disorder may produce symptoms by contaminating
1748:
1418:
1385:
1311:
621:
Kaplan & Sadock's
Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (2 Volume Set)
517:
291:
715:
80:
67:
symptoms, purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's
60:
1466:
1281:
727:
324:
495:
Caselli I, Poloni N, Ielmini M, Diurni M, Callegari C (2017-12-11).
1244:
161:
72:
154:
68:
2034:
1902:
1837:
1689:
1416:
1261:
1171:
991:
852:
809:
694:
Reference for the three types as described 20 January 2013
125:
coping strategy in response to stressful life events.
705:
2006:
1975:
1944:
1923:
1802:
1779:
1733:
1700:
1607:
1574:
1522:
1465:
1456:
1437:
1378:
1310:
1272:
1132:
1107:
1004:
916:
863:
709:
29:
24:
144:prolonged behaviors associated with the disorder.
250:Factitious disorder should be distinguished from
644:MĂĽnchhausen syndrome by proxy between two adults
619:Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, eds. (January 15, 2000).
567:Reference for the two as described 1 April 2015
470:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
821:
8:
424:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
505:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
2031:
1920:
1899:
1834:
1725:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
1697:
1686:
1462:
1434:
1413:
1269:
1258:
1168:
1001:
988:
860:
849:
828:
814:
806:
706:
21:
526:
516:
1988:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
1584:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
63:by deliberately producing, feigning, or
51:is a mental disorder in which a person,
678:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp.
594:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp.
374:
280:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
199:Factitious disorder imposed on another
193:Factitious disorder imposed on another
175:Factitious disorder imposed on another
103:Factitious disorder imposed on another
79:, injecting fecal material to produce
7:
457:
455:
453:
417:
415:
413:
1691:Physiological and physical behavior
383:Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
187:Factitious disorder imposed on self
182:Factitious disorder imposed on self
169:Factitious disorder imposed on self
99:Factitious disorder imposed on self
1637:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1031:Emotional and behavioral disorders
327:differentiated among three types:
83:, and similar behaviour. The word
14:
1817:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
557:from the original on 4 April 2015
1117:X-linked intellectual disability
164:differentiates among two types:
59:motive, acts as if they have an
946:Intermittent explosive disorder
871:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1589:Dissociative identity disorder
854:Adult personality and behavior
1:
1993:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
1530:Generalized anxiety disorder
1263:Neurological and symptomatic
908:Sexual relationship disorder
1769:REM sleep behavior disorder
1238:Seasonal affective disorder
1036:Separation anxiety disorder
462:Carnahan KT, Jha A (2022).
2102:
2036:Symptoms and uncategorized
1137:developmental disabilities
903:Sexual maturation disorder
196:
2041:
2030:
1998:Simple-type schizophrenia
1967:Schizophreniform disorder
1919:
1898:
1851:
1833:
1696:
1685:
1433:
1412:
1345:Mild cognitive impairment
1330:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1268:
1257:
1228:Major depressive disorder
1181:
1167:
1133:Psychological development
1000:
987:
859:
848:
107:Somatic symptom disorders
2046:Impulse-control disorder
1962:Schizoaffective disorder
1957:Brief reactive psychosis
1654:Mass psychogenic illness
1617:Body dysmorphic disorder
1396:Post-concussion syndrome
1006:Emotional and behavioral
674:Essentials of psychiatry
670:Kay J, Tasman A (2006).
590:Essentials of psychiatry
586:Kay J, Tasman A (2006).
353:Somatic symptom disorder
264:body dysmorphic disorder
252:somatic symptom disorder
95:, meaning "human-made".
1983:Childhood schizophrenia
1335:Frontotemporal dementia
1292:High-functioning autism
1109:Intellectual disability
1500:Specific social phobia
1391:Organic brain syndrome
1233:Melancholic depression
994:Childhood and learning
551:"Factitious Disorders"
246:Differential diagnosis
111:diagnoses of exclusion
2056:Psychomotor agitation
1846:and substance-related
1789:Postpartum depression
1669:Somatization disorder
1555:Acute stress reaction
1320:AIDS dementia complex
657:"Factitious Disorder"
464:"Factitious Disorder"
436:10.4088/PCC.17nr02229
256:somatization disorder
229:dissociative disorder
171:(Munchausen syndrome)
2086:Factitious disorders
2051:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
1881:Substance dependence
1794:Postpartum psychosis
1340:Huntington's disease
1122:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
971:Personality disorder
553:. Cleveland Clinic.
518:10.2147/PRBM.S153377
399:Somatoform Disorders
1931:Delusional disorder
1876:Stimulant psychosis
1866:Physical dependence
1720:Rumination syndrome
1622:Conversion disorder
1599:Psychogenic amnesia
1449:with depressed mood
1447:Adjustment disorder
1350:Parkinson's disease
1325:Alzheimer's disease
1218:Atypical depression
1054:Social functioning
929:Munchausen syndrome
924:Factitious disorder
260:conversion disorder
49:factitious disorder
25:Factitious disorder
1950:schizophrenia-like
1594:Dissociative fugue
1043:Movement disorders
404:2007-10-24 at the
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1894:
1893:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1570:
1569:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1365:Vascular dementia
1287:Asperger syndrome
1253:
1252:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1097:Tourette syndrome
983:
982:
979:
978:
803:
802:
348:Attention seeking
254:(formerly called
87:derives from the
45:
44:
19:Medical condition
2093:
2032:
1921:
1900:
1835:
1710:Anorexia nervosa
1698:
1687:
1664:Psychogenic pain
1632:Globus pharyngis
1480:Childhood phobia
1463:
1435:
1414:
1270:
1259:
1169:
1068:Selective mutism
1019:Conduct disorder
1002:
989:
966:Trichotillomania
941:Gender dysphoria
936:Fear of intimacy
893:Sexual anhedonia
861:
850:
837:Mental disorders
830:
823:
816:
807:
707:
695:
693:
677:
667:
661:
660:
653:
647:
641:
635:
634:
616:
610:
609:
593:
583:
577:
574:
568:
566:
564:
562:
547:
541:
540:
530:
520:
492:
486:
485:
483:
482:
459:
448:
447:
419:
408:
396:
390:
379:
323:Previously, the
75:samples, taking
22:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2037:
2018:
2002:
1971:
1949:
1940:
1915:
1890:
1847:
1844:substance abuse
1821:
1798:
1775:
1729:
1715:Bulimia nervosa
1692:
1673:
1649:Hypochondriasis
1644:False pregnancy
1627:Ganser syndrome
1609:Somatic symptom
1603:
1566:
1518:
1507:Specific phobia
1452:
1429:
1400:
1374:
1306:
1302:Savant syndrome
1274:Autism spectrum
1264:
1249:
1177:
1155:
1134:
1128:
1103:
996:
975:
951:Dermatillomania
912:
898:Sexual anorexia
855:
844:
834:
804:
799:
798:
718:
704:
699:
698:
690:
669:
668:
664:
655:
654:
650:
642:
638:
631:
618:
617:
613:
606:
585:
584:
580:
575:
571:
560:
558:
549:
548:
544:
494:
493:
489:
480:
478:
461:
460:
451:
421:
420:
411:
406:Wayback Machine
397:
393:
380:
376:
371:
363:Hypochondriasis
344:
321:
308:
276:
248:
225:Ganser syndrome
222:
220:Ganser syndrome
201:
195:
184:
150:
119:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Rebound effect
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:Hypersexuality
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1545:Panic disorder
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:Claustrophobia
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1495:Anthropophobia
1487:
1485:Social anxiety
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Pick's disease
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1008:
998:
997:
992:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
932:
931:
920:
918:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
889:
888:
883:
873:
867:
865:
857:
856:
853:
846:
845:
841:Classification
835:
833:
832:
825:
818:
810:
801:
800:
797:
796:
785:
762:
735:
719:
714:
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1936:Folie Ă deux
1861:Intoxication
1842:substances,
1840:Psychoactive
1759:Night terror
1576:Dissociative
1540:Panic attack
1092:Tic disorder
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559:. Retrieved
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1909:schizotypal
1744:Hypersomnia
1734:Nonorganic
1475:Agoraphobia
1206:Cyclothymia
1201:Bipolar NOS
1176:(affective)
1048:Stereotypic
956:Kleptomania
511:: 387–394.
57:malingering
2061:Stereotypy
1924:Delusional
1913:delusional
1886:Withdrawal
1754:Parasomnia
1659:Nosophobia
1439:Adjustment
1427:somatoform
1360:Sundowning
1213:Depression
1196:Bipolar II
1085:Stuttering
1080:Cluttering
876:Paraphilia
630:0683301284
481:2022-11-21
468:StatPearls
369:References
240:echopraxia
85:factitious
40:psychology
36:Psychiatry
2014:Catatonia
1946:Psychosis
1781:Postnatal
1764:Nightmare
1370:Wandering
1223:Dysthymia
1191:Bipolar I
1146:Pervasive
961:Pyromania
886:Voyeurism
881:Fetishism
388:eMedicine
306:Prognosis
274:Treatment
236:echolalia
148:Diagnosis
93:factītius
81:abscesses
31:Specialty
2080:Category
1749:Insomnia
1419:Neurotic
1386:Delirium
1312:Dementia
1151:Specific
555:Archived
537:29270035
476:32491479
444:29489075
402:Archived
342:See also
292:Pimozide
117:Etiology
1458:Anxiety
1297:PDD-NOS
1186:Bipolar
839: (
794:D005162
561:1 April
528:5729833
319:History
61:illness
53:without
1702:Eating
1550:Stress
1467:Phobia
1423:stress
1282:Autism
1075:Speech
864:Sexual
783:301.51
779:300.19
775:300.16
760:F68.13
756:F68.12
752:F68.11
748:F68.10
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325:DSM-IV
238:, and
2007:Other
1736:sleep
1523:Other
1379:Other
1245:Mania
917:Other
743:10-CM
733:F68.1
499:DSM-5
205:proxy
162:DSM-5
91:word
89:Latin
73:urine
1911:and
1560:PTSD
1174:Mood
1014:ADHD
789:MeSH
770:9-CM
684:ISBN
625:ISBN
600:ISBN
563:2015
533:PMID
472:PMID
440:PMID
266:and
160:The
155:role
69:role
1948:and
1535:OCD
1063:RAD
1058:DAD
1024:ODD
766:ICD
739:ICD
724:ICD
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523:PMC
513:doi
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434::
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