235:(Fourth report, 2001/2), which dealt with police trawling practices and referred to the “enormous difficulties” faced by those accused of child sexual abuse, recommended that the requirement for similar fact evidence to be linked by “striking similarities” be restored in cases involving allegations of historical child abuse. However, this recommendation contradicted the Government White Paper Justice for All (2002), which proposed lowering the threshold for the admission of similar fact evidence still further.
81:, or resulting from deliberate or accidental suggestive questioning, coaching of the child, or faulty interviewing techniques. In 1997, researchers Poole and Lindsay suggested applying separate labels to the two concepts, proposing the term “false allegations” be used specifically when the accuser is aware they are lying, and “false suspicions” for the wider range of false accusations in which suggestive questioning may have been involved.
2608:
2166:
244:
has a strong tendency to summarily assume the accused is guilty, leading to very serious social stigma. The accused, even if acquitted, risks being fired from their job, losing their friends and other relationships, having their property vandalized or even confiscated (via civil forfeiture), and being harassed by those believing them to be guilty despite no evidence proving their guilt.
196:“bad”, due to a desire to protect the perpetrator (who may be a close family member), out of fear of destroying the family, due to coaching by an adult family member insisting that the child withdraw the accusation, and others. False retractions are less common when the child receives timely and appropriate support following the statement of the allegation.
208:(FACT), there was a 90% conviction rate for alleged child sex abusers, as compared to just 9% for cases of adult rape. In the UK, all the post-1970 court cases that are recognized as authorities on evidence of disposition “concern charges of sexual abuse of minors.” In 1991, the House of Lords judgment in Director of Public Prosecutions versus P (
223:
Normally, an allegation of a criminal offense has to stand or fall on its own merits; if a witness accusing someone of sexual abuse was sufficiently credible, or could adduce supporting evidence, then an abuser would be convicted. Until 1991, multiple allegations against the same person could only be
252:
In 2001, there were 18 support and lobby groups extant in the UK “set up to redress the injustice suffered by those who, they claim, have been wrongly convicted in abuse cases.” Groups currently active in the UK include: False
Allegations Against Carers and Teachers (FACT), False Allegations Support
171:
False reports are more common in custody disputes. Children appear to rarely make up false allegations of their own accord, but will make false allegations if coercively questioned by individuals who believe abuse has occurred, but refuse to accept children’s statements that they were not abused (as
61:
An allegation that is completely false in that the events that were alleged did not occur; for example, it could be done to retaliate against a teacher who denied them a grade for coursework, or an employer who withheld a pay raise or promotion. It could also be done for the purposes of extortion or
243:
Allegations of sexual abuse can be inherently traumatic to the child when false. People falsely charged with sexual abuse often face numerous problems of their own. The nature of the crime leveled at them often evokes an overwhelming sense of betrayal. In highly publicized cases, the general public
195:
False retractions of accusations by children who have been abused are suggested to occur for one or more of several reasons, such as out of shame or embarrassment, due to fear of being sent to a foster home, or of the reaction of adults leading them to feel their behavior was “wrong” or
99:
on the part of these individuals, and lead them to deliberately or unconsciously attempt to resolve dissonance by ignoring, discounting, or even destroying the evidence. Once any steps are taken to justify the decision that the accused is guilty, it becomes very difficult for the official to accept
163:
Findings of multiple studies performed between 1987 and 1995 suggested that the rate of false allegations ranged from a low of 6% to a high of 35% of reported child sexual abuse cases. Experts have argued that the reason for the wide range of differences in the rates resulted from varying criteria
35:
when no abuse has been committed by the accused. Such accusations can be brought by the alleged victim, or by another person on the alleged victim’s behalf. Studies on the rate of recorded child abuse allegations in the 1990s suggested that the overall rate of false accusations at that time was
164:
used in various studies. In particular, a lower rate was found in studies that considered false allegations to be based on intentional lying, whereas the higher rates were reported in studies that also added unintentional false allegations resulting from suggestive questioning. A 1992
156:). Reporting rates may also be substantially below actual rates of abuse, as many victims do not disclose their abuse, which may result in an overrepresentation of false allegations due to the inaccurate estimation of actual cases of abuse. Of the millions of reports of
56:
When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether an accusation is true or false, it is described as “unsubstantiated” or “unfounded.” Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories:
39:
Of the allegations determined to be false, only a small portion originated with the child, the studies showed; most false allegations originated with an adult bringing the accusations on behalf of a child, and of those, a large majority occurred in the context of
1714:
Allegations of sexual abuse are always serious and can be traumatic, even when they are false. The lasting effects that such accusations have on families and children can be devastating. There is an increased risk that a child will be alienated from the other
131:
or other device. Research proves that the facilitator is the sole source of the messages obtained through FC, rather than the disabled person. However, the facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the
219:
This, combined with the police practice of “trawling” for child abuse victims using door-to-door interviews and the potential for monetary compensation, has created opportunities and incentive for false allegations to occur:
65:
An allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent. When a child makes this type of allegation, it is termed “perpetrator
141:
160:
each year to state protective agencies in the US (including both substantiated and unsubstantiated reports), there is no formal determination as to what portion of those represent false allegations.
267:(2015) ― An American drama film about a teenager who plans to come out to his family at a reunion, but runs into trouble when he is falsely accused of sexually abusing his younger female cousin.
741:
2006:
84:
False accusations can be prompted, aggravated, or perpetuated by law enforcement, child protection, or prosecution officials who become convinced of the guilt of the accused
144:, with many of the alleged victims being children. As of 1995, there were sixty known cases, with an unknown numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility.
2495:
2433:
2203:
333:
as an
English vicar who was falsely accused of sexually assaulting a teenage boy. The youth’s story is supported by a woman whose affections the vicar had spurned.
2594:
69:
An allegation that is partially true and partially false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did not occur.
2448:
1574:
1215:
598:
Mikkelsen EJ, Gutheil TG, Emens M (October 1992). "False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: contextual factors and clinical subtypes".
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2145:
1543:
343:
309:
documentary about Arnold and Jesse
Friedman, who both pleaded guilty to child abuse, but claimed the charges were false and the guilty pleas coerced.
2646:
224:
held to be mutually corroborating if there were “striking similarities” between the alleged crimes, indicating a criminal’s “signature,” a distinct
2582:
1839:
939:
724:
2443:
2438:
2196:
1185:
Adshead, G (1994). "Looking for clues - A review of the literature on false allegations of sexual abuse in childhood". In
Sinason V (ed.).
1604:
1909:
410:
205:
1509:
711:
2520:
2474:
2119:
2011:
1707:
1655:
1445:
1198:
1118:
1029:
785:
Riggott, Julie (Spring–Summer 2005). "Pseudoscience in Autism
Treatment: Are the News and Entertainment Media Helping or Hurting?".
686:
649:
577:
544:
515:
486:
453:
400:
45:
804:
Shane, Howard C.; Kearns, Kevin (September 1994). "An
Examination of the Role of the Facilitator in "Facilitated Communication"".
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2001:
415:
2500:
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892:
370:
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73:
A false allegation can occur as the result of intentional lying on the part of the accuser; or unintentionally, due to a
228:. But the judgment removed this protection. In effect, the courts have accepted the idea of “corroboration by volume.”
2631:
1872:
1808:
353:
263:
87:
152:
Denial of child sexual abuse by the accused, or by others, is common, and its reality is not easily accepted (though
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116:
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297:
1535:
2326:
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1401:
McElroy, S.; Keck, P. (1995). "Recovered memory therapy – False Memory
Syndrome and other complications".
1149:
1140:
964:
232:
1322:
Green, A. (1991). "Factors
Contributing to False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse in Custody Disputes".
2636:
2551:
2405:
2251:
2246:
2241:
1924:
1825:
766:
Green, Gina (Fall 1995). "An ecobehavioral interpretation of the facilitated communication phenomenon".
395:
213:
1350:
17:
2546:
2505:
2425:
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1899:
293:) who becomes the target of mass hysteria after being wrongly accused of sexually assaulting a child.
271:
173:
96:
1154:
969:
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2261:
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1904:
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Mistakes were made (but not by me): why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts
2641:
2588:
2453:
1887:
1867:
1246:
990:
832:
313:
157:
119:(FC) is a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with
32:
931:
923:
860:"Facilitated Communication: The Resurgence of a Disproven Treatment for Individuals With Autism"
127:. The facilitator guides the disabled person’s arm or hand, and attempts to help them type on a
1596:
924:"How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System"
253:
Organization (FASO), People
Against False Allegations of Abuse (PAFAA with SOFAP), and SAFARI.
2469:
2398:
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2383:
2354:
2316:
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2018:
1996:
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1194:
1167:
1114:
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1102:
1076:
1025:
1021:
1008:
Summit RC (1998). "Hidden victims, hidden pain, societal avoidance of child sexual abuse". In
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128:
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569:
445:
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1862:
1513:
1432:
Child Sexual Abuse: An
Interdisciplinary Manual for Diagnosis, Case Management and Treatment
1410:
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124:
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1991:
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276:
120:
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1981:
1954:
1914:
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330:
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225:
78:
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1949:
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74:
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suggested that false allegations represented between 2% and 10% of all allegations.
2541:
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1971:
1939:
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706:
184:
180:
1414:
2607:
2331:
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1944:
1163:
442:
True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management
176:
137:
900:
2612:
2301:
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2170:
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817:
153:
31:
is an accusation against one or more individuals claiming that they committed
1062:
876:
859:
1934:
1929:
1190:
105:
986:
858:
Ganz, Jennifer B.; Katsiyannis, Antonis; Morin, Kristi L. (February 2017).
1387:
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1242:
1171:
1080:
619:
2515:
2181:
2083:
2078:
1378:
955:
Lilienfeld, SO (March 2007). "Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm".
474:
2415:
41:
1276:"True and false allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes"
562:
Assessing Child Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False Allegations
504:
Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals
1966:
1812:
101:
1223:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
321:(1999), about a school nurse falsely accused of molesting a student.
142:
accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication
1919:
2185:
1821:
1817:
1475:
1473:
768:
Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities
893:"Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate"
306:
212:
2 A.C. 447) significantly lowered the barrier to admission of
154:
such a denial should never be interpreted as evidence of guilt
928:
Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon
1780:
1216:"Problems in Validating Allegations of Sexual Abuse. Part 1"
1351:"Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth?"
179:). False allegations can also arise as a consequence of
100:
disconfirming evidence, and this can continue during
742:"Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die"
88:
Day-care sex-abuse hysteria § Significant cases
2575:
2534:
2488:
2462:
2424:
2340:
2219:
2138:
2112:
2054:
1855:
1280:
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
1628:"Abuse witch-hunt traps innocent in a net of lies"
1429:
1138:(1993). "Impact of child sexual abuse: a review".
1013:
675:Handbook of Psychology Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology
637:
2496:Race in the United States criminal justice system
2434:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
1658:. Archived from the original on September 8, 2002
930:. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing. pp.
471:Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook
2595:List of death row inmates in the United States
1573:. Select Committee on Home Affairs Memoranda.
2197:
1833:
806:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
533:Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure
8:
1626:David Rose; Gary Horne (November 26, 2000).
1459:
1457:
1317:
1315:
1269:
1267:
833:"Why debunked autism treatment fads persist"
831:Lilienfeld; et al. (26 February 2015).
123:or other communication disabilities who are
108:, or any other effort to revisit a verdict.
2449:Overturned convictions in the United States
1692:Complex Issues in Child Custody Evaluations
787:Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
665:
663:
661:
2204:
2190:
2182:
1840:
1826:
1818:
2146:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
1728:"' 'Take Me to the River" ', information"
1377:
1153:
1070:
968:
875:
344:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
136:, which is the same effect that guides a
1047:"Why do adults sexually abuse children?"
612:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556
593:
591:
589:
2583:Capital punishment in the United States
1214:Benedek, E. P.; Schetky, D. H. (1987).
469:Hobbs, CJ; Hanks HGI; Wynne JM (1999).
427:
18:False accusations of child sexual abuse
2151:False allegation of child sexual abuse
1809:False allegations of abuse against men
1668:
1436:. Columbia University Press. pp.
636:Maggie Bruck; Ceci, Stephen J (1995).
631:
629:
317:(1994) ― A novel that was turned into
183:, sometimes implanted by questionable
77:, either arising spontaneously due to
29:false allegation of child sexual abuse
1016:Lasting Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
957:Perspectives on Psychological Science
435:
433:
431:
200:Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)
7:
2444:List of miscarriage of justice cases
2439:List of exonerated death row inmates
1607:from the original on 7 December 2022
1577:from the original on 7 December 2022
1546:from the original on 7 December 2022
1187:Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse
740:Auerbach, David (12 November 2015).
204:In 2000, according to support group
1910:Genital modification and mutilation
1585:– via Parliamentary business.
411:Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial
239:Effect on the child and the accused
206:Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers
95:Disconfirming evidence can lead to
1099:A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse
216:of disposition to commit a crime.
25:
2521:Ineffective assistance of counsel
2475:National Registry of Exonerations
2120:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
2007:in education in the United States
1534:Exton, Julie (20 November 2003).
864:Intervention in School and Clinic
401:Thurston County ritual abuse case
2606:
2164:
2099:Sociobiological theories of rape
1235:10.1097/00004583-198726060-00016
979:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x
715:. San Diego: Harcourt. pp.
285:) ― A 2012 Danish drama film by
2647:False allegations of sex crimes
1565:Keane, Adrian (February 2002).
1481:"Abuse: Crusade or Witch-Hunt?"
677:. John Wiley and Sons. p.
172:was common practice during the
2130:Sexually violent predator laws
1463:Schetky & Green, 1988, p.
673:; Donald K. Freedheim (2003).
502:Schetky, DH; Green AH (1988).
140:. There have been a number of
1:
2074:Effects and aftermath of rape
1601:The Crown Prosecution Service
1415:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-09
1292:10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60001-5
1134:Kendall-Tacket, K; Meyer WL;
1045:Bentovim, A (July 17, 1993).
926:. In Shane, Howard C. (ed.).
899:. p. W22. Archived from
891:Spake, Amanda (31 May 1992).
444:. Psychology Press. pp.
371:Kern County child abuse cases
349:Cleveland child abuse scandal
233:Home Affairs Select Committee
1487:. 2000-12-07. Archived from
1370:10.1016/0145-2134(84)90029-2
506:. Psychology Press. p.
2501:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
1164:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164
644:. Amer Psychological Assn.
354:Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
85:
2683:
1781:"Jesse Friedman's Website"
1536:"A matter of similar fact"
1324:Child & Youth Services
386:Orkney child abuse scandal
2603:
2394:Eyewitness identification
2159:
2069:Causes of sexual violence
1675:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1510:"Evidence of disposition"
1358:Child Abuse & Neglect
818:10.1044/1058-0360.0303.48
640:Jeopardy in the Courtroom
329:(1959) ― A film starring
117:Facilitated communication
112:Facilitated communication
2567:Innocence Protection Act
2227:Prosecutorial misconduct
1597:"Bad Character Evidence"
1063:10.1136/bmj.307.6897.144
877:10.1177/1053451217692564
475:Elsevier Health Sciences
376:McMartin preschool trial
364:False accusation of rape
2562:Equal Protection Clause
2480:Investigating Innocence
2411:Tampering with evidence
1656:"Similar Fact Evidence"
1540:The Law Society Gazette
1051:British Medical Journal
922:Margolin, K.N. (1994).
298:Capturing the Friedmans
2327:Spoliation of evidence
2213:Miscarriage of justice
1349:Faller, K. C. (1984).
1141:Psychological Bulletin
280:
2662:Journalistic scandals
2552:Right to a fair trial
2406:Misinformation effect
2252:Selective enforcement
2247:Malicious prosecution
2242:Selective prosecution
1603:. 10 September 2021.
1336:10.1300/J024v15n02_11
396:Think of the children
214:similar fact evidence
185:therapeutic practices
46:child-custody battles
2547:Exculpatory evidence
2526:Prosecutor's fallacy
2506:Blue wall of silence
2489:Contributing factors
2426:Wrongful convictions
2094:Rape trauma syndrome
1900:Cybersex trafficking
1012:, Powell GJ (eds.).
535:. Springer. p.
264:Take Me to the River
174:satanic ritual abuse
97:cognitive dissonance
2272:Abuse of discretion
2262:Attorney misconduct
2220:Types of misconduct
2125:Laws regarding rape
1905:Forced prostitution
1428:Faller, KC (1989).
897:The Washington Post
36:approximately 10%.
2632:Child sexual abuse
2589:Batson v. Kentucky
2535:Norms and remedies
2454:Wrongful execution
2372:Child sexual abuse
1888:Child prostitution
1878:Child exploitation
1762:. 29 November 2012
1690:Stahl, PM (1999).
1403:Psychiatric Annals
1274:Green, A. (1986).
1193:. pp. 57–65.
1097:; Araji S (1986).
839:. Emory University
531:Bolen, RM (2001).
314:A Map of the World
158:child sexual abuse
33:child sexual abuse
2619:
2618:
2470:Innocence Project
2399:Cross-race effect
2389:Eyewitness memory
2384:Mistaken identity
2355:Forced confession
2317:Witness tampering
2292:Legal malpractice
2287:Gaming the system
2237:Police corruption
2232:Police misconduct
2179:
2178:
2019:Sexual misconduct
1997:Sexual harassment
1893:Child sex tourism
1883:Child pornography
1696:SAGE Publications
1103:SAGE Publications
1022:SAGE Publications
941:978-1-565-93341-5
726:978-0-15-603390-9
560:Robin, M (1991).
406:Treva Throneberry
381:Operation Midland
359:False accusations
287:Thomas Vinterberg
191:False retractions
16:(Redirected from
2674:
2611:
2610:
2576:Related concepts
2557:Actual innocence
2511:Racial profiling
2362:False accusation
2350:False confession
2322:Brady disclosure
2257:Abuse of process
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2169:
2168:
1863:Bride kidnapping
1842:
1835:
1828:
1819:
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1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1425:
1419:
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1346:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1253:. Archived from
1220:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1057:(6897): 144–45.
1042:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1005:
999:
998:
972:
952:
946:
945:
919:
913:
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828:
822:
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795:
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782:
776:
775:
763:
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737:
731:
730:
699:
693:
692:
671:Irving B. Weiner
667:
656:
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643:
633:
624:
623:
595:
584:
583:
557:
551:
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528:
522:
521:
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466:
460:
459:
437:
134:ideomotor effect
91:
21:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2571:
2530:
2484:
2458:
2420:
2336:
2215:
2210:
2180:
2175:
2163:
2155:
2134:
2108:
2056:
2050:
2034:Sexual violence
2024:Sexual predator
2012:in the military
1992:Sexual grooming
1987:Sexual bullying
1977:Sex trafficking
1851:
1846:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1750:
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1736:
1734:
1726:
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1721:
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2371:
2282:False arrest
2150:
2089:Rape culture
2055:Sociological
2002:in education
1972:Revenge porn
1849:Sexual abuse
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
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1735:. Retrieved
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1660:. Retrieved
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1635:. Retrieved
1632:The Observer
1631:
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1609:. Retrieved
1600:
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1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1539:
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1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
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1489:the original
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1189:. New York:
1186:
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1095:Finkelhor, D
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960:
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841:. Retrieved
836:
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749:. Retrieved
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2332:Civil wrong
1136:Finkelhor D
843:10 November
793:(1): 58–60.
751:30 November
568:. pp.
416:Peter Ellis
177:moral panic
138:Ouija board
86:(see also:
2657:Defamation
2626:Categories
2302:Show trial
2277:Entrapment
2267:Bad apples
2064:Aggression
2039:Statistics
1790:22 January
1766:2012-11-30
1737:2015-12-17
1698:. p.
1662:2011-05-24
1637:2011-05-24
1611:6 December
1581:6 December
1550:6 December
1520:2011-05-24
1495:2011-05-25
1305:2008-01-01
1105:. p.
477:. p.
422:References
305:) ―A 2003
148:Prevalence
125:non-verbal
62:blackmail.
2642:Fake news
1955:Statutory
1756:, review"
1191:Routledge
1150:CiteSeerX
965:CiteSeerX
907:March 18,
870:: 52–56.
774:(2): 1–8.
703:Aronson E
210:D.P.P v P
2516:Loophole
2463:Advocacy
2084:Misogyny
2079:Misandry
2057:theories
1960:Of males
1950:By proxy
1754:The Hunt
1671:cite web
1654:(2002).
1605:Archived
1575:Archived
1544:Archived
1485:BBC News
1251:10744072
1010:Wyatt GE
995:26512757
987:26151919
709:(2007).
707:Tavris C
338:See also
272:The Hunt
129:keyboard
106:retrials
2416:Frameup
1940:Marital
1715:parent.
1388:6542819
1300:3745724
1243:3429411
1172:8426874
1081:8343739
1072:1678329
932:227–257
620:1443285
102:appeals
42:divorce
1967:Raptio
1945:Prison
1925:Campus
1813:Curlie
1706:
1444:
1438:130–31
1386:
1298:
1249:
1241:
1197:
1170:
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723:
717:127–57
685:
648:
618:
576:
543:
514:
485:
452:
319:a film
301:(Dir.
282:Jagten
277:Danish
121:autism
2652:Lying
1868:Child
1856:Forms
1354:(PDF)
1258:(PDF)
1247:S2CID
1219:(PDF)
991:S2CID
746:Slate
570:21–24
446:23–33
257:Media
52:Types
2367:Rape
2113:Laws
1935:Gray
1930:Date
1920:Rape
1792:2022
1732:IMDb
1704:ISBN
1677:link
1613:2022
1583:2022
1552:2022
1442:ISBN
1384:PMID
1296:PMID
1239:PMID
1195:ISBN
1168:PMID
1115:ISBN
1077:PMID
1026:ISBN
983:PMID
936:ISBN
909:2015
845:2015
753:2015
721:ISBN
683:ISBN
646:ISBN
616:PMID
574:ISBN
541:ISBN
512:ISBN
483:ISBN
450:ISBN
44:and
2044:War
1811:at
1411:doi
1374:hdl
1366:doi
1332:doi
1288:doi
1231:doi
1160:doi
1146:113
1111:280
1067:PMC
1059:doi
1055:307
975:doi
872:doi
814:doi
679:438
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