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defense has been created by "accused, convicted and self-confessed child molesters and their advocates" to try to "negate their abusive, criminal behavior." Brown states that when pro-false memory expert witnesses and attorneys state there is no causal connection between CSA and adult psychopathology, that CSA doesn't cause specific trauma-related problems like borderline and dissociative identity disorder, that other variables than CSA can explain the variance of adult psychopathology and that the long-term effects of CSA are non-specific and general, that this testimony is inaccurate and has the potential of misleading juries.
58:, the organization sought to understand what they understood as a general pattern of behaviors that followed after a patient underwent recovered memory therapy and to come up with a term to explain the pattern. The principle that individuals can hold false memories and the role that outside influence can play in their formation is widely accepted by scientists, but there is debate over whether this effect can lead to the kinds of detailed memories of repeated sexual abuse and significant personality changes (i.e. cutting off family members) typical of cases that FMS has historically been applied to. FMS is not listed as a
322:
standards by psychiatrists causes injury to patients and the accused. Ramona v. Isabella was a prominent case of malpractice in 1994. A California jury awarded $ 500,000 to Gary Ramona, whose daughter Holly had falsely accused him of sexual abuse as a child, based on false memories retrieved by therapists during treatment for bulimia. Los
Angeles Superior Court Judge Burton Bach dismissed Holly Ramona's civil case against her father, holding that the outcome of her father's malpractice suit had resolved the issue of whether any abuse took place. The Washington Post titled the article
212:. In Roediger and McDermott's (1995) experiment, subjects were presented with a list of related items (such as candy, sugar, honey) to study. When asked to recall the list, participants were just as, if not more, likely to recall semantically related words (such as sweet) than items that were actually studied, thus creating false memories. This experiment, though widely replicated, remains controversial due to debate considering that people may store semantically related items from a word list
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192:, and suggestion by others. Though not all individuals exposed to these techniques develop memories, experiments suggest a significant number of people do, and will actively defend the existence of the events, even if told they were false and deliberately implanted. Questions about the possibility of
354:
which touches on the idea of recovering forgotten memories. The show focuses on a woman who kills a seemingly random man on the beach one day for playing a song that triggered a traumatic event from her past, which she has temporarily forgotten. Throughout the first season detectives try to trigger
338:
comes from malpractice suits and state licensure actions against therapists. These cases demonstrate the ease with which an individual can be led to exhibit dissociative symptoms, especially when hypnosis, sodium amytal, strong medications, or readings involving traumatic imagery magnify the effect
244:
found that 25% of subjects came to develop a "memory" for the event which had never actually taken place. Extensions and variations of the lost in the mall technique found that an average of one third of experimental subjects could become convinced that they experienced things in childhood that had
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Supporters of recovered memories argue that there is "overwhelming evidence that the mind is capable of repressing traumatic memories of child sexual abuse." Whitfield states that the "false memory" defense is "seemingly sophisticated, but mostly contrived and often erroneous." He states that this
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Sexual abuse of children and adolescents can lead to severe negative consequences. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for many classes of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, affective disorders, dissociative disorders and personality disorders. Failure to meet recognized medical
86:
notes that the "syndrome" does not refer to the normal, common, experience of having false memories or exhibiting memory errors or biases. False memory syndrome was a proposed "pattern of beliefs and behaviors" in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships center on a memory of a
333:
The term "false memory syndrome" describes the phenomenon in which a mental therapy patient "remembers" an event such as childhood sexual abuse, that never occurred. The link between certain therapy practices and the development of psychological disorders such as
1688:
is a website with information from all sides of the issue. Primary resources include an extensive bibliography / abstract database and pre-print archive. Also available are sections for criminal investigation, criminal defense and many other useful
265:(CSA). The research of Elizabeth Loftus has been used to counter claims of recovered memory in court and it has resulted in stricter requirements for the use of recovered memories being used in trials, as well as a greater requirement for
122:, among other supporters of the False Memory Syndrome construct, has suggested that the term was not adopted into the fourth version of the manual because the pertinent committee was, according to McHugh, being headed by believers in
608:
Dalenberg, Constance J.; Brand, Bethany L.; Loewenstein, Richard J.; Frewen, Paul A.; Spiegel, David (June 12, 2020). "Inviting
Scientific Discourse on Traumatic Dissociation: Progress Made and Obstacles to Further Resolution".
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of therapist suggestions or expectations. These cases also show that once the symptoms become established, the standard treatment modality often leads to a deterioration of the mental and emotional well-being of the patient.
239:
is a research method designed to implant a false memory of being lost in a shopping mall as a child to test whether discussing a false event could produce a "memory" of an event that did not happen. In her initial study,
269:. In addition, some U.S. states no longer allow prosecution based on recovered memory testimony. Insurance companies have become reluctant to insure therapists against malpractice suits relating to recovered memories.
312:
to describe these individuals, and has shared their stories publicly. There is debate regarding the total number of retractions as compared to the total number of allegations, and the reasons for retractions.
148:
Recovered memory therapy is a catch all phrase to describe the scientifically discredited therapeutic processes and methods that can create false memories. These non-exhaustive methods include
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During the late 1990s, there were multiple lawsuits in the United States in which psychiatrists and psychologists were successfully sued, or settled out of court, on the charge of propagating
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126:. Those involved in the process of editing and publishing DSM-IV have rejected this accusation and characterized McHugh's claim as conspiratorial, noting that the most recent edition of the
1410:
111:
821:
935:"Reported recovered memories of child sexual abuse: Recommendations for good practice and implications for training, continuing professional development and research"
1712:
533:
Paterson, H. M., Kemp, R. I., & Forgas, J. P. (2010). "Co-witnesses, confederates, and conformity: The effects of discussion and delay on eyewitness memory.,"
2729:
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367:, featuring a track titled "False Memory Syndrome". Kirby later sampled "False Memory Syndrome in the track "H1 Post Awareness Confusions" from his album,
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on
December 14, 1994. There were numerous cases brought to trial in the 1990s. Most included combinations of the misuse of hypnosis, guided imagery,
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115:
50:, recollections which are strongly believed by the individual, but contested by the accused. False memory syndrome was proposed to be the result of
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created an explosion of interest in suggestibility of human memory and resulted in an enormous increase in the knowledge about how memories are
3084:
2928:
387:
2771:
1564:
Mertz, Elizabeth; Bowman, Cynthia (1998). "The
Clinical Corner: Third-Party Liability in Repressed Memory Cases: Recent Legal Developments".
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188:, and can create a wide variety of innocuous, embarrassing, and frightening memories through different techniques—including guided imagery,
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Roediger, Henry L.; Kathleen B. McDermott (July 1995). "Creating False
Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists".
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traumatic experience that the accused claims never happened but which the purported victim strongly believes occurred.
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1707:
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Not intended to be diagnostic, the colloquial "syndrome" referred to a set of behaviors that settled into a pattern:
558:
Schacter, Daniel L. The Seven Sins of Memory : How the Mind
Forgets and Remembers (Houghton Mifflin Co., 2001).
2401:
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2159:
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that someone has later recalled has contributed to some investigations and court cases, including cases of alleged
236:
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42:) was a proposed "pattern of beliefs and behaviors" in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by
3115:
3013:
1144:"War & remembrance: Controversy is a constant for memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus, newly installed at UCI"
1044:
157:
83:
1273:
Neimark, J. (1996). The diva of disclosure, memory researcher
Elizabeth Loftus. Psychology Today, 29, 48–53, 80.
1172:
Do
Justice and Let the Sky Fall: Elizabeth F. Loftus and Her Contributions to Science, Law, and Academic Freedom
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54:, a scientifically discredited form of therapy intended to recover memories. Originally conceptualized by the
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152:, sedative guided interviews, journal writing for the purpose of recovering memories (often in the form of
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2001:
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837:"The fallibility of memory in judicial processes: lessons from the past and their modern consequences"
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The belief that a mental health problem is a reaction to a past traumatic event that was repressed.
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are more likely to recall semantically related words than a control group in such an experiment.
161:
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438:
347:
Television shows and movies have been made about the phenomenon, such as the USA Network series
898:"Expert Witnesses, Dissociative Amnesia, and Extraordinary Remembering Response to Brand et al"
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1606:"The Sinner is the rare murder mystery that doesn't care whodunnit. Instead, it asks, "Why?""
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774:"The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma"
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Otgaar H, Howe ML, Patihis L, Merckelbach H, Lynn SJ, Lilienfeld SO; et al. (2019).
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of traumatic events are the cause of their client's problems. The term is not listed in
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Strange, D; Clifasefi S; Garry M (2007). "False memories". In Garry M; Hayne H (eds.).
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119:
1358:"(Mis)representation of the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse in the Courts"
1312:"The "False Memory" Defense Using Disinformation and Junk Science In and Out of Court"
1143:
582:
Sexual abuse litigation: a practical resource for attorneys, clinicians, and advocates
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172:, which has led to accusations that the term is little more than a pejorative.
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1973:
300:
Some of these suits were brought by individuals who later declared that their
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and interpretation of "body memories" especially where the therapist believes
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1253:"Recovered Memory Project: Case Archive, Commentary, and Scholarly Resources"
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70:. The most influential figure in the genesis of the theory is psychologist
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934:
439:"The Construction of False Memory Syndrome: The Experience of Retractors"
217:
189:
149:
103:
The development of an extreme dependence on psychotherapy and a therapist
1981:
213:
1702:
1697:
Child & Woman Abuse
Studies Unit of London Metropolitan University
1442:
Making of an
Illness: My Experience With Multiple Personality Disorder
547:
Memory: Surprising New Insights Into How We Remember and Why We Forget
1680:
1654:
1474:
Memory and Abuse – Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma
603:
601:
290:
181:
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similarly chose not to include False Memory Syndrome while including
127:
63:
1501:
Summit, R. (1983). "The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome".
1074:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
3064:
644:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
221:
165:
67:
1008:
Whitfield, Charles L.; Joyanna L. Silberg; Paul Jay Fink (2001).
481:
Try to remember: Psychiatry's clash over meaning, memory and mind
2707:
1010:
Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors
2711:
1721:
1717:
1444:. Sudbury, Ontario: Laurentian University Press. p. 111.
896:
Patihis, Lawrence; Otgaar, Henry; Merckelbach, Harald (2019).
1040:
The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers
245:
never really occurred, even traumatic or impossible events.
1476:. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc. p.
228:
discovered that people claiming to have been victims of
304:
of incest or satanic ritual abuse had been false. The
1285:"Debunking 'false memory'myths in sexual abuse cases"
640:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
112:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1174:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
570:(2008, August 20). "False Memories Affect Behavior."
253:
The question of the accuracy and dependability of a
220:, which could account for errors in recollection of
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Proposed condition of false or biased recollections
637:
110:The FMS concept is controversial, and neither the
1713:The false memory archive: did that really happen?
1699:. Argues that "false memories" are real memories.
982:"The memory doctor: the future of false memories"
549:(Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1980).
100:A centering of identity surrounding the memories
671:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
208:, producing pioneering experiments such as the
355:her memory and find a motive for her actions.
2723:
1733:
324:Sex Abuse Suit Dismissed in False-Memory Case
8:
2782:Franklin child prostitution ring allegations
1411:"Recovered Memory Lawsuit Sparks Litigation"
820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1864:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
758:. In S.J. Lynn & K.M. McConkey (Eds.),
2858:Murders of Sally McNelly and Shane Stewart
2792:Little Rascals day care sexual abuse trial
2730:
2716:
2708:
2453:
1802:
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972:
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3050:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
1137:
1135:
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1085:
950:
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797:
726:"Stop Calling It False Memory "Syndrome""
700:
690:
636:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
2748:List of satanic ritual abuse allegations
1670:) is being considered for deletion. See
1644:) is being considered for deletion. See
1202:. Religioustolerance.org. Archived from
224:without the creation of false memories.
128:International Classification of Diseases
116:International Classification of Diseases
2777:Fells Acres day care sexual abuse trial
424:
3085:National Center for Reason and Justice
1586:
1575:
1413:. Psychiatrictimes.com. Archived from
883:
813:
388:False allegation of child sexual abuse
361:touches the subject in his 2008 album
2772:Faith Chapel Church ritual abuse case
1559:
1557:
568:Association for Psychological Science
62:in any medical manuals including the
7:
3060:Dungeons & Dragons controversies
3004:Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse
432:
430:
428:
106:Estrangement from family and friends
2832:Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial
2817:South Ronaldsay child abuse scandal
2807:Oak Hill satanic ritual abuse trial
1472:Whitfield M.D., Charles L. (1995).
359:The Caretaker (James Leyland Kirby)
317:Injuries resulting from malpractice
1537:"False Memory Syndrome Foundation"
1200:"Are Recovered Memories Reliable?"
25:
2827:Thurston County ritual abuse case
2145:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
1674:to help reach a consensus. ›
1648:to help reach a consensus. ›
762:, (pp. 3-31). New York: Guilford.
97:The development of pseudomemories
2797:Martensville satanic sex scandal
2690:
2678:
1703:False Memory Syndrome Foundation
667:"Profile of Elizabeth F. Loftus"
364:Persistent Repetition of Phrases
306:False Memory Syndrome Foundation
56:False Memory Syndrome Foundation
1229:. Muskingum.edu. Archived from
535:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law.
508:Freyd, Pamela (March 5, 1993).
3070:Dissociative identity disorder
2999:Indictment: The McMartin Trial
2355:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2228:Memory and social interactions
1142:Wilson, A (November 3, 2002).
336:dissociative identity disorder
1:
2787:Kern County child abuse cases
2762:Cleveland child abuse scandal
1362:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
1316:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
853:10.1080/09658211.2015.1010709
370:Everywhere at the End of Time
170:formal psychotherapy modality
2064:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1604:Han, Karen (July 31, 2018).
1515:10.1016/0145-2134(83)90070-4
1310:Whitfield, C. (March 2002).
902:Psychological Injury and Law
611:Psychological Injury and Law
3055:Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
2812:South African satanic panic
176:Evidence for false memories
3132:
2402:Levels of Processing model
2327:World Memory Championships
2160:Lost in the mall technique
2007:dissociative (psychogenic)
1096:10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
914:10.1007/s12207-019-09348-8
835:Howe ML, Knott LM (2015).
623:10.1007/s12207-020-09376-9
455:10.1207/s15327965pli0804_1
437:de Rivera, Joseph (1997).
237:lost in the mall technique
210:lost in the mall technique
168:or used by any mainstream
141:
3045:Children's Institute Inc.
2745:
2673:
1503:Child Abuse & Neglect
1045:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
584:. Routledge. p. 33.
517:FMS Foundation Newsletter
2802:McMartin preschool trial
2440:The Seven Sins of Memory
2385:Intermediate-term memory
2190:Indirect tests of memory
2167:Recovered-memory therapy
2117:Misattribution of memory
1708:The false memory archive
1672:templates for discussion
1646:templates for discussion
1436:Macdonald, Gail (1999).
1255:. Brown.edu. May 3, 1993
790:10.1177/1745691619862306
413:Memory distrust syndrome
393:McMartin preschool trial
330:, and anti-depressants.
144:Recovered memory therapy
138:Recovered memory therapy
118:include it. FMSF member
52:recovered memory therapy
2894:Paul and Shirley Eberle
2127:Source-monitoring error
692:10.1073/pnas.0506223102
2534:George Armitage Miller
2494:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1585:Cite journal requires
1570:10.1037/e300392004-003
1149:Orange County Register
287:childhood sexual abuse
267:corroborating evidence
184:is created and highly
3075:False memory syndrome
3009:Cult and Ritual Abuse
2697:Philosophy portal
2685:Psychology portal
2549:Henry L. Roediger III
2150:False memory syndrome
2122:Misinformation effect
2102:Imagination inflation
1693:False Memory Syndrome
1651:False memory syndrome
1438:"Women Against Women"
1374:10.1300/J070v09n03_05
1328:10.1300/J070v09n03_04
1037:Schacter, DL (2002).
945:(10): 663–665. 1997.
665:Zagorski, N. (2005).
580:Rix, Rebecca (2000).
545:Loftus, Elizabeth F.
443:Psychological Inquiry
36:false memory syndrome
18:False Memory Syndrome
3035:Believe the Children
3019:No Crueler Tyrannies
2054:Motivated forgetting
1677:Memory controversies
952:10.1192/pb.21.10.663
939:Psychiatric Bulletin
778:Perspect Psychol Sci
295:satanic ritual abuse
132:Dissociative Amnesia
48:psychological trauma
2987:The Courage to Heal
2564:Arthur P. Shimamura
2464:Richard C. Atkinson
2281:Effects of exercise
2155:Memory implantation
2039:Interference theory
1955:Selective retention
1935:Meaningful learning
1110:"Starship memories"
730:Scientific American
683:2005PNAS..10213721Z
677:(39): 13721–13723.
477:McHugh, Paul Rodney
408:Memory implantation
60:psychiatric illness
3014:Speak of the Devil
2982:Michelle Remembers
2944:Dorothy Rabinowitz
2884:Anne Johnson Davis
2863:West Memphis Three
2848:Fall River murders
2661:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2484:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2390:Involuntary memory
2291:Memory improvement
2276:Effects of alcohol
2238:Transactive memory
2216:Politics of memory
2185:Exceptional memory
1541:www.fmsfonline.org
1356:Brown, D. (2001).
1291:on January 7, 2008
1233:on January 8, 2011
1227:"Elizabeth Loftus"
1118:. October 31, 2002
487:. pp. 66–67.
343:In popular culture
302:recovered memories
263:child sexual abuse
249:Sexual abuse cases
162:repressed memories
82:Memory researcher
3098:
3097:
2767:Country Walk case
2755:Cases and accused
2705:
2704:
2669:
2668:
2656:Cosmos Rossellius
2504:Marcia K. Johnson
2375:Exosomatic memory
2360:Context-dependent
2350:Absent-mindedness
2233:Memory conformity
2211:Collective memory
2112:Memory conformity
2049:Memory inhibition
1968:
1967:
1960:Tip of the tongue
1487:978-1-55874-320-5
1451:978-0-88667-045-0
1185:978-0-8058-5232-5
1058:978-0-618-21919-3
1023:978-0-7890-1901-1
651:978-0-89042-555-8
591:978-0-7890-1174-9
494:978-1-932594-39-3
403:Memory conformity
277:Malpractice cases
154:automatic writing
16:(Redirected from
3123:
3116:Memory disorders
2995:
2968:Publications and
2954:Ralph Underwager
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2636:Jonathan Hancock
2589:Robert Stickgold
2559:Richard Shiffrin
2514:Elizabeth Loftus
2454:
2370:Childhood memory
2177:Research methods
2059:Repressed memory
2034:Forgetting curve
2022:transient global
1893:Autobiographical
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1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1287:. Archived from
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
980:(June 4, 2010).
978:Saletan, William
974:
965:
964:
954:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
908:(3–4): 281–285.
893:
887:
881:
875:
874:
864:
832:
826:
825:
819:
811:
801:
784:(6): 1072–1095.
769:
763:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
721:
715:
714:
704:
694:
662:
656:
655:
643:
633:
627:
626:
605:
596:
595:
577:
571:
565:
559:
556:
550:
543:
537:
531:
525:
524:
514:
505:
499:
498:
473:
467:
466:
434:
255:repressed memory
242:Elizabeth Loftus
230:alien abductions
124:recovered memory
72:Elizabeth Loftus
21:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3023:
2993:Pace memorandum
2991:
2969:
2963:
2949:Valerie Sinason
2939:Lawrence Pazder
2904:Stephen A. Kent
2879:Gerald Amirault
2867:
2836:
2750:
2741:
2736:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2665:
2646:Dominic O'Brien
2624:
2593:
2574:Susumu Tonegawa
2554:Daniel Schacter
2529:Eleanor Maguire
2519:Geoffrey Loftus
2474:Stephen J. Ceci
2469:Robert A. Bjork
2445:
2364:state-dependent
2338:
2310:
2242:
2223:Cultural memory
2199:
2195:Memory disorder
2171:
2131:
2073:
1964:
1874:
1849:
1794:
1751:
1746:
1675:
1649:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1368:(3/4): 79–107.
1355:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1206:on June 4, 2011
1198:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:Harvard Gazette
1108:
1107:
1103:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
976:
975:
968:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
895:
894:
890:
882:
878:
834:
833:
829:
812:
771:
770:
766:
760:Truth in memory
750:Kihlstrom, J.F.
748:
744:
734:
732:
723:
722:
718:
664:
663:
659:
652:
635:
634:
630:
607:
606:
599:
592:
579:
578:
574:
566:
562:
557:
553:
544:
540:
532:
528:
512:
507:
506:
502:
495:
475:
474:
470:
436:
435:
426:
421:
383:Alien abduction
379:
345:
319:
279:
251:
216:rather than as
178:
146:
140:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3028:Related topics
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Kee MacFarlane
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Paul R. McHugh
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Ivan Izquierdo
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Hindsight bias
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Memory erasure
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:post-traumatic
1999:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Personal-event
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1870:Working memory
1867:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:Motor learning
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1756:Basic concepts
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1683:
1659:
1657:
1633:
1629:
1628:External links
1626:
1623:
1622:
1596:
1587:|journal=
1553:
1528:
1493:
1486:
1464:
1450:
1428:
1417:on May 7, 2018
1402:
1348:
1322:(3/4): 53–78.
1302:
1275:
1266:
1244:
1225:Colleen Born.
1217:
1191:
1184:
1162:
1129:
1101:
1087:10.1.1.495.353
1064:
1057:
1029:
1022:
1016:. p. 56.
1000:
966:
926:
888:
876:
827:
764:
755:Exhumed memory
742:
716:
657:
650:
628:
617:(2): 135–154.
597:
590:
572:
560:
551:
538:
526:
500:
493:
468:
449:(4): 271–292.
423:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
378:
375:
344:
341:
318:
315:
308:uses the term
278:
275:
250:
247:
194:false memories
177:
174:
158:age regression
142:Main article:
139:
136:
120:Paul R. McHugh
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
79:
76:
44:false memories
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Memory biases
3109:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Jay's Journal
2975:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Richard Ofshe
2932:
2930:
2929:Cathy O'Brien
2927:
2925:
2924:Debbie Nathan
2922:
2920:
2919:Diana Napolis
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Mary de Young
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2739:Satanic panic
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2620:Clive Wearing
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Endel Tulving
2582:
2580:
2579:Anne Treisman
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Brenda Milner
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:James McGaugh
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Sigmund Freud
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:retrospective
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Muscle memory
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:Art of memory
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Memory biases
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Confabulation
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2079:Memory errors
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:post-hypnotic
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:Rote learning
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Hyperthymesia
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Active recall
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Consolidation
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:(2): 177–93.
1508:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1080:(4): 803–14.
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:Haworth Press
1011:
1004:
1001:
989:
988:
983:
979:
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
930:
927:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
886:, p. 55.
885:
880:
877:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
847:(5): 633–56.
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
823:
817:
809:
805:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
743:
731:
727:
724:Shaw, Julia.
720:
717:
712:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
647:
642:
641:
632:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
604:
602:
598:
593:
587:
583:
576:
573:
569:
564:
561:
555:
552:
548:
542:
539:
536:
530:
527:
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2841:Other events
2651:Ben Pridmore
2569:Larry Squire
2479:Susan Clancy
2438:
2322:Memory sport
2247:Other topics
2149:
2137:False memory
2092:Cryptomnesia
2069:Weapon focus
2029:Decay theory
1790:Neuroanatomy
1749:Human memory
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3080:Moral panic
3040:Blood libel
2959:Mike Warnke
2899:Peter Ellis
2853:Ricky Kasso
2822:The Finders
2509:Eric Kandel
2457:Researchers
2429:Prospective
2380:Free recall
2334:Shas Pollak
1987:anterograde
1903:Declarative
1686:Memory Wars
1660:‹ The
1634:‹ The
1395:January 28,
1341:January 11,
1295:January 10,
1283:Murphy, W.
1155:January 19,
1047:. pp.
884:McHugh 2008
398:Memory bias
186:suggestible
3105:Categories
2544:Lynn Nadel
2422:intertrial
2407:Metamemory
2395:flashbacks
2315:In society
2012:retrograde
1974:Forgetting
1945:Procedural
1855:Short-term
1825:Eyewitness
1689:resources.
485:Dana Press
350:The Sinner
310:retractors
283:iatrogenic
84:Julia Shaw
78:Definition
32:psychology
2296:Nutrition
2204:In groups
2017:selective
1992:childhood
1920:Flashbulb
1880:Long-term
1780:Attention
1082:CiteSeerX
961:0955-6036
735:March 10,
523:(3): 3–4.
463:1047-840X
419:Footnotes
66:, or the
2598:Patients
2269:mnemonic
2264:chunking
1930:Implicit
1913:Semantic
1908:Episodic
1898:Explicit
1763:Encoding
1662:template
1636:template
1457:July 31,
1390:20874393
1382:17521992
1336:24310658
919:June 18,
871:25706242
808:31584864
752:(1998).
711:16172386
479:(2008).
377:See also
218:language
206:recalled
190:hypnosis
150:hypnosis
114:nor the
2417:Priming
2343:Related
2286:Emotion
1982:Amnesia
1820:Eidetic
1807:Sensory
1768:Storage
1664:below (
1638:below (
1523:6605796
862:4409058
799:6826861
702:1236565
679:Bibcode
198:encoded
2872:People
2450:People
2435:memory
2366:memory
2306:Trauma
1845:Visual
1835:Iconic
1830:Haptic
1815:Echoic
1773:Recall
1681:Curlie
1667:Curlie
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293:, and
291:incest
202:stored
182:memory
180:Human
64:ICD-11
3065:QAnon
2970:media
2629:Other
2301:Sleep
2254:Aging
1799:Types
1386:S2CID
1332:S2CID
1076:. 4.
987:Slate
513:(PDF)
222:words
166:DSM-V
68:DSM-5
2431:and
2362:and
1617:2019
1591:help
1548:2018
1519:PMID
1482:ISBN
1459:2013
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1423:2010
1397:2008
1378:PMID
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1261:2010
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1180:ISBN
1157:2009
1124:2014
1053:ISBN
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957:ISSN
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867:PMID
822:link
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707:PMID
646:ISBN
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459:ISSN
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1679:at
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1610:Vox
1566:doi
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