635:
59:
649:
3053:
3036:
42:
266:
127:
1542:
1696:
1668:
1656:
102:
1550:
1616:
young fledge after 4â5 weeks. The family stays close together for a few weeks, during which time the young learn how to fend for themselves and hunt prey. The young become sexually mature the next breeding season. Female kestrel chicks with blacker plumage have been found to have bolder personalities, indicating that even in juvenile birds plumage coloration can act as a status signal.
1430:
1387:
1380:
1640:
1680:
1615:
white to large almost-black blotches. Incubation lasts from 4 weeks to one month, both male and female will take shifts incubating the eggs. After the eggs have hatched, the parents share brooding and hunting duties. Only the female feeds the chicks, by tearing apart prey into manageable chunks. The
519:
in 1555. The word "kestrel" is derived from the French crĂŠcerelle which is diminutive for crĂŠcelle, which also referred to a bell used by lepers. The word is earlier spelt 'c/kastrel', and is evidenced from the 15th century. The kestrel was once used to drive and keep away pigeons. Archaic names for
1425:
burrows as they shine in an ultraviolet colour in the sunlight. Another favourite (but less conspicuous) hunting technique is to perch a bit above the ground cover, surveying the area. When the bird spots prey animals moving by, it will pounce on them. They also prowl a patch of hunting ground in a
1628:
of prey, particularly voles, have a considerable influence on breeding success. Most common kestrels die before they reach 2 years of age; mortality up until the first birthday may be as high as 70%. At least females generally breed at one year of age; possibly, some males take a year longer to
1623:
shows nesting pairs bringing up about 2â3 chicks on average, though this includes a considerable rate of total brood failures; actually, few pairs that do manage to fledge offspring raise less than 3 or 4. Compared to their siblings, first-hatched chicks have greater survival and recruitment
1781:
The Pathan name for the kestrel, BÄd Khurak, means "wind hover" and in Punjab it is called LarzÄnak or "little hoverer". It was once used as a decoy to capture other birds of prey in Persia and Arabia. It was also used to train greyhounds meant for hunting gazelles in parts of Arabia. Young
1354:
able to multiply quickly under good conditions it was less affected than other birds of prey. The global population has been fluctuating considerably over the years but remains generally stable; it is roughly estimated at 1â2 million pairs or so, about 20% of which are found in
1492:
are eaten only on rare occasions. However, kestrels are more likely to prey on lizards in southern latitudes. In northern latitudes, the kestrel is found more often to deliver lizards to their nestlings during midday and also with increasing ambient temperature. Seasonally,
3130:
2708:
Mourer-ChauvirĂŠ, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Chaline, J.; Debard, E.; GuĂŠrin, C.; Hugueney, M. (2003). "Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des AbĂŽmes de La Fage, at
Noailles (Corrèze, France), in the European Pleistocene chronology".
1229:
with the male having fewer black spots and streaks, as well as a blue-grey cap and tail. The tail is brown with black bars in females, and has a black tip with a narrow white rim in both sexes. All common kestrels have a prominent black
2974:
Wiles, Gary J.; Worthington, David J.; Beck, Robert E. Jr.; Pratt, H. Douglas; Aguon, Celestino F.; Pyle, Robert L. (2000). "Noteworthy bird records for
Micronesia, with a summary of raptor sightings in the Mariana Islands, 1988-1999".
1610:
is normally 3â7 eggs; more eggs may be laid in total but some will be removed during the laying time. This lasts about 2 days per egg laid. The eggs are abundantly patterned with brown spots, from a wash that tinges the entire surface
346:
2061:
Historiae animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordinĂŠ quo in hoc volumine
3310:
1528:
The common kestrel requires the equivalent of 4â8 voles a day, depending on energy expenditure (time of the year, amount of hovering, etc.). They have been known to catch several voles in succession and
2998:
Wiles, Gary J.; Johnson, Nathan C.; de Cruz, Justine B.; Dutson, Guy; Camacho, Vicente A.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Vice, Daniel S.; Garrett, Kimball L.; Kessler, Curt C.; Pratt, H. Douglas (2004).
1603:
which also make their home there. In general, common kestrels will usually tolerate conspecifics nesting nearby, and sometimes a few dozen pairs may be found nesting in a loose colony.
1393:
When hunting, the common kestrel characteristically hovers about 10â20 m (35â65 ft) above the ground, searching for prey, either by flying into the wind or by soaring using
1301:
to support a population of prey animals. The common kestrel readily adapts to human settlement, as long as sufficient swathes of vegetation are available, and may even be found in
3085:
1401:, common kestrels have keen eyesight enabling them to spot small prey from a distance. Once prey is sighted, the bird makes a short, steep dive toward the target, unlike the
614:), which much resembles a small common kestrel with no black on the upperside except wing and tail tips, is probably not very closely related to the present species, and the
626:
at all. Both species have much grey in their wings in males, which does not occur in the common kestrel or its close living relatives but does in almost all other falcons.
1576:. It is a cavity nester, preferring holes in cliffs, trees or buildings; in built-up areas, common kestrels will often nest on buildings, and will reuse the old nests of
3107:
3450:
1405:
which relies on longer, higher dives to reach full speed when targeting prey. Kestrels can often be found hunting along the sides of roads and motorways, where the
3502:
2773:
Peterson, A. Townsend; Brooks, Thomas; Gamauf, Anita; Gonzalez, Juan Carlos T.; Mallari, Neil Aldrin D.; Dutson, Guy; Bush, Sarah E.; Fernandez, Renato (2008).
3621:
2153:
Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J.A.; Mindell, D.P. (2015). "Rapid diversification of falcons (Aves: Falconidae) due to expansion of open habitats in the Late
Miocene".
1289:. It does not require woodland to be present as long as there are alternative perching and nesting sites like rocks or buildings. It will thrive in treeless
1245:
are dark. Juveniles look like adult females, but the underside streaks are wider; the yellow of their bare parts is paler. Hatchlings are covered in white
3099:
2486:
1265:
south in winter; otherwise it is sedentary, though juveniles may wander around in search for a good place to settle down as they become mature. It is a
58:
2913:
Viitala, Jussi; Korpimäki, Erkki; Palokangas, Päivi; Koivula, Minna (1995). "Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light".
2572:
3401:
981:
634:
3463:
345:
2400:
MartĂnez-Padilla, J.; Vergara, P.; Fargallo, J. A. (2017). "Increased lifetime reproductive success of first-hatched siblings in Common
Kestrels
1703:
The kestrel is sometimes seen, like other birds of prey, as a symbol of the power and vitality of nature. In "Into Battle" (1915), the war poet
2763:
2527:
2039:
2519:
648:
3656:
1002:
glaciation which ended about 130,000 years ago, when they finally gave way to birds indistinguishable from those living today. Some of the
3082:
347:
1782:
greyhounds would be set after jerboa-rats which would also be distracted and forced to make twists and turns by the dives of a kestrel.
1748:
3424:
3349:
2774:
2008:
1533:
some for later consumption. An individual nestling consumes on average 4.2 g/h, equivalent to 67.8 g/d (3â4 voles per day).
2607:
2031:
1946:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
3641:
2702:
1468:) may make up the bulk of its diet. Elsewhere, birds are only an important food during a few weeks each summer when inexperienced
3651:
3636:
2636:
3362:
467:
241:
3104:
3468:
2674:
2025:
3646:
3489:
3284:
769:
only two records exist). Has dark heavily marked birds and has a foxed red phase but not reliably identified in the field.
1639:
3201:
3261:
3572:
3094:
3507:
3380:
2199:
1530:
1667:
3393:
3042:
2086:
1316:. It is found from the sea to the lower mountain ranges, reaching elevations up to 4,500 m (14,800 ft)
3122:
1624:
probability, thought to be due to the first-hatched chicks obtaining a higher body condition when in the nest.
974:
732:
2498:
1707:
invokes the superhuman characteristics of the kestrel among several birds, when hoping for prowess in battle:
3598:
2795:
126:
2589:
2518:; Bayes, Michelle K.; van Zyl, Anthony J.; Carrillo, JosĂŠ; Nichols, Richard A.; Bruford, Michael W. (2002).
2091:
484:
3429:
3626:
3248:
3154:
2984:
2964:
2953:
2515:
1655:
1367:
is quite rare, numbering less than 1000 adult birds in 1990, when the ancient western
Canarian subspecies
1042:
874:
578:
3192:
2845:) to nests of Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) determined by solar height and ambient temperature".
3541:
3266:
2836:. Vol. 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 112â113.
1760:
1727:
948:
918:
477:
315:
221:
71:
1826:
544:
stripes, a feature which apparently was not present in the most ancestral kestrels. They seem to have
3230:
3212:
2924:
2718:
2536:
2162:
1317:
2989:
1020:
969:(and perhaps other subspecies), are found throughout the then-unglaciated parts of Europe, from the
41:
3117:
2825:
2446:
1989:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 405.
1274:
1037:
839:
717:
545:
459:
265:
91:
1969:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 21.
1193: oz) on average. They are thus small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most
2940:
2901:
2862:
2799:
2734:
2580:
2560:
2382:
1007:
996:
855:
777:
303:
121:
3546:
2755:
2747:
2520:"A molecular phylogeny of African kestrels with reference to divergence across the Indian Ocean"
962:
668:
3455:
3631:
3528:
3481:
3297:
2782:
2759:
2698:
2552:
2178:
2124:
2035:
2004:
1966:
Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes
1541:
1469:
1226:
1210:
992:
880:
3058:
2099:
951:
differed slightly in size from the current population; they are sometimes referred to as the
3533:
3416:
2932:
2915:
2891:
2854:
2829:
2791:
2726:
2544:
2413:
2372:
2203:
2170:
1821:
1625:
1414:
1402:
1294:
849:
806:
672:
615:
393:
75:
3567:
3253:
2807:
1949:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 90.
1679:
3515:
3217:
3111:
3089:
2619:
1704:
1278:
1109: in). The females is noticeably larger, with the adult male weighing 136â252 g (
988:
952:
589:
582:
472:
3067:
1803:
2928:
2722:
2540:
2166:
965:). The remains of these birds, which presumably were the direct ancestors of the living
3388:
3375:
3052:
3035:
2730:
2055:
1646:
1592:
1343:
1266:
1262:
1242:
816:
706:
702:
607:
516:
400:
2548:
1249:, changing to a buff-grey second down coat before they grow their first true plumage.
3615:
3476:
2999:
2754:. Vol. 2 (New World vultures to Guineafowl). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
2738:
2655:
1960:
1940:
1812:
1731:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1398:
1214:
970:
895:
831:
825:
791:
783:
553:
463:
427:
237:
178:
111:
106:
3289:
2905:
2866:
2803:
2473:Ălamo TavĂo, Manuel (1975). AsociaciĂłn Canaria para Defensa de la Naturaleza (ed.).
2386:
2361:"Plumage coloration and personality in early life: sexual differences in signalling"
2059:
1984:
1964:
1859:
1695:
3585:
3315:
3302:
3136:
2944:
2080:
1549:
1502:
1498:
1481:
1351:
1246:
1241:, feet, and a narrow ring around the eye are bright yellow; the toenails, bill and
1222:
642:
599:
581:
study published in 2015 found that the common kestrel's closest relatives were the
574:
570:
564:
411:
382:
2359:
LĂłpez-IdiĂĄquez, D.; Fargallo, J.A.; LĂłpez-Rull , I.; MartĂnez-Padilla, J. (2019).
1944:
1633:
can be 16 years or more, however; one was recorded to have lived almost 24 years.
3367:
3276:
3100:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1014:)âwere indistinguishable from those alive today. Other prey species of that time
709:
south in winter, apparently not crossing the
Himalayas but diverting to the west.
606:), previously considered a subspecies, is now treated as a distinct species. The
17:
3559:
3494:
3437:
3186:
3027:
2841:
Steen, R.; Løw, L.M.; Sonerud, T. (2011a). "Delivery of Common
Lizards (Zootoca
2683:
2174:
1755:
1325:
1025:
932:
762:
690:
528:
3022:
1429:
1386:
1379:
403:, where no other kestrel species commonly occurs, it is generally just called "
3580:
2207:
1980:
1770:
1715:
1630:
1629:
maturity as they do in related species. The biological lifespan to death from
1581:
1558:
1518:
1473:
1406:
1394:
984:
977:
694:
664:
557:
522:
488:
435:
396:
188:
3336:
2474:
2143:
for a thorough discussion of common kestrel and relatives' divergence times.
1765:
1596:
1566:
1506:
1494:
1465:
1347:
1332:
1329:
1286:
1282:
1258:
1015:
835:
795:
754:
738:
686:
138:
79:
3354:
3177:
2876:"Prey delivery rates as estimates of prey consumption by Eurasian Kestrel (
2556:
2182:
1595:
is peculiar for nesting occasionally in the dried fronds below the top of
3171:
3143:
3077:
2896:
2875:
2775:"The Avifauna of Mt. Kitanglad, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines"
1600:
1324:
parts of its range but only to about 1,750 m (5,740 ft) in the
1321:
1306:
1194:
936:
928:
787:
766:
698:
656:
549:
447:
158:
3240:
3593:
3520:
3406:
3225:
2874:
Steen, R.; Løw, L.M.; Sonerud, G.A.; Selüs, V.; Slagsvold, T. (2011b).
1775:
1569:
1562:
1522:
1453:
1410:
1360:
1313:
1302:
1270:
1218:
1203:
1032:
999:
909:
901:
884:
812:
623:
386:
378:
3442:
3072:
2417:
2377:
2360:
1572:
and some time between August and
December in the tropics and southern
3031:
2936:
2573:"The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan"
1734:", exalting in their mastery of flight and their majesty in the sky.
1577:
1573:
1514:
1510:
1489:
1457:
1437:
1422:
1359:. There has been a recent decline in parts of Western Europe such as
1356:
1290:
1199:
940:
500:
443:
434:
islands, but vagrant individuals are generally rare; in the whole of
423:
415:
390:
332:
198:
148:
3148:
2858:
2281:
3341:
3328:
3068:
Kestrel Bird Guide at The Royal
Society for the Protection of Birds
1741:
dom of daylight's dauphin, dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon, in his riding
667:
are recognised. Most differ little, and mainly in accordance with
487:
as Europe but restricted this to Sweden in 1761. The genus name is
3554:
3323:
1694:
1557:
The common kestrel starts breeding in spring (or the start of the
1548:
1540:
1445:
1428:
1418:
1385:
1378:
1298:
1231:
924:
905:
758:
750:
746:
742:
723:
647:
633:
561:
541:
537:
508:
431:
343:
274:
83:
2303:
798:. Heavily marked, has rufous thighs with dark grey head in males.
3023:
Rock kestrel species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1485:
1461:
1449:
1441:
1426:
ground-hugging flight, ambushing prey as they happen across it.
1339:
1310:
1238:
1003:
947:
The common kestrels of Europe living during cold periods of the
757:. Winters to the south of its breeding range, from northeastern
439:
419:
168:
3152:
2750:. In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
2003:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.
1081: in) from head to tail, with a wingspan of 65â82 cm (
1797:
1795:
1477:
1151: oz) on average; the adult female weighs 154â314 g (
2477:[Birds of Fuerteventura threatened with extinction].
675:. Tropical African forms have less grey in the male plumage.
560:, probably starting in tropical East Africa, as indicated by
2232:
2140:
3000:"New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986â2003"
1847:
1338:
Globally, this species is not considered threatened by the
1206:, they have long wings as well as a distinctive long tail.
3095:
Live Streaming of common kestrel nest in Amadora, Portugal
3062:
2618:. Mangoverde World Bird Guide (MWBG). 2009. Archived from
1928:
1914:
438:
for example, the species was only recorded twice each on
2796:
10.3158/0015-0754(2008)114[1:TAOMKB]2.0.CO;2
2314:
1342:. Its stocks were affected by the indiscriminate use of
533:
due to its habit of beating the wind (hovering in air).
511:
for "kestrel" from "tinnulus", "shrill". The Latin name
2479:
Aves y Plantas de Fuerteventura en Peligro de ExtinciĂłn
503:, referencing the claws of the bird. The species name
2447:"Note on the Common Kestril (Tinnunculus alaudarius)"
2336:
1553:
Young kestrels, not yet able to fly, waiting for food
1031:), while yet again others seem to have gone entirely
426:, as well as occasionally reaching the east coast of
2292:
3161:
1456:most individuals ingest. On oceanic islands (where
1350:in the mid-20th century, but being something of an
1217:with narrow blackish streaks on the underside; the
1035:without leaving any living descendantsâfor example
2637:"Bats and Swifts as food of the European Kestrel (
2135:
2133:
2079:
1827:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696362A206316110.en
3073:Text of the Hopkins poem mentioned in the article
2635:Mikula, P.; Hromada, M.; Tryjanowski, P. (2013).
2246:
3083:Kestrel on-line 2012: Groningen, The Netherlands
2325:
2242:
2240:
1746:A kestrel is also one of the main characters in
2475:"Aves de Fuerteventura en peligro de extinciĂłn"
2065:(in Latin). Zurich: Froschauer. pp. 53â55.
1736:
1730:(1844â1889) writes on the kestrel in his poem "
1709:
1213:brown with blackish spots on the upperside and
3105:Feathers of common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
2571:Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim; Sherub (2000).
1739:I caught this morning morning's minion, king-
540:that contains the kestrel species with black
8:
2955:An etymological dictionary of modern English
2676:Cenozoic Birds of the World (Part 1: Europe)
2429:
2427:
2027:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1053:The common kestrels measures 32â39 cm (
2969:(4th ed.). London: Gurney and Jackson.
2347:
1924:
1922:
1899:
1764:- together with the 1969 film based on it,
1452:supply up to three-quarters or more of the
722:â northeast Siberia to northeast China and
3149:
3051:
3034:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
264:
100:
57:
40:
31:
2988:
2895:
2376:
2269:
1825:
2451:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
2257:
1645:Hatchling of common kestrel (note white
1436:They eat almost exclusively mouse-sized
1417:light, allowing the birds to detect the
1371:numbered about ten times as many birds.
1006:the Ice Age common kestrels ateâsuch as
2112:
1791:
1635:
1261:parts of its range, the common kestrel
2315:Mikula, Hromada & Tryjanowski 2013
2194:
2192:
2074:
2072:
1041:, which apparently fell victim to the
515:had been used by the Swiss naturalist
2834:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
2682:. Prague: Ninox Press. Archived from
2528:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2433:
2214:. International Ornithologists' Union
2155:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2030:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1983:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
1234:stripe like their closest relatives.
7:
3599:9384EE0A-4F6B-4D64-97D9-C858304C62D8
3394:8b88549f-49a0-4a4d-ae0d-a0a0529b0327
3078:Kestrel on-line 2013: Brest, Belarus
2100:participating institution membership
1903:
1497:may be a main prey item. Generally,
1409:support large numbers of prey. This
883:except in the desert and across the
573:data analysis and considerations of
3622:IUCN Red List least concern species
2958:. London: John Murray. p. 801.
1860:"Common Kestrels | Beauty of Birds"
1813:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1722:As keen of ear, as swift of sight.
1599:, apparently coexisting with small
1024:, the presumed ancestor of today's
705:region. Northern Asian populations
689:areas of Europe, North Africa, the
2731:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01232.x
2293:Inskipp, Inskipp & Sherub 2000
1774:- is about a working-class boy in
1720:Bid him be swift and keen as they,
866:â southwestern Cape Verde Islands.
765:(where it is localized, e.g. from
462:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
351:Falco tinnunculus - Common Kestrel
25:
2001:Shorter Oxford English dictionary
1269:of the lowlands and prefers open
410:This species occurs over a large
3430:common-kestrel-falco-tinnunculus
2966:Popular handbook of Indian birds
2212:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
1986:Check-List of Birds of the World
1848:Mangoverde World Bird Guide 2009
1678:
1666:
1654:
1638:
125:
2641:) in a small town, in Slovakia"
2123:Possibly to be reclassified as
1802:BirdLife International (2021).
1699:Wooden common kestrel sculpture
1221:are also blackish. Unlike most
321:
256:
3131:Eurasian kestrel photo gallery
2752:Handbook of Birds of the World
2326:Steen, Løw & Sonerud 2011a
1179: oz), around 184 g (
1137: oz), around 155 g (
327:Falco tinnunculus interstictus
1:
2549:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00254-3
2247:Rasmussen & Anderton 2005
1472:abound. Other suitably sized
68:Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus
51:Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus
3133:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1749:The Animals of Farthing Wood
1712:The kestrel hovering by day,
1209:The plumage is mainly light
3657:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2847:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2282:Mourer-ChauvirĂŠ et al. 2003
2175:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.010
622:) is apparently not a true
3673:
830:â eastern Canary Islands:
701:mountain ranges to the NW
536:This species is part of a
3137:Interactive range map of
2654:: 178â185. Archived from
2588:: 147â162. Archived from
2087:Oxford English Dictionary
2024:Jobling, James A (2010).
1820:: e.T22696362A206316110.
1778:who befriends a kestrel.
1661:Fledglings in nest cavity
1460:are often scarce), small
1293:where there are abundant
1045:about 100,000 years ago.
483:. Linnaeus specified the
430:. It has colonized a few
309:
302:
272:
263:
253:
248:
227:
220:
122:Scientific classification
120:
98:
89:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
3642:Birds of prey of Eurasia
3123:Internet Bird Collection
2952:Weekley, Ernest (1921).
2673:MlĂkovskĂ˝, JiĹĂ (2002).
2206:, eds. (December 2023).
1565:), i.e. April or May in
1227:sexual colour dimorphism
693:, and Asia north of the
3652:Birds described in 1758
3637:Birds of prey of Africa
2963:Whistler, Hugh (1949).
2445:Phillott, D.C. (1832).
2141:Groombridge et al. 2002
2092:Oxford University Press
1673:Immature after fledging
458:The common kestrel was
3118:"Common kestrel media"
2497:. 2010. Archived from
1744:
1725:
1700:
1554:
1546:
1509:, but mainly sizeable
1433:
1390:
1383:
1043:Weichselian glaciation
660:
645:
579:molecular phylogenetic
414:. It is widespread in
352:
285: Year-Round Range
3542:Paleobiology Database
3063:Israel Birding Portal
2514:Groombridge, Jim J.;
1864:www.beautyofbirds.com
1761:A Kestrel for a Knave
1728:Gerard Manley Hopkins
1698:
1552:
1544:
1432:
1389:
1382:
1253:Behaviour and ecology
1012:Microtus subterraneus
949:Quaternary glaciation
870:F. t. rupicolaeformis
653:F. t. rupicolaeformis
651:
637:
365:), also known as the
350:
72:Tal Chhapar Sanctuary
3647:Birds of Macaronesia
3389:Fauna Europaea (new)
2897:10.5253/078.099.0101
2826:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
2746:Orta, Jaume (1994).
2481:(in Spanish): 10â32.
2233:Peterson et al. 2008
931:, southwards around
894:(Hartert, EJO &
520:the kestrel include
3059:Common kestrel page
2929:1995Natur.373..425V
2723:2003Borea..32..521M
2541:2002MolPE..25..267G
2304:Viitala et al. 1995
2208:"Seriemas, falcons"
2167:2015MolPE..82..166F
2090:(Online ed.).
1718:that call at night,
1685:Common kestrel nest
1018:more rapidly (like
1008:European pine voles
840:Chinijo Archipelago
729:F. t. interstinctus
213:F. tinnunculus
92:Conservation status
3144:IUCN Red List maps
3110:2013-11-03 at the
3088:2013-11-27 at the
2756:259â260, plates 26
2622:on 7 December 2008
2608:"Eurasian Kestrel
2491:life history data"
2337:Steen et al. 2011b
2272:, pp. 222â223
2260:, pp. 385â387
2202:; Donsker, David;
1701:
1555:
1547:
1434:
1391:
1384:
997:Middle Pleistocene
856:Cape Verde Islands
661:
646:
476:under the current
460:formally described
353:
297: Winter Range
291: Summer Range
3609:
3608:
3586:Falco-tinnunculus
3529:Open Tree of Life
3316:falco-tinnunculus
3218:Falco_tinnunculus
3193:Falco tinnunculus
3163:Falco tinnunculus
3155:Taxon identifiers
3139:Falco tinnunculus
2923:(6513): 425â427.
2878:Falco tinnunculus
2830:Anderton, John C.
2783:Fieldiana Zoology
2765:978-84-87334-15-3
2639:Falco tinnunculus
2610:Falco tinnunculus
2489:Falco tinnunculus
2418:10.1111/ibi.12494
2402:Falco tinnunculus
2378:10.1111/ibi.12665
2204:Rasmussen, Pamela
2125:Early Pleistocene
2098:(Subscription or
2041:978-1-4081-2501-4
1929:Wiles et al. 2004
1915:Wiles et al. 2000
1806:Falco tinnunculus
1626:Population cycles
1580:. The diminutive
1295:herbaceous plants
1197:. Like the other
993:million years ago
967:F. t. tinnunculus
922:
899:
881:Arabian Peninsula
878:
865:
853:
829:
810:
802:F. t. canariensis
781:
736:
721:
713:F. t. perpallidus
684:
680:F. t. tinnunculus
639:F. t. canariensis
593:Falco cenchroides
586:Falco moluccensis
481:Falco tinnunculus
385:belonging to the
375:Old World kestrel
362:Falco tinnunculus
348:
342:
341:
337:
319:
279:F. t. tinnunculus
231:Falco tinnunculus
115:
18:Falco tinnunculus
16:(Redirected from
3664:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3495:NHMSYS0000530358
3485:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3419:
3417:eurasian-kestrel
3410:
3409:
3397:
3396:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3231:DCDDC20BDA55E5D3
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3150:
3127:
3055:
3050:
3043:"Common kestrel"
3038:
3011:
2994:
2992:
2970:
2959:
2948:
2937:10.1038/373425a0
2909:
2899:
2870:
2843:Lacerta vivipara
2837:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2806:. Archived from
2779:
2769:
2748:"Common Kestrel"
2742:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2645:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2559:. Archived from
2524:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2482:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2356:
2350:
2348:Ălamo TavĂo 1975
2345:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1799:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1642:
1415:near ultraviolet
1375:Food and feeding
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
917:
893:
872:
863:
848:
824:
804:
775:
773:F. t. objurgatus
731:
715:
682:
616:American kestrel
556:, roughly 2.5â2
371:Eurasian kestrel
367:European kestrel
349:
329:
314:
296:
290:
284:
268:
233:
130:
129:
109:
104:
103:
61:
44:
32:
21:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3516:Observation.org
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3413:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3157:
3116:
3112:Wayback Machine
3090:Wayback Machine
3041:
3019:
3014:
2997:
2990:10.1.1.393.1140
2973:
2962:
2951:
2912:
2873:
2859:10.1139/z10-109
2840:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2745:
2707:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2501:on 2 March 2012
2485:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1743:
1740:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1705:Julian Grenfell
1693:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1662:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1591:of the eastern
1539:
1525:will be eaten.
1413:is able to see
1377:
1344:organochlorines
1328:climate of the
1320:in the hottest
1255:
1225:, they display
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
963:Bergmann's rule
953:paleosubspecies
915:F. t. rufescens
861:F. t. alexandri
846:F. t. neglectus
724:Korea Peninsula
632:
590:Nankeen kestrel
583:spotted kestrel
473:Systema Naturae
456:
344:
325:
312:Falco rupicolus
298:
294:
292:
288:
286:
282:
244:
235:
229:
216:
124:
116:
105:
101:
94:
35:Common kestrel
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3538:
3525:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3411:
3398:
3385:
3376:Fauna Europaea
3372:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3198:
3183:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3128:
3114:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3056:
3039:
3028:Common kestrel
3025:
3018:
3017:External links
3015:
3013:
3012:
2995:
2983:(2): 257â284.
2971:
2960:
2949:
2910:
2871:
2853:(3): 199â205.
2838:
2822:
2786:. New Series.
2770:
2764:
2743:
2717:(3): 521â531.
2705:
2670:
2632:
2616:mangoverde.com
2604:
2568:
2566:on 2007-09-14.
2535:(2): 267â277.
2516:Jones, Carl G.
2511:
2483:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:(10): 527â528.
2437:
2423:
2412:(4): 803â811.
2392:
2371:(1): 216â221.
2351:
2340:
2329:
2318:
2307:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2270:MlĂkovskĂ˝ 2002
2262:
2250:
2236:
2225:
2188:
2145:
2129:
2116:
2105:
2068:
2056:Gesner, Conrad
2047:
2040:
2016:
2010:978-0199206872
2009:
1992:
1972:
1961:Linnaeus, Carl
1952:
1941:Linnaeus, Carl
1932:
1918:
1907:
1875:
1851:
1840:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1737:
1710:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1593:Canary Islands
1538:
1535:
1421:trails around
1376:
1373:
1267:diurnal animal
1254:
1251:
1050:
1047:
945:
944:
939:and northeast
912:
891:F. t. archerii
888:
867:
858:
843:
822:F. t. dacotiae
819:
817:Canary Islands
799:
770:
726:
710:
703:Sea of Okhotsk
683:Linnaeus, 1758
673:Gloger's rules
631:
628:
608:lesser kestrel
517:Conrad Gessner
455:
452:
401:United Kingdom
383:predatory bird
357:common kestrel
340:
339:
307:
306:
300:
299:
293:
287:
281:
273:Global map of
270:
269:
261:
260:
255:About 10, see
251:
250:
246:
245:
236:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
208:
204:
203:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
118:
117:
99:
96:
95:
90:
87:
86:
63:
62:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3669:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Falco (genus)
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2813:on 2009-09-02
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2703:80-901105-3-8
2700:
2689:on 2011-05-20
2685:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2661:on 2016-12-03
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:Ornis Fennica
2642:
2640:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2595:on 2014-08-10
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:Whistler 1949
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1732:The Windhover
1729:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:camel spiders
1500:
1499:invertebrates
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:birds of prey
1396:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:. Subspecies
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1247:down feathers
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:Pliomys lenki
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
971:Late Pliocene
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
916:
913:
911:
907:
903:
897:
892:
889:
886:
882:
876:
871:
868:
862:
859:
857:
851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
833:
832:Fuerteventura
827:
823:
820:
818:
814:
808:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:Eastern Ghats
789:
785:
779:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:, south into
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
730:
727:
725:
719:
714:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
677:
676:
674:
670:
666:
658:
654:
650:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
621:
620:F. sparverius
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
554:Late Pliocene
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
530:
525:
524:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:type location
482:
479:
478:binomial name
475:
474:
469:
468:tenth edition
465:
464:Carl Linnaeus
461:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:North America
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:group of the
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
338:
335:
334:
328:
323:
317:
313:
308:
305:
301:
280:
276:
271:
267:
262:
259:
258:
252:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
226:
223:
222:Binomial name
219:
215:
214:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:Falconiformes
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
119:
113:
108:
107:Least Concern
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:Adult Female
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3162:
3138:
3121:
3046:
3007:
3003:
2980:
2976:
2965:
2954:
2920:
2914:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2815:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2787:
2781:
2751:
2714:
2710:
2691:. Retrieved
2684:the original
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2656:the original
2651:
2647:
2638:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2615:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2590:the original
2585:
2579:
2561:the original
2532:
2526:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2488:
2478:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2343:
2332:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2211:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2119:
2113:Weekley 1921
2108:
2085:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2019:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1910:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1817:
1811:
1805:
1780:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1702:
1618:
1605:
1588:
1584:
1556:
1527:
1519:orthopterans
1435:
1397:. Like most
1392:
1368:
1364:
1352:r-strategist
1337:
1257:In the cool-
1256:
1236:
1208:
1198:
1052:
1036:
1029:M. oeconomus
1028:
1019:
1011:
966:
959:
956:F. t. atavus
955:
946:
914:
890:
869:
864:Bourne, 1955
860:
845:
826:Hartert, EJO
821:
815:and western
801:
772:
728:
712:
679:
662:
652:
643:Gran Canaria
638:
619:
611:
604:F. rupicolus
603:
600:rock kestrel
597:
592:
585:
575:biogeography
566:
535:
527:
521:
512:
504:
496:
492:
480:
471:
457:
412:native range
409:
404:
374:
370:
366:
361:
360:
356:
354:
331:
326:
311:
310:
278:
254:
230:
228:
212:
211:
199:
67:
50:
29:
3438:iNaturalist
3187:Wikispecies
3030:media from
3010:(1): 69â96.
3004:Micronesica
2977:Micronesica
2218:10 February
2200:Gill, Frank
2161:: 166â182.
2062:continentur
1981:Mayr, Ernst
1833:12 November
1756:Barry Hines
1521:and winged
1474:vertebrates
1407:road verges
1369:canariensis
1326:subtropical
1049:Description
1026:tundra vole
933:Congo basin
887:into Africa
854:â northern
763:Philippines
691:Middle East
612:F. naumanni
565:cytochrome
513:tinnunculus
505:tinnunculus
277:reports of
249:Subspecies
49:Adult male
3616:Categories
3581:Xeno-canto
2817:2009-05-11
2693:2018-12-12
2665:2015-04-17
2599:2015-04-17
2434:AnAge 2010
2102:required.)
1869:2021-01-05
1786:References
1716:little owl
1691:In culture
1631:senescence
1619:Data from
1597:palm trees
1582:subspecies
1559:dry season
1507:earthworms
1495:arthropods
1470:fledglings
1466:passerines
1395:ridge lift
1348:pesticides
1346:and other
991:) about 3
985:Piacenzian
978:Villanyian
904:, coastal
794:of India;
778:Baker, ECS
737:â breeds
733:McClelland
695:Hindu Kush
669:Bergmann's
665:subspecies
630:Subspecies
529:windfucker
489:Late Latin
436:Micronesia
397:Falconidae
189:Falconidae
2985:CiteSeerX
2739:129833747
2626:2 January
2081:"kestrel"
1904:Orta 1994
1766:Ken Loach
1601:songbirds
1589:sarnicolo
1567:temperate
1505:and even
1448:and true
1403:peregrine
1333:foothills
1330:Himalayan
1307:moorlands
1287:marshland
1283:shrubland
1259:temperate
1195:songbirds
935:to south
875:Brehm, CL
836:Lanzarote
796:Sri Lanka
755:Indochina
739:East Asia
718:Clark, AH
687:temperate
523:windhover
399:. In the
320:(but see
207:Species:
145:Kingdom:
139:Eukaryota
80:Rajasthan
3632:Falconry
3555:Species+
3482:22696362
3456:11283725
3254:22696362
3249:BirdLife
3238:BioLib:
3172:Wikidata
3108:Archived
3086:Archived
2906:84472078
2867:67822269
2832:(2005).
2804:31061087
2790:: 1â43.
2581:Forktail
2557:12414309
2505:1 August
2387:91263096
2183:25256056
2058:(1555).
1963:(1761).
1943:(1758).
1758:â novel
1714:And the
1585:dacotiae
1537:Breeding
1523:termites
1513:such as
1464:(mainly
1365:dacotiae
1322:tropical
1303:wetlands
1273:such as
1263:migrates
1211:chestnut
1021:M. malei
960:see also
937:Tanzania
929:Ethiopia
927:east to
919:Swainson
850:Schlegel
788:Nilgiris
767:Mindanao
699:Himalaya
657:Hurghada
588:and the
571:sequence
550:Gelasian
546:radiated
454:Taxonomy
448:Marianas
304:Synonyms
238:Linnaeus
185:Family:
159:Chordata
155:Phylum:
149:Animalia
135:Domain:
112:IUCN 3.1
3594:ZooBank
3407:9616058
3290:bob3040
3226:Avibase
3047:Avibase
2945:4356193
2925:Bibcode
2890:: 1â8.
2719:Bibcode
2537:Bibcode
2466:Sources
2163:Bibcode
2034:, 386.
1776:England
1621:Britain
1613:buffish
1578:corvids
1570:Eurasia
1563:tropics
1561:in the
1515:beetles
1511:insects
1490:lizards
1458:mammals
1454:biomass
1438:mammals
1411:species
1361:Ireland
1314:savanna
1271:habitat
1223:raptors
1219:remiges
1204:species
1188:⁄
1174:⁄
1160:⁄
1146:⁄
1132:⁄
1118:⁄
1104:⁄
1090:⁄
1076:⁄
1062:⁄
1033:extinct
1016:evolved
1000:Saalian
995:to the
910:Socotra
902:Somalia
898:, 1932)
896:Neumann
885:Red Sea
877:, 1855)
813:Madeira
809:, 1890)
784:Western
780:, 1929)
761:to the
720:, 1907)
707:migrate
663:Eleven
659:, Egypt
624:kestrel
548:in the
470:of his
466:in the
446:in the
432:oceanic
405:kestrel
387:kestrel
379:species
377:, is a
195:Genus:
175:Order:
165:Class:
110: (
3547:365943
3534:534514
3508:100819
3469:175620
3443:472766
3414:GNAB:
3363:EURING
3342:FALCTI
3329:eurkes
3277:eurkes
3206:eurkes
3178:Q26490
3032:ARKive
2987:
2943:
2916:Nature
2904:
2865:
2802:
2762:
2737:
2711:Boreas
2701:
2555:
2385:
2181:
2038:
2007:
1608:clutch
1587:, the
1574:Africa
1482:swifts
1446:shrews
1423:rodent
1357:Europe
1299:shrubs
1291:steppe
1279:heaths
1275:fields
941:Angola
921:, 1837
908:, and
852:, 1873
828:, 1913
807:Koenig
735:, 1840
501:sickle
497:falcis
444:Saipan
424:Africa
416:Europe
394:family
391:falcon
333:lapsus
318:, 1800
316:Daudin
295:
289:
283:
3451:IRMNG
3381:96738
3350:EUNIS
3324:eBird
3303:3DTGW
3274:BOW:
3267:10290
2941:S2CID
2902:S2CID
2884:Ardea
2863:S2CID
2811:(PDF)
2800:S2CID
2778:(PDF)
2735:S2CID
2687:(PDF)
2680:(PDF)
2659:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
2593:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
2564:(PDF)
2523:(PDF)
2495:AnAge
2383:S2CID
2096:
1531:cache
1501:like
1486:frogs
1476:like
1462:birds
1442:Voles
1419:urine
1232:malar
1200:Falco
1004:voles
925:Sahel
906:Kenya
759:India
751:Japan
747:Korea
743:Tibet
741:from
655:from
641:from
562:mtDNA
542:malar
538:clade
509:Latin
491:from
275:eBird
200:Falco
84:India
76:Churu
70:from
3573:6974
3560:3675
3503:NCBI
3477:IUCN
3464:ITIS
3402:GBIF
3368:3040
3355:1041
3337:EPPO
3262:BOLD
3241:8544
2760:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2628:2009
2553:PMID
2507:2010
2406:Ibis
2365:Ibis
2220:2024
2179:PMID
2139:See
2036:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1835:2021
1818:2021
1647:down
1606:The
1488:and
1478:bats
1450:mice
1340:IUCN
1311:arid
1309:and
1297:and
1285:and
1243:iris
1239:cere
1237:The
1215:buff
989:MN16
975:ELMA
790:and
749:and
671:and
598:The
577:. A
526:and
499:, a
493:falx
442:and
440:Guam
422:and
420:Asia
355:The
322:text
257:text
242:1758
169:Aves
3568:TSA
3521:188
3490:NBN
3425:IBC
3311:CMS
3298:CoL
3285:BTO
3213:ADW
3202:ABA
3142:at
3061:at
2933:doi
2921:373
2892:doi
2855:doi
2792:doi
2788:114
2727:doi
2545:doi
2414:doi
2410:159
2404:".
2373:doi
2369:161
2171:doi
2032:266
1822:doi
1771:Kes
1768:'s
1545:Egg
1318:ASL
982:ICS
745:to
558:mya
507:is
407:".
381:of
373:or
3618::
3596::
3583::
3570::
3557::
3544::
3531::
3518::
3505::
3492::
3479::
3466::
3453::
3440::
3427::
3404::
3391::
3378::
3365::
3352::
3339::
3326::
3313::
3300::
3287::
3264::
3251::
3228::
3215::
3204::
3189::
3174::
3120:.
3045:.
3008:37
3006:.
3002:.
2981:32
2979:.
2939:.
2931:.
2919:.
2900:.
2888:99
2886:.
2882:.
2880:)"
2861:.
2851:89
2849:.
2828:;
2798:.
2780:.
2758:.
2733:.
2725:.
2715:32
2713:.
2650:.
2646:.
2614:.
2586:14
2584:.
2578:.
2551:.
2543:.
2533:25
2531:.
2525:.
2493:.
2453:.
2449:.
2426:^
2408:.
2381:.
2367:.
2363:.
2239:^
2210:.
2191:^
2177:.
2169:.
2159:82
2157:.
2132:^
2084:.
2071:^
1921:^
1878:^
1862:.
1816:.
1810:.
1794:^
1752:.
1517:,
1484:,
1480:,
1444:,
1440:.
1335:.
1305:,
1281:,
1277:,
1167:11
1097:32
1083:25
1069:15
1055:12
987:,
923:â
900:â
879:â
838:,
834:,
811:â
786:,
782:â
685:â
595:.
495:,
450:.
418:,
369:,
240:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
3126:.
3049:.
2993:.
2947:.
2935::
2927::
2908:.
2894::
2869:.
2857::
2820:.
2794::
2768:.
2741:.
2729::
2721::
2696:.
2668:.
2652:3
2630:.
2612:"
2602:.
2547::
2539::
2509:.
2487:"
2455:2
2420:.
2416::
2389:.
2375::
2222:.
2185:.
2173::
2165::
2127:.
2094:.
2044:.
2013:.
1872:.
1837:.
1824::
1808:"
1804:"
1649:)
1190:2
1186:1
1183:+
1181:6
1176:8
1172:1
1169:+
1165:â
1162:8
1158:3
1155:+
1153:5
1148:2
1144:1
1141:+
1139:5
1134:8
1130:7
1127:+
1125:8
1123:â
1120:4
1116:3
1113:+
1111:4
1106:2
1102:1
1099:+
1095:â
1092:2
1088:1
1085:+
1078:2
1074:1
1071:+
1067:â
1064:2
1060:1
1057:+
1010:(
980:/
973:(
958:(
943:.
873:(
842:.
805:(
776:(
716:(
697:-
618:(
610:(
602:(
567:b
552:(
531:,
359:(
336:)
330:(
324:)
114:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
