1094:: "The question at once arises whether the Latin works are genuine translations from the Arabic, or written by a Latin author and, according to common practice, ascribed to Jabir in order to heighten their authority. That they are based on Muslim alchemical theory and practice is not questioned, but the same may be said of most Latin treatises on alchemy of that period; and from various turns of phrase it seems likely that their author could read Arabic. But the general style of the works is too clear and systematic to find a close parallel in any of the known writings of the Jabirian corpus, and we look in vain in them for any references to the characteristically Jabirian ideas of "balance" and the alphabetic numerology. Indeed for their age they have a remarkably matter of fact air about them, theory being stated with a minimum of prolixity and much precise practical detail being given. The general impression they convey is that they are the product of an occidental rather than an oriental mind, and a likely guess would be that they were written by a European scholar, possibly in Moorish Spain. Whatever their origin, they became the principal authorities in early Western alchemy and held that position for two or three centuries."
31:
47:
2459:
655:, vitriol, and various nitrates, and Al-Hassan in 2009 argued that the pseudo-Gerber Corpus was a direct translation of a work originally written in Arabic, pointing to a number of Arabic Jabirian manuscripts which already contain much of the theories and practices that Berthelot previously attributed to the Latin corpus.
1063:" deliberately wanted to underrate Jābir , the choice of Jābir’s works made by Berthelot is entirely misleading." "It is here that Berthelot’s ignorance of Arabic led him astray. As a matter of fact, the Summa is full of Arabic phrases and turns of speech, and so are the other Latin works", cited after Hassan (2005)
625:
diminished the weight of the argument of there being "no Arabic originals" corresponding to pseudo-Geber, By 1957, Holmyard was willing to admit that "the general style of the works is too clear and systematic to find a close parallel in any of the known writings of the
Jabirian corpus" and that
157:. The "pseudo-Geber problem" is the question of a possible relation between the two corpora. This question has long been controversially discussed. It is now mostly thought that at least parts of the Latin pseudo-Geber works are based on earlier Islamic authors such as
219:
Being the clearest expression of alchemical theory and laboratory directions available until then—in a field where mysticism, secrecy, and obscurity were the usual rule—pseudo-Geber's books were widely read and influential among
European alchemists.
169:
The following set of books is called the "pseudo-Geber Corpus" (or the "Latin Geber Corpus"). The works were first edited in the 16th century, but had been in circulation in manuscript form for roughly 200 years beforehand. The stated author is
549:, and to a lesser extent, the eponymous Jabir). The identity of the author remains uncertain. He may have lived in Italy or Spain, or both. Some books in the Geber corpus may have been written by authors that post-date the author of the
595:
The degree of dependence of the corpus from actual
Islamic sources is somewhat disputed: Brown (1920) asserted that the pseudo-Geber Corpus contained "new and original facts" not known from Islamic alchemy, specifically mention of
620:
criticized the claim of pseudo-Geber being "new and original" compared to medieval
Islamic alchemy, arguing for direct derivation from Islamic authors. Holmyard later argued that the then-recent discovery of Jabir's
1166:; a paper with a slightly different title, "The Arabic origin of the Summa and Geber Latin works. A refutation of Berthelot, Ruska and Newman on the basis of Arabic sources", was published in 2011 in the
649:(2005) claimed that Islamic texts dated to before the 13th century, including the works of Jabir and Abu Bakr al-Razi, did in fact contain detailed descriptions of substances such as nitric acid,
300:
put it, and they are usually not included as part of the pseudo-Geber corpus. Their author is not the same as the others, but it is not certain that the first four have the same author either.
256:
The practical directions for laboratory procedures were so clear that it is obvious the author was familiar with many chemical operations. It contains early recipes for producing
626:
they seemed to be "the product of an occidental rather than an oriental mind" while still asserting that the author must have been able to read Arabic and most likely worked in
529:
of an illustrious predecessor, as was usual practice at the time. The authorship of Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) was first questioned in the late 19th century by the studies of
1621:
2231:
2008:
1445:
447:
Gebri, regis Arabum, summa perfectionis magisterii, cum libri invastigationis magisterii et testamenti ejusdem Gebri - et
Avicennae minearlium additione
327:
Geberi Arabis
Philosophi sollertissimi rerum naturalium pertissimi, liber fornacum ad exterienda pertimentum interprete Rodogero Hisaplensi interprete
2043:
1221:
Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque
522:
108:. The work was influential in the domain of alchemy and metallurgy in late medieval Europe. The work contains experimental demonstrations of the
104:("The Height of the Perfection of Mastery"), which was likely written slightly before 1310. Its actual author has been tentatively identified as
1350:
1328:
984:
932:
823:
799:
2062:
2015:
229:
in particular was one of the most widely read alchemy books in western Europe in the late medieval period. Its author assumed that all
46:
30:
2439:
2245:
1423:
1372:
1146:(2009). "The Arabic Origin of the Summa and Geber Latin Works: A Refutation of Berthelot, Ruska and Newman Based on Arabic Sources".
1475:
1228:
1178:
Delva, Thijs (2017). "The
Abbasid Activist Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār as the Father of Jābir b. Ḥayyān: An Influential Hypothesis Revisited".
1155:
976:
153:
or
Jabirian Corpus, and to the later, 13th to 14th century Latin corpus as pseudo-Geber or Latin pseudo-Geber, a term introduced by
584:
is found anywhere in the world before or during the 13th century. For example, there is no mention in the 13th century writings of
561:. Crosland (1962) refers to Geber as "a Latin author" while still emphasizing the identity of the author being "still in dispute".
2498:
2488:
2483:
2380:
2029:
352:
Geberis philosophi perspicacissimi Summa perfectionis magisterii in sua natura ex exemplari undecumque emendatissimi nuper edita
1995:
578:
The estimated date for the first four books is 1310, and they could not date from much before that because no reference to the
470:
1841:
2430:
2425:
2312:
1966:
275:
The next three books on the list above are shorter and are, to a substantial degree, condensations of the material in the
1911:
2284:
2270:
388:
1341:(2001). "Experimental Corpuscular Theory in Aristotelian Alchemy: From Geber to Sennert". In Lüthy, Christoph (ed.).
2163:
2149:
2087:
253:) and a lengthy defense is given defending alchemy against the charge that transmutation of metals was impossible.
504:
500:
394:
Geberis philosophi perspicacissimi, summa perfectionis magisterii in sua natur ex bibliothecae
Vaticanae exemplari
2142:
2135:
1906:
1800:
1730:
542:
530:
40:
70:
alchemical writings dating to the late 13th and early 14th centuries. These writings were falsely attributed to
1601:
1507:
1200:
1435:
480:, Latin-to-English translation by Richard Russell. Book delivers most of the Pseudo-Geber corpus in English.
143:
dating to c. 850–950. It is common practice among historians of alchemy to refer to the earlier body of
2493:
2208:
1866:
1606:
1517:
924:
Openness, secrecy, authorship: technical arts and the culture of knowledge from antiquity to the
Renaissance
2400:
1720:
250:
135:
The existence of Jabir ibn Hayyan as a historical figure is itself in question, and most of the numerous
2385:
2121:
2022:
1871:
1755:
1468:
1112:
261:
82:
1382:
Norris, John (2006). "The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science".
1654:
1552:
1547:
1411:
1216:
2395:
2291:
2238:
2200:
2156:
1937:
1886:
1537:
633:
With Brown (1920), Karpenko and Norris (2002) still assert that the first documented occurrence of
538:
372:
297:
154:
1171:
1127:
1037:
714:
2298:
2224:
1492:
1399:
1278:
1143:
646:
617:
90:
241:
corpuscles and gave detailed descriptions of metallic properties in those terms. The use of an
2435:
2360:
2305:
2263:
2049:
1989:
1896:
1846:
1760:
1735:
1522:
1419:
1368:
1360:
1346:
1338:
1324:
1314:
1298:
1286:
1262:
1234:
1224:
1151:
1091:
980:
972:
928:
819:
795:
562:
265:
238:
109:
1163:
1049:
813:
335:
Eejisdem 'liber fornacum', ad exercendam chemiam pertinentium, interprete Rodogero Hispalensi
2462:
2114:
2081:
1982:
1952:
1826:
1816:
1795:
1679:
1674:
1629:
1570:
1461:
1391:
1187:
546:
534:
432:
158:
71:
2443:
2188:
2169:
1942:
1916:
1821:
1775:
1740:
1715:
1639:
1562:
1532:
585:
572:
144:
105:
67:
905:
1072:
2375:
2365:
2217:
2068:
1861:
1831:
791:
613:
609:
526:
488:
269:
140:
113:
1365:
Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution
66:
pseudo-Geber") is the presumed author or group of authors responsible for a corpus of
2477:
2405:
2319:
2182:
1881:
1745:
1664:
1440:
887:
384:
257:
1434:
1403:
112:
nature of matter that were still being used by seventeenth-century chemists such as
2100:
1901:
1856:
1851:
1836:
1780:
1765:
117:
63:
398:
1320:
The Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A Critical Edition, Translation and Study
1318:
1108:
922:
438:
Gebri Arabis Chemia sive traditio summae perfectionis et investigation magisterii
346:
2355:
2277:
2128:
2107:
1790:
1785:
1750:
1580:
1246:
597:
589:
359:
307:
129:
121:
1148:
Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry
2370:
2036:
1947:
1891:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1585:
1191:
770:, vol. I, p. lxv. For its acceptance by other scholars, see the references in
627:
603:
555:, as most of the other books in the corpus are largely recapitulations of the
545:. The corpus is clearly influenced by medieval Islamic writers (especially by
125:
1238:
1105:
Cultural contacts in building a universal civilisation: Islamic contributions
260:. It was not equaled in chemistry until the 16th century writings of chemist
2390:
1932:
1770:
1669:
1659:
1644:
1634:
1527:
1395:
525:
was held in high esteem by 13th century European alchemists, and the author
1250:
481:
17:
1290:
971:, Harvard University Press, 1962; republished by Dover Publications, 2004
2420:
1876:
1689:
1649:
1611:
178:(Geber the Arab), and it is stated in some copies that the translator is
1282:
1266:
2345:
2340:
1575:
1542:
1484:
1449:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 520.
86:
2415:
1512:
242:
234:
136:
1453:
1170:, 15, pp. 3–54; a paper with the same altered title appears on the
1109:
O.I.C. Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture in 2005
717:), who argues that the work was translated from an Arabic original.
2410:
2350:
230:
45:
29:
52:
Geberis philosophi perspicacissimi, summa perfectionis magisterii
575:, a tentative identification which is often accepted as likely.
496:
246:
96:
The most important work of the Latin pseudo-Geber corpus is the
1457:
378:
Geberi philosophi ac alchimistae maximi de alchimia libri tres
36:
Geberi philosophi ac alchimistae maximi de alchimia libri tres
182:(Roger of Hispania). The works attributed to Geber include:
812:
Holmyard, E. J.; Jabir; Russell, Richard (September 1997).
1343:
Late Medieval and Early Modern Corpuscular Matter Theories
319:
Geber Liber Fornacum translatum per Rodericum Yspanensem
296:, are "absolutely spurious, being of a later date ", as
870:
868:
866:
306:
has the earliest known recipe for the preparation of
1303:
Les archives internationales d'histoire des sciences
1223:. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.
1113:
online at History of Science and Technology in Islam
958:
Drittes Stueck (Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1875), 28-33n.
2333:
2255:
1974:
1965:
1925:
1809:
1708:
1620:
1594:
1561:
1500:
1491:
1301:(1985b). "The Genesis of the Summa Perfectionis".
1150:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 53–104.
460:Das Buch Geberi von der Verborgenheyt der Alchymia
322:, Biblioteca Marciana, Venice, MS. Latin VI.215 .
2232:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
511:Geberi curieuse vollständige Chymische Schriften
969:Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry
709:, p. 38. Newman's position is rejected by
330:, Glasgow University Library, Ferguson MS. 232.
2009:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
1017:
907:A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times
874:
694:
493:The Sum of GEBER ARABS, Collected and Digested
416:Artis Chemicae Principes, Avicenna atque Geber
1469:
1162:(the same content and more is also available
8:
1640:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
1418:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1199:Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. (2002).
191:("The Height of the Perfection of Mastery").
650:
640:
634:
601:
579:
566:
556:
550:
445:
436:
423:
414:
405:
392:
376:
363:
350:
333:
325:
317:
301:
291:
285:
276:
224:
210:
207:("On the Investigation of Perfection"), and
202:
194:
186:
148:
98:
50:
34:
1971:
1756:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
1497:
1476:
1462:
1454:
900:
898:
896:
767:
120:. The work is among the first to describe
2044:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
1168:Journal for the History of Arabic Science
1123:
1033:
710:
139:works attributed to him are, themselves,
1367:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1025:
702:
365:Geberi philosophi de Alchimia libri tres
1436:"Alchemy § Literature of Alchemy"
1000:
996:
686:
682:
663:
1832:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
1021:
1004:
857:
845:
730:
726:
698:
690:
1912:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
1201:"Vitriol in the History of Chemistry"
1029:
771:
754:
706:
670:
27:Anonymous 13th/14th century alchemist
7:
1267:"New Light on the Identity of Geber"
778:, also referring to Kraus 1942–1943.
775:
742:
2063:De consideratione quintae essentiae
1345:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 291–329.
956:Beitraege zur Geschichte der Chemie
904:Chapter VI: "The Pseudo-Geber" in
788:Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry
766:This is the dating put forward by
565:has argued that the author of the
425:Geberi Arabis de alchimia traditio
25:
794:, Jeremy Mills Publishing, 2004.
245:for transmuting base metals into
2458:
2457:
2030:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
338:, British Library, MS Slane 1068
1997:Liber de compositione alchemiae
1721:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
1680:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
1528:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
1077:, by Eric John Holmyard (1931).
1051:History of Analytical Chemistry
1032:, p. 38. It is opposed by
927:. JHU Press. pp. 146 147.
2246:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
1054:, by Ferenc Szabadváry (1960).
1028:, pp. 55, 223 (note 10);
705:, pp. 55, 223 (note 10);
215:("On the Discovery of Truth").
204:De investigatione perfectionis
1:
2313:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
467:Esposizione di Geber filosofo
188:Summa perfectionis magisterii
100:Summa perfectionis magisterii
75:
471:Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari
407:Alchemiae Gebri Arabis libri
2285:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
2271:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
389:Peter Schoeffer the Younger
2515:
2164:Rosary of the Philosophers
2150:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
2089:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
1180:Journal of Abbasid Studies
1018:Karpenko & Norris 2002
875:Karpenko & Norris 2002
695:Karpenko & Norris 2002
355:, Marcellus Silber, Rome.
2453:
1827:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
1660:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
1630:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
1433:Ross, Hugh Munro (1911).
1192:10.1163/22142371-12340030
673:, pp. 36−37, note 6.
465:1551: Giovanni Bracesco,
116:, who in turn influenced
41:Science History Institute
1675:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
1508:Agathodaemon (legendary)
921:Long, Pamela O. (2001).
818:. Kessinger Publishing.
616:. Already in the 1920s,
482:It was reprinted in 1686
233:are composed of unified
2499:13th-century scientists
2489:14th-century alchemists
2484:13th-century alchemists
1867:Jan Baptist van Helmont
1607:Stephanus of Alexandria
1446:Encyclopædia Britannica
1396:10.1179/174582306X93183
1024:, p. 52, note 48;
701:, p. 52, note 48;
693:, pp. 57–103. Cf.
642:De inventione veritatis
303:De inventione veritatis
212:De inventione veritatis
1700:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
1416:The Secrets of Alchemy
967:P. Crosland, Maurice,
774:, p. 38, note 14. Cf.
651:
641:
635:
602:
580:
567:
557:
551:
446:
437:
424:
415:
406:
393:
377:
364:
351:
334:
326:
318:
302:
292:
286:
277:
225:
211:
203:
195:
187:
149:
99:
56:
51:
43:
35:
2136:Nabataean Agriculture
2023:Books of the Balances
1872:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1842:Giovanni da Correggio
1412:Principe, Lawrence M.
1255:Encyclopaedia Iranica
639:is in pseudo-Geber's
262:Vannoccio Biringuccio
199:("Book of Furnaces"),
180:Rodogerus Hispalensis
49:
33:
2381:In art/entertainment
1791:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
1553:Zosimos of Panopolis
1548:Paphnutia the Virgin
1103:Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan,
1086:Eric John Holmyard,
757:, p. 38, 53–54.
454:Early translations:
284:Two further works,
85:as Geber), an early
2401:Philosophers' stone
2396:Pill of Immortality
2292:Fasciculus chemicus
2239:Turba philosophorum
2157:Physika kai mystika
1887:Michael Sendivogius
1766:pseudo-Michael Scot
1602:pseudo-Olympiodorus
1543:Ostanes (legendary)
1144:Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
1074:Makers of Chemistry
886:See German article
623:The Book of Seventy
349:: Faustus Sabaeus,
298:Marcellin Berthelot
251:philosopher's stone
161:(c. 865–925).
155:Marcellin Berthelot
2299:Musaeum Hermeticum
2225:Summa perfectionis
2204:(pseudo-Aristotle)
2194:Secret of Creation
2143:Ordinal of Alchemy
1786:pseudo-Ramon Llull
1690:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
1361:Newman, William R.
1339:Newman, William R.
1315:Newman, William R.
1299:Newman, William R.
1263:Newman, William R.
1007:, pp. 57–103.
987:, p. 15 and p. 36.
815:The Works of Geber
647:Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan
618:Eric John Holmyard
581:Summa Perfectionis
568:Summa perfectionis
558:Summa Perfectionis
552:Summa Perfectionis
478:The Works Of Geber
473:e fratelli, Venice
287:Testamentum Geberi
278:Summa Perfectionis
249:is explained (see
226:Summa Perfectionis
91:Islamic Golden Age
57:
44:
2471:
2470:
2329:
2328:
2306:Theatrum chemicum
2122:Mirror of Alchimy
2074:Tabula Smaragdina
2051:Clavis sapientiae
1990:Aurora consurgens
1961:
1960:
1897:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1847:Heinrich Khunrath
1761:Magister Salernus
1736:Guido di Montanor
1523:pseudo-Democritus
1485:Alchemy (general)
1352:978-90-04-11516-3
1330:978-90-04-09464-2
1323:. Leiden: Brill.
985:978-0-486-43802-3
934:978-0-8018-6606-7
888:de:Lazarus Ercker
825:978-0-7661-0015-2
800:978-0-9546484-1-1
563:William R. Newman
266:Georgius Agricola
150:Corpus Jabirianum
16:(Redirected from
2506:
2461:
2460:
2175:Step of the Sage
2115:Mappae clavicula
2082:Leyden papyrus X
1983:Atalanta fugiens
1972:
1953:Mary Anne Atwood
1938:Eugène Canseliet
1817:Andreas Libavius
1796:Taddeo Alderotti
1571:Fang (alchemist)
1518:pseudo-Cleopatra
1498:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1429:
1407:
1378:
1356:
1334:
1310:
1294:
1258:
1242:
1212:
1195:
1172:author's website
1161:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1020:, p. 1002;
1014:
1008:
994:
988:
965:
959:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
918:
912:
911:, by J.C. Brown.
902:
891:
884:
878:
872:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
809:
803:
785:
779:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
724:
718:
697:, p. 1002;
680:
674:
668:
654:
644:
638:
607:
583:
570:
560:
554:
547:Abu Bakr al-Razi
527:adopted the name
449:
440:
433:Georgius Hornius
427:
418:
409:
396:
380:
373:Johann Grüninger
367:
354:
342:Early editions:
337:
329:
321:
305:
295:
289:
280:
228:
214:
206:
198:
190:
159:Abu Bakr al-Razi
152:
102:
80:
77:
72:Jabir ibn Hayyan
54:
38:
21:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2449:
2444:Suns in alchemy
2325:
2251:
2190:Sirr al-khalīqa
2171:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
2055:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
1957:
1943:Frater Albertus
1921:
1917:Wilhelm Homberg
1822:Basil Valentine
1805:
1776:Paul of Taranto
1741:Hugh of Evesham
1716:pseudo-Albertus
1704:
1650:pseudo-Avicenna
1616:
1590:
1563:Ancient Chinese
1557:
1533:Mary the Jewess
1487:
1482:
1432:
1426:
1410:
1381:
1375:
1359:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1313:
1297:
1271:Sudhoffs Archiv
1261:
1245:
1231:
1215:
1211:(12): 997–1005.
1198:
1177:
1158:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1107:, published by
1102:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1015:
1011:
995:
991:
966:
962:
953:
949:
939:
937:
935:
920:
919:
915:
909:(2nd ed., 1920)
903:
894:
885:
881:
877:, p. 1002.
873:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
830:
828:
826:
811:
810:
806:
786:
782:
768:Kraus 1942–1943
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
725:
721:
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
645:. By contrast,
586:Albertus Magnus
573:Paul of Taranto
523:Islamic alchemy
520:
293:Alchemia Geberi
264:, mineralogist
167:
145:Islamic alchemy
106:Paul of Taranto
78:
68:pseudepigraphic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:Pseudepigraphy
2491:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Iatrochemistry
2373:
2368:
2366:Elixir of life
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2218:Splendor solis
2214:
2206:
2198:
2186:
2179:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2078:
2070:Emerald Tablet
2066:
2059:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1622:Arabic-Islamic
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1501:Greco-Egyptian
1495:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:Chisholm, Hugh
1430:
1425:978-0226103792
1424:
1408:
1379:
1374:978-0226576961
1373:
1357:
1351:
1335:
1329:
1311:
1295:
1259:
1243:
1229:
1213:
1205:Chemické listy
1196:
1175:
1156:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1124:Al-Hassan 2009
1116:
1111:and available
1096:
1079:
1065:
1056:
1042:
1034:Al-Hassan 2009
1009:
989:
960:
954:Hermann Kopp,
947:
933:
913:
892:
879:
862:
850:
838:
824:
804:
792:Allen G. Debus
780:
759:
747:
735:
719:
711:Al-Hassan 2009
675:
662:
660:
657:
614:silver nitrate
610:oil of vitriol
571:may have been
519:
516:
515:
514:
507:
499:in two parts:
489:William Salmon
485:
474:
463:
452:
451:
442:
429:
420:
411:
402:
399:hathitrust.org
382:
369:
356:
340:
339:
331:
323:
270:Lazarus Ercker
217:
216:
208:
200:
196:Liber fornacum
192:
166:
163:
141:pseudepigrapha
114:Daniel Sennert
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Prima materia
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:Tripus aureus
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:Aureum vellus
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2210:Sirr al-asrār
2207:
2205:
2203:
2202:Sirr al-asrār
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:Seventy Books
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2093:Liber dabessi
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:Book of Mercy
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Samuel Norton
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Michael Maier
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1801:Thomas Norton
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Johann of Laz
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:George Ripley
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:Late medieval
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Ibn Waḥshiyya
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:9783487091150
1226:
1222:
1219:(1942–1943).
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:9783487142739
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Principe 2013
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:0-486-43802-3
974:
970:
964:
961:
957:
951:
948:
936:
930:
926:
925:
917:
914:
910:
908:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
827:
821:
817:
816:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Principe 2013
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
667:
664:
658:
656:
653:
648:
643:
637:
631:
629:
628:Moorish Spain
624:
619:
615:
611:
606:
605:
599:
593:
591:
587:
582:
576:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
456:
455:
448:
443:
439:
434:
430:
428:, Strasbourg.
426:
421:
417:
412:
408:
403:
400:
395:
390:
386:
383:
381:, Strasbourg.
379:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
345:
344:
343:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
314:
313:Manuscripts:
311:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
282:
279:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:mineral acids
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
221:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
183:
181:
177:
173:
164:
162:
160:
156:
151:
147:texts as the
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
94:
92:
88:
84:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
48:
42:
37:
32:
19:
2463:All articles
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2256:Compilations
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2101:Liber ignium
2099:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1902:Robert Boyle
1857:Isaac Newton
1852:Hennig Brand
1837:Gerhard Dorn
1810:Early modern
1781:Petrus Bonus
1726:pseudo-Geber
1725:
1538:pseudo-Moses
1444:
1415:
1390:(1): 43–65.
1387:
1383:
1364:
1342:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1277:(1): 76–90.
1274:
1270:
1254:
1247:Lory, Pierre
1220:
1208:
1204:
1186:(1): 35–61.
1183:
1179:
1167:
1147:
1119:
1104:
1099:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1012:
1001:Newman 1985b
997:Newman 1985a
992:
968:
963:
955:
950:
938:. Retrieved
923:
916:
906:
882:
853:
841:
829:. Retrieved
814:
807:
787:
783:
762:
750:
738:
722:
687:Newman 1985b
683:Newman 1985a
678:
666:
632:
622:
594:
577:
521:
510:
492:
477:
466:
462:, Strasbourg
459:
453:
368:, Strasbourg
341:
312:
283:
274:
268:and assayer
255:
222:
218:
179:
175:
171:
168:
134:
118:Robert Boyle
97:
95:
60:Pseudo-Geber
59:
58:
2386:Magnum opus
2356:Chrysopoeia
2278:De alchemia
2129:Mutus liber
2108:Liber lucis
1975:Major Works
1862:Jakob Böhme
1751:John Dastin
1695:al-Ṭughrāʾī
1581:Master Geng
1217:Kraus, Paul
1137:Works cited
1022:Norris 2006
1005:Newman 1991
858:Norris 2006
846:Newman 1991
731:Newman 2006
727:Newman 2001
699:Norris 2006
691:Newman 1991
598:nitric acid
590:Roger Bacon
513:, Frankfurt
410:, Nuremberg
308:nitric acid
176:Geber Arabs
130:aqua fortis
122:nitric acid
110:corpuscular
79: 806–
18:False Geber
2478:Categories
2431:Substances
2371:Homunculus
2037:Cantong Qi
1948:Fulcanelli
1892:Paracelsus
1685:al-Jildakī
1586:Wei Boyang
1493:Alchemists
1309:: 240–302.
1030:Delva 2017
772:Delva 2017
755:Delva 2017
707:Delva 2017
671:Delva 2017
659:References
652:aqua regia
636:aqua regia
604:aqua regia
518:Authorship
126:aqua regia
2426:Processes
2391:Ouroboros
2212:(al-Rāzī)
1933:Carl Jung
1771:Ortolanus
1670:al-ʿIrāqī
1645:Artephius
1635:Alphidius
1595:Byzantine
1265:(1985a).
1239:468740510
1016:E.g., by
776:Lory 2008
743:Ross 1911
539:Berthelot
87:alchemist
83:latinized
2421:Yliaster
2001:Morienus
1967:Writings
1877:John Dee
1612:Synesius
1414:(2013).
1404:97109455
1363:(2006).
1317:(1991).
1283:20776956
1249:(2008).
1092:page 134
1090:, 1957,
543:Lippmann
450:, Gdansk
441:, Leiden
39:, 1531,
2440:Unicode
2436:Symbols
2361:Element
2346:Athanor
2341:Alembic
2334:Various
1576:Ge Hong
1443:(ed.).
1291:2932819
1251:"Kimiā"
1088:Alchemy
940:14 June
419:, Basel
371:1531:
239:mercury
89:of the
2416:Takwin
1926:Modern
1513:Chymes
1422:
1402:
1371:
1349:
1327:
1289:
1281:
1237:
1227:
1164:online
1154:
1128:online
1126:(also
1038:online
1036:(also
983:
975:
931:
831:8 June
822:
798:
715:online
713:(also
541:, and
535:Hoefer
509:1710:
505:Part 2
501:Part 1
487:1692:
476:1678:
444:1682:
431:1668:
422:1598:
413:1572:
404:1545:
358:1528,
243:elixir
235:sulfur
231:metals
165:Corpus
137:Arabic
128:, and
74:(died
55:, 1542
2411:Rebis
2351:Azoth
1439:. In
1400:S2CID
1384:Ambix
1279:JSTOR
495:: At
458:1530
172:Geber
81:816,
64:Latin
62:(or "
1420:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1287:PMID
1235:OCLC
1225:ISBN
1152:ISBN
981:ISBN
973:ISBN
942:2010
929:ISBN
833:2010
820:ISBN
796:ISBN
612:and
588:and
531:Kopp
503:and
497:EEBO
385:1541
360:1529
347:1525
290:and
247:gold
237:and
223:The
1392:doi
1188:doi
174:or
2480::
2442:,
1398:.
1388:53
1386:.
1307:35
1305:.
1285:.
1275:69
1273:.
1269:.
1253:.
1233:.
1209:96
1207:.
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