1673:, should they exist. The authors note, however, that if primordial black holes cause a false vacuum collapse, then it should have happened long before humans evolved on Earth. A subsequent study in 2017 indicated that the bubble would collapse into a primordial black hole rather than originate from it, either by ordinary collapse or by bending space in such a way that it breaks off into a new universe. In 2019, it was found that although small non-spinning black holes may increase true vacuum nucleation rate, rapidly spinning black holes will stabilize false vacuums to decay rates lower than expected for flat space-time.
760:
of total energy zero. In the absence of gravitation, this is no problem, no matter how small the energy-density difference; all one has to do is make the bubble big enough, and the volume/surface ratio will do the job. In the presence of gravitation, though, the negative energy density of the true vacuum distorts geometry within the bubble with the result that, for a small enough energy density, there is no bubble with a big enough volume/surface ratio. Within the bubble, the effects of gravitation are more dramatic. The geometry of space-time within the bubble is that of
6093:
932:
940:
6105:
570:
47:
1574:, the bubble's wall will begin to accelerate outward. Due to the typically large difference in energy between the false and true vacuums, the speed of the wall approaches the speed of light extremely quickly. The bubble does not produce any gravitational effects because the negative energy density of the bubble interior is cancelled out by the positive kinetic energy of the wall.
1680:(LHC) could trigger such a vacuum decay event, a scenario that has attracted the attention of the news media. It is likely to be unrealistic, because if such mini black holes can be created in collisions, they would also be created in the much more energetic collisions of cosmic radiation particles with planetary surfaces or during the early life of the universe as tentative
626:
582:
1038:
The diagrams show the uncertainty ranges of Higgs boson and top quark masses as oval-shaped lines. Underlying colors indicate if the electroweak vacuum state is likely to be stable, merely long-lived or completely unstable for given combination of masses. The "electroweak vacuum decay" hypothesis was
785:
The second special case is decay into a space of vanishing cosmological constant, the case that applies if we are now living in the debris of a false vacuum that decayed at some early cosmic epoch. This case presents us with less interesting physics and with fewer occasions for rhetorical excess than
759:
In general, gravitation makes the probability of vacuum decay smaller; in the extreme case of very small energy-density difference, it can even stabilize the false vacuum, preventing vacuum decay altogether. We believe we understand this. For the vacuum to decay, it must be possible to build a bubble
1581:
Bubble wall has a finite thickness, depending on ratio between energy barrier and energy gain obtained by creating true vacuum. In the case when potential barrier height between true and false vacua is much smaller than energy difference between vacua, shell thickness become comparable with critical
1728:
A bubble wall, propagating outward at nearly the speed of light, has a finite thickness, depending on the ratio between the energy barrier and the energy gain obtained by creating true vacuum. In the case when the potential barrier height between true and false vacua is much smaller than the energy
742:
and structures comprising them, to subtle change in some cosmological parameters, mostly depending on the potential difference between true and false vacuum. Some false vacuum decay scenarios are compatible with the survival of structures like galaxies, stars, and even biological life, while others
776:
The possibility that we are living in a false vacuum has never been a cheering one to contemplate. Vacuum decay is the ultimate ecological catastrophe; in the new vacuum there are new constants of nature; after vacuum decay, not only is life as we know it impossible, so is chemistry as we know it.
1715:
In a 2021 paper by
Rostislav Konoplich and others, it was postulated that the area between a pair of large black holes on the verge of colliding could provide the conditions to create bubbles of "true vacuum". Intersecting surfaces between these bubbles could then become infinitely dense and form
3429:'s Joseph Lykken: "he parameters for our universe, including the Higgs suggest that we're just at the edge of stability, in a "metastable" state. Physicists have been contemplating such a possibility for more than 30 years. Back in 1982, physicists Michael Turner and Frank Wilczek wrote in
1577:
Small bubbles of true vacuum can be inflated to critical size by providing energy, although required energy densities are several orders of magnitude larger than what is attained in any natural or artificial process. It is also thought that certain environments can catalyze bubble formation by
1704:– and cosmic rays in vicinity of origin may be more powerful yet. John Leslie has argued that if present trends continue, particle accelerators will exceed the energy given off in naturally occurring cosmic ray collisions by the year 2150. Fears of this kind were raised by critics of both the
754:
A paper by
Coleman and de Luccia that attempted to include simple gravitational assumptions into these theories noted that if this was an accurate representation of nature, then the resulting universe "inside the bubble" in such a case would appear to be extremely unstable and would almost
1688:
collisions have been observed at much higher energies than those produced in terrestrial particle accelerators, these experiments should not, at least for the foreseeable future, pose a threat to our current vacuum. Particle accelerators have reached energies of only approximately eight
1068:
If measurements of the Higgs boson and top quark suggest that our universe lies within a false vacuum of this kind, this would imply that the bubble's effects will propagate across the universe at nearly the speed of light from its origin in space-time. A direct calculation within the
733:
If our universe is in a false vacuum state rather than a true vacuum state, then the decay from the less stable false vacuum to the more stable true vacuum (called false vacuum decay) could have dramatic consequences. The effects could range from complete cessation of existing
768:
except that its group of symmetries is O(3, 2) rather than O(4, 1). Although this space-time is free of singularities, it is unstable under small perturbations, and inevitably suffers gravitational collapse of the same sort as the end state of a contracting
3531:
Zenesini, Alessandro; Berti, Anna; Cominotti, Riccardo; Rogora, Chiara; Moss, Ian G.; Billam, Tom P.; Carusotto, Iacopo; Lamporesi, Giacomo; Recati, Alessio; Ferrari, Gabriele (2024). "False vacuum decay via bubble formation in ferromagnetic superfluids".
1716:
micro-black holes. These would in turn evaporate by emitting
Hawking radiation in the 10 milliseconds or so before the larger black holes collided and devoured any bubbles or micro-black holes in their way. The theory could be tested by looking for the
1526:
1732:
Elementary particles entering the wall will likely decay to other particles or black holes. If all decay paths lead to very massive particles, the energy barrier of such a decay may result in a stable bubble of false vacuum (also known as a
1158:, as energy is expended as the fields roll over the potential barrier to the true vacuum. The former tends as the cube of the bubble's radius while the latter is proportional to the square of its radius, so there is a critical size
826:, we might underestimate the chances of being destroyed by vacuum decay because any information about this event would reach us only at the instant when we too were destroyed. This is in contrast to events like risks from impacts,
1060:
could drastically change the stability landscape division lines, rendering previous stability and metastability criteria incorrect. Reanalysis of 2015-2018 LHC run in 2022 has yielded a slightly lower top quark mass of
1056:, however, although improved measurement precision of Higgs boson and top quark masses further reinforced the claim of physical electroweak vacuum being in the metastable state as of 2018. Nonetheless, new physics
3409:
781:
comfort from the possibility that perhaps in the course of time the new vacuum would sustain, if not life as we know it, at least some structures capable of knowing joy. This possibility has now been eliminated.
719:
we live in. It is possible that a physical vacuum state is a configuration of quantum fields representing a local minimum but not global minimum of energy. This type of vacuum state is called a "false vacuum".
1257:
821:
calculate the natural risks of the destruction of the Earth at less than 1/10 per year from all natural (i.e. non-anthropogenic) events, including a transition to a lower vacuum state. They argue that due to
1409:
2076:
Lorenz, Christiane S.; Funcke, Lena; Calabrese, Erminia; Hannestad, Steen (2019). "Time-varying neutrino mass from a supercooled phase transition: Current cosmological constraints and impact on the Ω
3054:
1185:
at which the total energy of the bubble is zero; smaller bubbles tend to shrink, while larger bubbles tend to grow. To be able to nucleate, the bubble must overcome an energy barrier of height
171:
3333:
2799:
Hook, Anson; Kearney, John; Shakya, Bibhushan; Zurek, Kathryn M. (2015). "Probable or improbable universe? Correlating electroweak vacuum instability with the scale of inflation".
3020:
1443:
644:, but there is a barrier preventing the field from classically rolling down to the true vacuum. Therefore, the transition to the true vacuum must be stimulated by the creation of
5545:
4884:
4841:
4810:
1595:
4675:
1296:
542:
3401:
5938:
2746:
Kohri, Kazunori; Matsui, Hiroki (2018). "Electroweak vacuum instability and renormalized vacuum field fluctuations in
Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker background".
1316:
1098:
978:. The corresponding false vacuum hypothesis is called either "Electroweak vacuum instability" or "Higgs vacuum instability". The present false vacuum state is called
1562:
1183:
5836:
1647:
1029:
1621:
999:
876:, in his original proposal for cosmic inflation, proposed that inflation could end through quantum mechanical bubble nucleation of the sort described above. See
1340:
2605:
A. Linde (1982). "A New
Inflationary Universe Scenario: A Possible Solution Of The Horizon, Flatness, Homogeneity, Isotropy And Primordial Monopole Problems".
2500:
Alekhin, S.; Djouadi, A.; Moch, S.; Hoecker, A.; Riotto, A. (2012-08-13). "The top quark and Higgs boson masses and the stability of the electroweak vacuum".
612:
4889:
3422:
he bad news is that its mass suggests the universe will end in a fast-spreading bubble of doom. The good news? It'll probably be tens of billions of years.
4992:
892:, to propose "new inflation" or "slow roll inflation" in which no tunnelling occurs, and the inflationary scalar field instead graphs as a gentle slope.
3046:
2852:
Kohri, Kazunori; Matsui, Hiroki (2017). "Electroweak vacuum instability and renormalized Higgs field vacuum fluctuations in the inflationary universe".
4341:
4755:
5995:
5933:
1665:
In a study in 2015, it was pointed out that the vacuum decay rate could be vastly increased in the vicinity of black holes, which would serve as a
6154:
4668:
1701:
6174:
3443:
Andreassen, Anders; Frost, William; Schwartz, Matthew D. (2018). "Scale
Invariant Instantons and the Complete Lifetime of the Standard Model".
3165:
Salvio, Alberto (2015-04-09). "A Simple
Motivated Completion of the Standard Model below the Planck Scale: Axions and Right-Handed Neutrinos".
5074:
4550:
4528:
4496:
4324:
2273:
4608:
4254:
5012:
751:
of the universe. In this more extreme case, the likelihood of a "bubble" forming is very low (i.e. false vacuum decay may be impossible).
346:
3297:"Measurement of the top quark mass using a profile likelihood approach with the lepton + jets final states in proton–proton collisions at
2353:
880:. It was soon understood that a homogeneous and isotropic universe could not be preserved through the violent tunneling process. This led
5567:
5007:
4906:
1193:
866:. A future electron-positron collider would be able to provide the precise measurements of the top quark needed for such calculations.
5967:
4661:
1356:
3012:
4987:
4594:
1871:
Abel, Steven; Spannowsky, Michael (2021). "Quantum-Field-Theoretic
Simulation Platform for Observing the Fate of the False Vacuum".
1057:
555:
3218:
Branchina, Vincenzo; Messina, Emanuele; Platania, Alessia (2014). "Top mass determination, Higgs inflation, and vacuum stability".
3076:
967:
in 1995 and the Higgs boson in 2012 have allowed physicists to validate the criteria against experiment, therefore since 2012 the
5552:
5248:
605:
5599:
5096:
5069:
4700:
1705:
1591:
684:– if a small region of the universe by chance reached a more stable vacuum, this "bubble" (also called "bounce") would spread.
188:
6164:
4957:
885:
550:
264:
4081:
2400:
6159:
5347:
5253:
4705:
3924:
Devoto, Federica; Devoto, Simone; Di Luzio, Luca; Ridolfi, Giovanni (2022), "False vacuum decay: An introductory review",
193:
116:
2640:
A. Albrecht; P. J. Steinhardt (1982). "Cosmology For Grand
Unified Theories With Radiatively Induced Symmetry Breaking".
6000:
5397:
5297:
902:
Institute of
Physics and Mathematics suggested that the universe could have been spontaneously created from nothing (no
676:. It may last for a very long time in this state, but could eventually decay to the more stable one, an event known as
6131:
5880:
5079:
5029:
1151:
1150:. In this process, instanton effects cause a bubble containing the true vacuum to appear. The walls of the bubble (or
896:
695:
and is therefore not completely stable, in contrast to a true vacuum, which exists at a global minimum and is stable.
598:
574:
121:
2905:
Ellis, J.; Espinosa, J.R.; Giudice, G.F.; Hoecker, A.; Riotto, A. (2009). "The Probable Fate of the Standard Model".
850:
may be an effect of a false vacuum decaying into the true vacuum. The inflation itself may be the consequence of the
4416:
Kawana, Kiyoharu; Lu, Philip; Xie, Ke-Pan (2022), "First-order phase transition and fate of false vacuum remnants",
1134:
Decay of the false vacuum at finite temperature was first observed in ferromagnetic superfluids of ultracold atoms.
5540:
5392:
5367:
4777:
4647:
3433:
that "without warning, a bubble of true vacuum could nucleate somewhere in the universe and move outwards ..."
1048: Higgs boson mass is likely to be on the metastable side of stable-metastable boundary (estimated in 2012 as
340:
320:
128:
73:
6010:
5943:
5786:
5518:
5513:
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166:
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6005:
5900:
5826:
5653:
5282:
4982:
4684:
4028:
Firouzjahi, Hassan; Karami, Asieh; Rostami, Tahereh (2020). "Vacuum decay in the presence of a cosmic string".
1754:
1435:
to lower energy states. For a large potential barrier, the tunneling rate per unit volume of space is given by
1110:
810:
335:
100:
3033:
Earth will likely be long gone before any Higgs boson particles set off an apocalyptic assault on the universe
1737:) enclosing the false-vacuum particle instead of immediate decay. Multi-particle objects can be stabilized as
707:
is defined as a space with as little energy in it as possible. Despite the name, the vacuum still has quantum
1741:, although these objects will eventually collide and decay either into black holes or true-vacuum particles.
1521:{\displaystyle \omega \approx {\frac {1}{\gamma }}{\sqrt {\frac {2\Phi _{c}}{\hbar }}}e^{-\Phi _{c}/\hbar },}
6111:
5680:
5535:
4831:
4148:
Oshita, Naritaka; Ueda, Kazushige; Yamaguchi, Masahide (2020). "Vacuum decays around spinning black holes".
2958:
Masina, Isabella (2013-02-12). "Higgs boson and top quark masses as tests of electroweak vacuum stability".
1772:
1676:
If particle collisions produce mini black holes, then energetic collisions such as the ones produced in the
975:
968:
952:
735:
303:
183:
2045:
773:. The time required for the collapse of the interior universe is on the order of ... microseconds or less.
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6126:
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5907:
5801:
5624:
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748:
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1916:
1709:
1681:
1677:
1670:
847:
508:
310:
252:
2675:
He, Dongshan; Gao, Dongfeng; Cai, Qing-yu (2014). "Spontaneous creation of the universe from nothing".
2232:
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5594:
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2614:
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2415:
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2009:
1955:
1669:. According to this study, a potentially catastrophic vacuum decay could be triggered at any time by
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716:
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315:
2447:
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5816:
5687:
5609:
5207:
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4573:
calculates the Euclidean action for the bounce solution that contributes to the false vacuum decay.
3976:
Espinosa, J. R.; Fortin, J.-F.; Huertas, J. (2021), "Exactly solvable vacuum decays with gravity",
1777:
915:
823:
770:
739:
453:
413:
383:
330:
286:
274:
178:
68:
2378:
Banks, T. (2002). "Heretics of the False Vacuum: Gravitational Effects on and of Vacuum Decay 2".
1278:
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4297:
4236:
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4011:
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3959:
3933:
3907:
3881:
3851:
3817:
3785:
3541:
3478:
3452:
3382:
3346:
3276:
3253:
3227:
3200:
3174:
2993:
2967:
2940:
2914:
2887:
2861:
2834:
2808:
2781:
2755:
2710:
2684:
2535:
2509:
2439:
2379:
2345:
2265:
2167:
2141:
2111:
2093:
2027:
1999:
1898:
1880:
1841: – Lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid
1762:
1428:
855:
649:
534:
473:
443:
408:
378:
325:
269:
38:
6092:
4365:
Chitishvili, Mariam; Gogberashvili, Merab; Konoplich, Rostislav; Sakharov, Alexander S. (2023).
1811:
1789:
1712:
at the time of their respective proposal, and determined to be unfounded by scientific inquiry.
1600:
In general, gravity is believed to stabilize a false vacuum state, at least for transition from
947:
is grand unification energy. ξ is the degree of non-minimal coupling between fundamental forces.
4201:
Saito, Daiki; Yoo, Chul-Moon (2023), "Stationary vacuum bubble in a Kerr–de Sitter spacetime",
4095:
Deng, Heling; Vilenkin, Alexander (2017). "Primordial black hole formation by vacuum bubbles".
3770:
Arnold, Peter (1992). "A Review of the Instability of Hot Electroweak Theory and its Bounds on
2304:
1729:
difference between vacua, the bubble wall thickness becomes comparable to the critical radius.
1124:
Decay to vacuum with larger neutrino mass (may have happened as late as few billion years ago).
680:. The most common suggestion of how such a decay might happen in our universe is called bubble
5972:
5873:
5668:
5476:
5441:
5402:
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4911:
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3843:
3374:
3147:
3107:
2587:
2431:
2337:
2312:
1832:
1806:
1717:
1654:
877:
869:
712:
688:
503:
3808:
Burda, Philipp; Gregory, Ruth; Moss, Ian G. (2015). "Vacuum metastability with black holes".
1301:
1076:
6121:
6056:
5885:
5863:
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4003:
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3513:
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3127:
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2826:
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2702:
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2577:
2527:
2423:
2329:
2257:
2240:
2206:
2159:
2103:
2017:
1963:
1890:
1850:
1547:
1143:
When the false vacuum decays, the lower-energy true vacuum forms through a process known as
805:
645:
586:
398:
388:
373:
224:
93:
1161:
6179:
5950:
5791:
5362:
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5002:
4792:
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4516:
1565:
1319:
1155:
1002:
931:
889:
827:
787:
765:
708:
513:
448:
433:
418:
403:
393:
257:
1946:
C. Callan; S. Coleman (1977). "Fate of the false vacuum. II. First quantum corrections".
1626:
1568:. As soon as a bubble of lower-energy vacuum grows beyond the critical radius defined by
1008:
154:
4447:
4439:
4392:
4285:
4224:
4171:
4126:
4118:
4051:
3999:
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3730:
3695:
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3625:
3590:
3555:
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3188:
3123:
3084:
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2928:
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2822:
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2729:
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2618:
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2523:
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2419:
2325:
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2155:
2013:
1959:
1603:
981:
5928:
5868:
5853:
5806:
5702:
5648:
5508:
5166:
5143:
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5034:
5024:
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4921:
4787:
4738:
4538:
4485:
1325:
1114:
1070:
795:
498:
458:
3360:
939:
6148:
6071:
5955:
5912:
5858:
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5744:
5658:
5634:
5629:
5503:
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5409:
4997:
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4015:
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3517:
3482:
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3257:
3204:
2997:
2891:
2838:
2714:
2626:
2558:"The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems"
2171:
2115:
1902:
1650:
972:
673:
483:
468:
368:
3855:
3682:
P.H. Frampton (1977). "Consequences of Vacuum Instability in Quantum Field Theory".
2944:
2785:
2539:
2031:
6097:
6031:
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5414:
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2531:
2443:
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2269:
2163:
1844:
1838:
1697:
1696:(8×10 eV). Cosmic ray collisions have been observed at and beyond energies of 5×10
1693:
1041:
881:
872:
suggests that the universe may be in either a false vacuum or a true vacuum state.
863:
818:
704:
669:
641:
630:
488:
463:
438:
423:
279:
1052:.) A definitive answer requires much more precise measurements of the top quark's
17:
1847: – Heating a liquid to a temperature above its boiling point without boiling
1596:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments § Large Hadron Collider
6076:
5758:
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5614:
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5436:
5312:
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4728:
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4007:
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2830:
2661:
1894:
1796:
1750:
1128:
956:
851:
814:
236:
229:
3955:
3563:
3474:
3402:"Will our universe end in a 'big slurp'? Higgs-like particle suggests it might"
3132:
2989:
2777:
2706:
2107:
1427:
A bubble smaller than the critical size can overcome the potential barrier via
6026:
5841:
5811:
5796:
5584:
5572:
5332:
5194:
4820:
4641:
4632:
3872:
Mukhanov, V. F.; Sorin, A. S. (2022), "Instantons: Thick-wall approximation",
2591:
1819:
1734:
1685:
1146:
1039:
sometimes misreported as the Higgs boson "ending" the universe. A 125.18±0.16
681:
478:
3847:
3738:
3703:
3598:
2333:
2022:
1987:
1967:
5768:
5557:
5486:
5431:
5426:
5292:
5133:
5039:
4782:
4653:
4604:
4401:
4366:
4255:"Tiny black holes could trigger collapse of universe—except that they don't"
2582:
2557:
2553:
1784:
1432:
1053:
964:
955:
was first formulated in 1979 as a function of the masses of the theoretical
873:
835:
831:
428:
3378:
3151:
3142:
2435:
1065:
0.38 GeV, close to vacuum stability line but still in the metastable zone.
4566:
6061:
6046:
5577:
5562:
5464:
5302:
4750:
3426:
2730:"Bounds on the Fermions and Higgs Boson Masses in Grand Unified Theories"
2473:"False Vacuum: Early Universe Cosmology and the Development of Inflation"
1592:
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider § Critics of high-energy experiments
786:
the preceding one. It is now the interior of the bubble that is ordinary
778:
161:
63:
56:
4342:"Merging black holes may create bubbles that could swallow the universe"
625:
6041:
5895:
5890:
5727:
5717:
5525:
5337:
5049:
5044:
3790:
3496:
Linde, A.D. (1983). "Decay of the false vacuum at finite temperature".
2384:
960:
918:
of metastable false vacuum causing an expanding bubble of true vacuum.
3077:"Higgs boson will aid in creation of the universe—and how it will end"
2341:
46:
6051:
5977:
4570:
4293:
3717:
S. Coleman (1977). "Fate of the false vacuum: Semiclassical theory".
3011:
Klotz, Irene (18 February 2013). Adams, David; Eastham, Todd (eds.).
2261:
2132:
Landim, Ricardo G.; Abdalla, Elcio (2017). "Metastable dark energy".
1738:
1118:
911:
744:
692:
4367:"Higgs Field-Induced Triboluminescence in Binary Black Hole Mergers"
2427:
2210:
668:
that is locally stable but does not occupy the most stable possible
4430:
4383:
4215:
4162:
4109:
4042:
3990:
3938:
3886:
3822:
3546:
3457:
3351:
3281:
3273:
Direct top quark mass measurements with the ATLAS and CMS detectors
3179:
2866:
2760:
2146:
2098:
2004:
1885:
1853: – Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
636:(which represents physical position) in a false vacuum. The energy
5722:
5481:
3612:
P.H. Frampton (1976). "Vacuum Instability and Higgs Scalar Mass".
3232:
2972:
2919:
2813:
2689:
2514:
1690:
1252:{\displaystyle \Phi _{c}={\frac {3\gamma }{4R^{2}}}-\Delta \Phi ,}
1073:
of the lifetime of our vacuum state finds that it is greater than
903:
899:
715:
of energy, and is commonly assumed to coincide with the physical
6066:
3577:
M. Stone (1976). "Lifetime and decay of excited vacuum states".
3013:"Universe has finite lifespan, Higgs boson calculations suggest"
1404:{\displaystyle R_{c}={\sqrt {\frac {3\gamma }{4\Delta \Phi }}}.}
1298:
is the difference in energy between the true and false vacuums,
907:
4657:
4317:
The End of the World:The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction
943:
Electroweak vacuum stability landscape as estimated in 2018. T
4613:
3647:
M. Stone (1977). "Semiclassical methods for unstable states".
640:
is higher in the false vacuum than that in the true vacuum or
838:, the frequencies of which we have adequate direct measures.
1986:
Markkanen, Tommi; Rajantie, Arttu; Stopyra, Stephen (2018).
1649:(Anti-de Sitter space), while topological defects including
935:
Electroweak vacuum stability landscape as estimated in 2012
4272:
P. Hut; M.J. Rees (1983). "How stable is our vacuum?".
2728:
N. Cabibbo; L. Maiani; G. Parisi; R. Petronzio (1979).
2046:"How 'vacuum decay' could end the universe - Big Think"
1700:, six million times more powerful – the so-called
4885:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
4643:
Simulation of False Vacuum Decay by Bubble Nucleation
3303:
1629:
1606:
1550:
1446:
1359:
1328:
1304:
1281:
1196:
1164:
1079:
1011:
984:
4811:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
1988:"Cosmological Aspects of Higgs Vacuum Metastability"
971:
is considered as the most promising candidate for a
6019:
5988:
5921:
5779:
5450:
5325:
5236:
5193:
5186:
5152:
4956:
4947:
4862:
4716:
4521:
The Structured Vacuum – thinking about nothing
3803:
3801:
3047:"Higgs boson will destroy the universe, eventually"
1749:False vacuum decay event is occasionally used as a
4484:
3926:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
3327:
3106:M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018).
2298:
2296:
2294:
1641:
1615:
1556:
1520:
1403:
1334:
1310:
1290:
1251:
1177:
1092:
1023:
993:
27:Hypothetical vacuum, less stable than true vacuum
5939:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2303:Coleman, Sidney; De Luccia, Frank (1980-06-15).
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
1835: – Hypothetical inflationary universe model
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
1981:
1979:
1977:
757:
5837:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
4583:The Structured Vacuum – thinking about nothing
4418:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
4097:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2854:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2305:"Gravitational effects on and of vacuum decay"
4842:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
4669:
3867:
3865:
1058:beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics
711:. A true vacuum is stable because it is at a
606:
8:
4543:Aspects of Symmetry: Selected Erice Lectures
4468:Geoffrey A. Landis (1988). "Vacuum States".
2127:
2125:
2071:
2069:
4890:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
3328:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {s}}=13~{\text{TeV}}}
1817:2018 by System Erasure in their video game
1720:emitted just before the black holes merge.
854:trapped in a false vacuum state with Higgs
5190:
4993:Climate change and civilizational collapse
4953:
4676:
4662:
4654:
2187:"The environmental impact of vacuum decay"
1318:is the unknown (possibly extremely large)
613:
599:
213:
87:
45:
29:
4429:
4400:
4382:
4214:
4161:
4108:
4082:"Could Black Holes Destroy the Universe?"
4041:
3989:
3937:
3885:
3821:
3789:
3545:
3456:
3368:
3350:
3320:
3304:
3302:
3280:
3231:
3178:
3141:
3131:
2971:
2918:
2865:
2812:
2759:
2688:
2581:
2513:
2383:
2145:
2097:
2021:
2003:
1992:Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
1884:
1628:
1605:
1549:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1474:
1463:
1453:
1445:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1327:
1303:
1280:
1228:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1169:
1163:
1084:
1078:
1010:
1005:), while tentative true vacuum is called
983:
5996:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
5934:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2060:"Vacuum decay: the ultimate catastrophe"
1917:"Vacuum decay: the ultimate catastrophe"
938:
930:
624:
1863:
1551:
1510:
1481:
1342:is the radius of the bubble. Rewriting
244:
216:
108:
37:
2231:M.S. Turner; F. Wilczek (1982-08-12).
1941:
1939:
1937:
809:, as part of their investigation into
3412:from the original on 21 February 2013
3023:from the original on 20 February 2013
2359:from the original on 13 December 2019
2279:from the original on 13 December 2019
7:
5013:Tipping points in the climate system
1437:
1350:
1187:
5008:Extinction risk from climate change
4907:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
2401:"Is a doomsday catastrophe likely?"
2185:Crone, Mary M.; Sher, Marc (1991).
1765:in his science-fiction short story
878:history of Chaotic inflation theory
862:function very close to zero at the
777:Nonetheless, one could always draw
699:Definition of true vs. false vacuum
5968:List of fictional doomsday devices
3045:Hoffman, Mark (19 February 2013).
1684:. Hut and Rees note that, because
1496:
1471:
1391:
1388:
1285:
1282:
1243:
1240:
1198:
846:A number of theories suggest that
341:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
25:
4988:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
3057:from the original on 11 June 2019
764:, a space much like conventional
672:. In this condition it is called
556:Timeline of cosmological theories
321:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
6104:
6103:
6091:
5249:Decline in amphibian populations
4340:Crane, Leah (26 November 2021).
3400:Boyle, Alan (19 February 2013).
1578:lowering the potential barrier.
743:involve the full destruction of
580:
569:
568:
5600:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
5097:Land surface effects on climate
5070:Human impact on the environment
4701:Future of an expanding universe
4633:"The Decay of the False Vacuum"
3754:"Aspects of False Vacuum Decay"
3361:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12050-4
3339:The European Physical Journal C
3081:Catholic Online/NEWS CONSORTIUM
2399:M. Tegmark; N. Bostrom (2005).
1706:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
1661:Black holes as nucleation seeds
1657:may enhance decay probability.
1570:
1344:
951:The stability criteria for the
336:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
189:Future of an expanding universe
6155:Physical cosmological concepts
4545:. Cambridge University Press.
4470:Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction
4150:Journal of High Energy Physics
3874:Journal of High Energy Physics
3810:Journal of High Energy Physics
3220:Journal of High Energy Physics
3197:10.1016/j.physletb.2015.03.015
2937:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.07.054
2801:Journal of High Energy Physics
2532:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.024
2164:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.11.044
551:History of the Big Bang theory
347:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
6175:Ultimate fate of the universe
5546:Interpretations of Revelation
5348:Cosmological phase transition
5254:Decline in insect populations
4706:Ultimate fate of the universe
4448:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/10/030
4127:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/12/044
2884:10.1088/1475-7516/2017/08/011
1809:in his science fiction novel
1799:in his science fiction novel
1787:in his science fiction novel
1775:in his science fiction novel
1745:False vacuum decay in fiction
1702:Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
1348:gives the critical radius as
803:In a 2005 paper published in
543:Discovery of cosmic microwave
194:Ultimate fate of the universe
6001:Future of Humanity Institute
5398:Potentially hazardous object
5298:Interplanetary contamination
3669:10.1016/0370-2693(77)90099-5
3518:10.1016/0550-3213(83)90293-6
3108:"Review of Particle Physics"
3083:. 2013-02-20. Archived from
2627:10.1016/0370-2693(82)91219-9
1291:{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi }
897:Chinese Academy of Sciences'
895:In 2014, researchers at the
650:quantum-mechanical tunneling
5881:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
5030:Global terrestrial stilling
4233:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.064043
4060:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.104036
4008:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.065007
3634:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.1378
3295:Collaboration, CMS (2023).
2662:10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1220
2233:"Is our vacuum metastable?"
2191:American Journal of Physics
1895:10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.010349
1113:, resulting in decrease of
1100:years with 95% confidence.
687:A false vacuum exists at a
311:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
6196:
5393:Asteroid impact prediction
5368:Heat death of the universe
4778:Mutual assured destruction
4519:and Berndt Muller (1985).
4253:Cho, Adrian (2015-08-03).
3564:10.1038/s41567-023-02345-4
3475:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.056006
3133:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
2990:10.1103/physrevd.87.053001
2778:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.103521
2707:10.1103/PhysRevD.89.083510
2108:10.1103/PhysRevD.99.023501
1589:
824:observer selection effects
74:Chronology of the universe
6085:
6011:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5944:List of apocalyptic films
5787:2011 end times prediction
5519:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
5514:Abomination of desolation
5388:Asteroid impact avoidance
5218:List of extinction events
5060:Environmental degradation
4847:Technological singularity
4691:
4685:Global catastrophic risks
4609:"An eternity of bubbles?"
4580:; Müller, Berndt (1985).
811:global catastrophic risks
167:Expansion of the universe
6006:Future of Life Institute
5908:Resurrection of the dead
5901:Post-tribulation rapture
5283:Colony collapse disorder
3956:10.1088/1361-6471/ac7f24
3739:10.1103/physrevd.15.2929
3704:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2922
3599:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3568
2334:10.1103/PhysRevD.21.3305
2023:10.3389/fspas.2018.00040
1968:10.1103/physrevd.16.1762
1322:of the domain wall, and
1127:Decay to vacuum with no
1111:vacuum expectation value
927:Electroweak vacuum decay
870:Chaotic inflation theory
331:Planck space observatory
117:Gravitational wave (GWB)
4832:Artificial intelligence
4483:Stephen Baxter (2000).
4402:10.3390/universe9070301
4180:10.1007/JHEP01(2020)015
3904:10.1007/JHEP07(2022)147
3840:10.1007/JHEP08(2015)114
3614:Physical Review Letters
3271:Vanadia, Marco (2022),
3250:10.1007/JHEP09(2014)182
2831:10.1007/JHEP01(2015)061
2642:Physical Review Letters
2583:10.1103/physrevd.23.347
1566:reduced Planck constant
1311:{\displaystyle \gamma }
1117:and destabilization of
1093:{\displaystyle 10^{65}}
969:electroweak interaction
953:electroweak interaction
817:and Oxford philosopher
184:Inhomogeneous cosmology
5961:List of disaster films
5802:Apocalyptic literature
4902:Malthusian catastrophe
4828:Synthetic intelligence
3329:
1682:primordial black holes
1671:primordial black holes
1643:
1623:(de Sitter space) to
1617:
1558:
1557:{\displaystyle \hbar }
1522:
1405:
1336:
1312:
1292:
1253:
1179:
1094:
1025:
995:
948:
936:
922:Vacuum decay varieties
801:
755:immediately collapse:
749:gravitational collapse
653:
6165:Inflation (cosmology)
5343:Coronal mass ejection
4805:Electromagnetic pulse
4766:Kinetic energy weapon
3406:NBC News' Cosmic blog
3330:
1753:in works picturing a
1710:Large Hadron Collider
1678:Large Hadron Collider
1644:
1618:
1590:Further information:
1559:
1523:
1406:
1337:
1313:
1293:
1254:
1180:
1178:{\displaystyle R_{c}}
1095:
1026:
996:
942:
934:
646:high-energy particles
628:
275:Large-scale structure
253:Shape of the universe
6160:Quantum field theory
5745:War of Gog and Magog
5422:Near-Earth supernova
5172:Human overpopulation
4976:Mass mortality event
4870:Anthropogenic hazard
4315:John Leslie (1998).
3301:
3087:on 26 September 2013
3051:Science World Report
2062:. 14 September 2015.
1627:
1604:
1548:
1444:
1357:
1326:
1302:
1279:
1194:
1162:
1077:
1033:Anti-de Sitter space
1009:
982:
916:quantum fluctuations
884:and, independently,
762:anti-de Sitter space
740:elementary particles
658:quantum field theory
587:Astronomy portal
545:background radiation
522:List of cosmologists
5817:Blood moon prophecy
5610:Number of the Beast
5208:Holocene extinction
5154:Earth Overshoot Day
5102:Ocean acidification
5065:Habitat destruction
5055:Ecological collapse
4761:Kinetic bombardment
4696:Future of the Earth
4440:2022JCAP...10..030K
4393:2023Univ....9..301C
4286:1983Natur.302..508H
4225:2023PhRvD.107f4043S
4172:2020JHEP...01..015O
4119:2017JCAP...12..044D
4052:2020PhRvD.101j4036F
4000:2021PhRvD.104f5007E
3948:2022JPhG...49j3001D
3896:2022JHEP...07..147M
3832:2015JHEP...08..114B
3752:Wenyuan Ai (2019).
3731:1977PhRvD..15.2929C
3696:1977PhRvD..15.2922F
3661:1977PhLB...67..186S
3626:1976PhRvL..37.1378F
3591:1976PhRvD..14.3568S
3556:2024NatPh..20..558Z
3510:1983NuPhB.216..421L
3467:2018PhRvD..97e6006A
3425:The article quotes
3242:2014JHEP...09..182B
3189:2015PhLB..743..428S
3124:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
2982:2013PhRvD..87e3001M
2929:2009PhLB..679..369E
2876:2017JCAP...08..011K
2823:2015JHEP...01..061H
2770:2018PhRvD..98j3521K
2699:2014PhRvD..89h3510H
2654:1982PhRvL..48.1220A
2619:1982PhLB..108..389L
2574:1981PhRvD..23..347G
2524:2012PhLB..716..214A
2420:2005Natur.438..754T
2326:1980PhRvD..21.3305C
2254:1982Natur.298..633T
2203:1991AmJPh..59...25C
2156:2017PhLB..764..271L
2014:2018FrASS...5...40R
1960:1977PhRvD..16.1762C
1642:{\displaystyle AdS}
1024:{\displaystyle AdS}
963:. Discovery of the
798:and Frank De Luccia
287:Structure formation
179:Friedmann equations
69:Age of the universe
33:Part of a series on
6132:Doomsday scenarios
5698:Beast of the Earth
5590:Book of Revelation
5378:Virtual black hole
5358:False vacuum decay
5308:Pollinator decline
5271:Biological warfare
5261:Biotechnology risk
5112:Resource depletion
4650:– Joel Thorarinson
3325:
1763:Geoffrey A. Landis
1724:Bubble propagation
1655:magnetic monopoles
1639:
1616:{\displaystyle dS}
1613:
1554:
1518:
1429:quantum tunnelling
1401:
1332:
1308:
1288:
1249:
1175:
1154:) have a positive
1090:
1021:
994:{\displaystyle dS}
991:
949:
937:
771:Friedmann universe
747:or even immediate
736:fundamental forces
729:Existential threat
678:false vacuum decay
664:is a hypothetical
654:
326:Dark Energy Survey
270:Large quasar group
39:Physical cosmology
18:False vacuum decay
6142:
6141:
5973:Zombie apocalypse
5874:Postmillennialism
5669:Great Tribulation
5442:Stellar collision
5403:Near-Earth object
5353:Geomagnetic storm
5321:
5320:
5244:Biodiversity loss
5228:Genetic pollution
5182:
5181:
4971:Biodiversity loss
4934:Societal collapse
4912:Nuclear holocaust
4897:Economic collapse
4880:Doomsday argument
4798:Antimatter weapon
4552:978-0-521-31827-3
4530:978-3-87144-889-8
4523:. Harri Deutsch.
4498:978-0-7653-1238-9
4326:978-0-415-14043-0
4280:(5908): 508–509.
4203:Physical Review D
4030:Physical Review D
3978:Physical Review D
3719:Physical Review D
3684:Physical Review D
3620:(21): 1378–1380.
3585:(12): 3568–3573.
3579:Physical Review D
3445:Physical Review D
3323:
3319:
3309:
3167:Physics Letters B
3112:Physical Review D
2960:Physical Review D
2748:Physical Review D
2677:Physical Review D
2648:(17): 1220–1223.
2562:Physical Review D
2502:Physics Letters B
2320:(12): 3305–3315.
2313:Physical Review D
2248:(5875): 633–634.
2134:Physics Letters B
2086:Physical Review D
1948:Physical Review D
1833:Eternal inflation
1807:Alastair Reynolds
1718:Hawking radiation
1542:
1541:
1485:
1484:
1461:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1395:
1335:{\displaystyle R}
1273:
1272:
1235:
1139:Bubble nucleation
1109:Decay to smaller
1104:Other decay modes
976:fundamental force
959:and the heaviest
623:
622:
294:
293:
136:
135:
16:(Redirected from
6187:
6107:
6106:
6098:World portal
6096:
6095:
6057:Financial crisis
5886:Nibiru cataclysm
5864:Premillennialism
5708:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
5676:Son of perdition
5664:Olivet Discourse
5640:Whore of Babylon
5266:Biological agent
5213:Human extinction
5203:Extinction event
5191:
5162:Overexploitation
5092:Land consumption
5087:Land degradation
4954:
4816:Micro black hole
4724:Chemical warfare
4678:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4644:
4636:
4622:
4617:. Archived from
4600:
4588:
4578:Rafelski, Johann
4556:
4534:
4503:
4502:
4490:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4433:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4386:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4294:10.1038/302508a0
4269:
4263:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4218:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4165:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4112:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4045:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3993:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3941:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3889:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3825:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3549:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3460:
3440:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3372:
3354:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3235:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2975:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2869:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2816:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2763:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2692:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2517:
2497:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2446:. Archived from
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2309:
2300:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2262:10.1038/298633a0
2237:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2149:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2101:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2007:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1868:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1586:Nucleation seeds
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1438:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
886:Andreas Albrecht
848:cosmic inflation
828:gamma-ray bursts
813:, MIT physicist
799:
615:
608:
601:
585:
584:
583:
572:
571:
265:Galaxy formation
225:Lambda-CDM model
214:
206:Components
88:
49:
30:
21:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6117:Future problems
6090:
6081:
6015:
5984:
5951:Climate fiction
5917:
5792:2012 phenomenon
5775:
5681:Sheep and Goats
5568:2 Thessalonians
5446:
5363:Gamma-ray burst
5317:
5232:
5223:Genetic erosion
5178:
5148:
5139:Water pollution
5107:Ozone depletion
5003:Desertification
4943:
4858:
4793:Doomsday device
4773:Nuclear warfare
4712:
4687:
4682:
4642:
4627:
4603:
4597:
4586:
4576:
4563:
4553:
4537:
4531:
4517:Johann Rafelski
4515:
4512:
4510:Further reading
4507:
4506:
4499:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4027:
4026:
4022:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3725:(10): 2929–36.
3716:
3715:
3711:
3690:(10): 2922–28.
3681:
3680:
3676:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3415:
3413:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3024:
3017:Huffington Post
3010:
3009:
3005:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2428:10.1038/438754a
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2211:10.1119/1.16701
2184:
2183:
2179:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2048:. January 2019.
2044:
2043:
2039:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1921:Cosmos Magazine
1915:
1914:
1910:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1829:
1812:Poseidon's Wake
1790:Schild's Ladder
1747:
1726:
1667:nucleation seed
1663:
1625:
1624:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1588:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1495:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1442:
1441:
1417:
1384:
1376:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1324:
1323:
1320:surface tension
1300:
1299:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:surface tension
1141:
1106:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1050:123.8–135.0 GeV
1049:
1040:
1007:
1006:
1003:de Sitter space
980:
979:
946:
929:
924:
890:Paul Steinhardt
861:
844:
800:
794:
788:Minkowski space
766:de Sitter space
745:baryonic matter
731:
726:
701:
619:
581:
579:
561:
560:
547:
544:
537:
535:Subject history
527:
526:
518:
363:
355:
354:
351:
348:
306:
296:
295:
258:Galaxy filament
211:
199:
198:
150:
145:Expansion
138:
137:
122:Microwave (CMB)
101:Nucleosynthesis
85:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6193:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6112:Apocalypticism
6101:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5956:Disaster films
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5929:Alien invasion
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5869:Amillennialism
5866:
5856:
5854:Millenarianism
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5807:Apocalypticism
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Dhu al-Qarnayn
5700:
5695:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Great Apostasy
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5587:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5494:Last Judgement
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5456:
5454:
5452:Eschatological
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5167:Overpopulation
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5144:Water scarcity
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5117:Sea level rise
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5080:on marine life
5077:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5035:Global warming
5032:
5027:
5025:Global dimming
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Cascade effect
4980:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4958:Climate change
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:Doomsday Clock
4785:
4780:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4739:Cyberterrorism
4736:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4638:
4637:
4629:Odenwald, Sten
4624:
4623:
4621:on 2012-08-25.
4601:
4595:
4589:. H. Deutsch.
4574:
4562:
4561:External links
4559:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4539:Sidney Coleman
4535:
4529:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4475:
4460:
4408:
4357:
4332:
4325:
4307:
4264:
4259:Sciencemag.org
4245:
4193:
4140:
4087:
4073:
4036:(10): 104036.
4020:
3968:
3916:
3861:
3797:
3791:hep-ph/9212303
3781:
3774:
3762:
3744:
3709:
3674:
3655:(2): 186–188.
3639:
3604:
3569:
3540:(4): 558–563.
3523:
3504:(2): 421–445.
3488:
3435:
3392:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3287:
3263:
3210:
3157:
3098:
3068:
3037:
3003:
2950:
2913:(4): 369–375.
2897:
2844:
2791:
2754:(10): 103521.
2738:
2720:
2667:
2632:
2597:
2568:(2): 347–356.
2556:(1981-01-15).
2545:
2508:(1): 214–219.
2481:
2471:Chris Smeenk.
2463:
2391:
2385:hep-th/0211160
2370:
2290:
2216:
2177:
2121:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2051:
2037:
1973:
1954:(6): 1762–68.
1933:
1908:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1803:
1793:
1781:
1773:Stephen Baxter
1769:
1755:doomsday event
1746:
1743:
1725:
1722:
1694:electron volts
1662:
1659:
1651:cosmic strings
1638:
1635:
1632:
1612:
1609:
1587:
1584:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1331:
1307:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1172:
1168:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1115:Casimir effect
1105:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1071:Standard Model
1020:
1017:
1014:
990:
987:
944:
928:
925:
923:
920:
859:
843:
840:
796:Sidney Coleman
792:
730:
727:
725:
722:
713:global minimum
700:
697:
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
577:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
345:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
291:
290:
289:
277:
272:
267:
255:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
227:
219:
218:
212:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
169:
164:
151:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
133:
132:
131:
129:Neutrino (CNB)
119:
111:
110:
106:
105:
104:
103:
86:
84:Early universe
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6192:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Space hazards
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:Risk analysis
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6072:Social crisis
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:Organizations
5987:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5913:World to come
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5859:Millennialism
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5847:Messianic Age
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:Gog and Magog
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Earth Changes
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:New Jerusalem
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:War in Heaven
5633:
5631:
5630:Two witnesses
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5499:Second Coming
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Deforestation
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4939:World War III
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4854:Transhumanism
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:Technological
4715:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4596:3-87144-889-3
4592:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4494:
4491:. Macmillan.
4489:
4488:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4347:
4346:New Scientist
4343:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4319:. Routledge.
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4209:(6): 064043,
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4084:. 2015-04-02.
4083:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:Phys. Lett. B
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:Nucl. Phys. B
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3451:(5): 056006.
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3143:10044/1/68623
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2966:(5): 053001.
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:Phys. Lett. B
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2683:(8): 083510.
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:Phys. Lett. B
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2453:on 2014-04-09
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(5875): 754.
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2092:(2): 023501.
2091:
2087:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:Vacuum States
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1610:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1398:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1329:
1321:
1305:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1004:
988:
985:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
941:
933:
926:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
857:
856:self-coupling
853:
849:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
797:
791:
789:
783:
780:
774:
772:
767:
763:
756:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
728:
723:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
689:local minimum
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
627:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
578:
576:
567:
566:
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
531:
530:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
359:
358:
350:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
300:
299:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
215:
209:
203:
202:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
142:
141:
130:
127:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
81:
80:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6089:
6032:Cyberwarfare
5750:Third Temple
5605:Lake of fire
5415:Rogue planet
5383:Impact event
5373:Proton decay
5326:Astronomical
5276:Bioterrorism
5122:Supervolcano
5020:Flood basalt
4966:Anoxic event
4875:Collapsology
4863:Sociological
4734:Cyberwarfare
4619:the original
4612:
4582:
4567:SimpleBounce
4542:
4520:
4486:
4478:
4469:
4463:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4349:. Retrieved
4345:
4335:
4316:
4310:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4248:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4076:
4033:
4029:
4023:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3877:
3873:
3813:
3809:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3747:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3414:. Retrieved
3405:
3395:
3342:
3338:
3290:
3272:
3266:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3118:(3): 1–708.
3115:
3111:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:the original
3080:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3050:
3040:
3032:
3025:. Retrieved
3016:
3006:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2723:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2565:
2561:
2548:
2505:
2501:
2466:
2455:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2411:
2407:
2394:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2317:
2311:
2281:. Retrieved
2245:
2239:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2137:
2133:
2089:
2085:
2054:
2040:
1995:
1991:
1951:
1947:
1925:. Retrieved
1923:. 2015-09-13
1920:
1911:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1845:Superheating
1839:Supercooling
1818:
1810:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1766:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1714:
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1580:
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1263:
1152:domain walls
1144:
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1067:
1043:
1037:
950:
894:
882:Andrei Linde
868:
864:planck scale
845:
819:Nick Bostrom
804:
802:
784:
775:
758:
753:
732:
724:Implications
717:vacuum state
702:
686:
677:
670:ground state
666:vacuum state
662:false vacuum
661:
655:
642:ground state
637:
633:
631:scalar field
349:Probe (WMAP)
283:
280:Reionization
261:
233:
207:
175:
158:
155:Hubble's law
146:
125:
97:
60:
6108:Categories
6077:Survivalism
5764:Zoroastrian
5620:Seven seals
5615:Seven bowls
5541:Historicism
5437:Solar flare
5313:Overfishing
5288:Defaunation
5075:coral reefs
4837:AI takeover
4756:Nanoweapons
4744:Cybergeddon
4729:Cyberattack
4424:(10): 030,
4103:(12): 044.
3416:21 February
3345:(10): 963.
3173:: 428–434.
3091:21 February
3061:21 February
3027:21 February
3019:. Reuters.
2140:: 271–276.
1873:PRX Quantum
1797:Koji Suzuki
1751:plot device
1129:dark energy
957:Higgs boson
858:λ and its β
852:Higgs field
815:Max Tegmark
648:or through
304:Experiments
237:Dark matter
230:Dark energy
172:FLRW metric
109:Backgrounds
6149:Categories
6037:Depression
6027:Ransomware
5842:Messianism
5812:Armageddon
5797:Apocalypse
5585:Antichrist
5573:Man of sin
5470:Three Ages
5333:Big Crunch
5195:Extinction
5187:Biological
4949:Ecological
4821:Strangelet
4605:Guth, Alan
4431:2206.09923
4384:2111.07178
4377:(7): 301.
4351:2021-11-27
4216:2208.07504
4163:1909.01378
4156:(1): 015.
4110:1710.02865
4043:2002.04856
3991:2106.15505
3939:2205.03140
3932:(10): 83,
3887:2206.13994
3880:(7): 147,
3823:1503.07331
3816:(8): 114.
3547:2305.05225
3458:1707.08124
3352:2302.01967
3282:2211.11398
3226:(9): 182.
3180:1501.03781
2867:1607.08133
2860:(8): 011.
2761:1704.06884
2613:(6): 389.
2592:4433735058
2554:A. H. Guth
2457:2016-03-16
2363:16 January
2283:31 October
2147:1611.00428
2099:1811.01991
2005:1809.06923
1927:2020-09-16
1886:2006.06003
1879:: 010349.
1858:References
1820:ZeroRanger
1735:Fermi ball
1686:cosmic ray
1433:instantons
1147:nucleation
973:metastable
836:hypernovae
832:supernovae
682:nucleation
674:metastable
384:Copernicus
362:Scientists
217:Components
5922:Fictional
5769:Saoshyant
5654:New Earth
5625:The Beast
5558:Preterism
5531:Christian
5487:Kali Yuga
5432:Micronova
5427:Hypernova
5293:Dysgenics
5134:Verneshot
5040:Hypercane
4783:Dead Hand
4456:249889432
4241:251589418
4188:202541418
4135:119442566
4068:211082988
4016:235669653
3984:(6): 20,
3964:248563024
3912:250088782
3848:1029-8479
3534:Nat. Phys
3483:118843387
3387:264442852
3258:102338312
3233:1407.4112
3205:119279576
2998:118451972
2973:1209.0393
2920:0906.0954
2892:119216421
2839:118737905
2814:1404.5953
2807:(1): 61.
2715:118371273
2690:1404.1207
2515:1207.0980
2197:(1): 25.
2172:119279028
2116:119344201
1903:234355374
1785:Greg Egan
1552:ℏ
1511:ℏ
1497:Φ
1493:−
1482:ℏ
1472:Φ
1459:γ
1451:≈
1448:ω
1392:Φ
1389:Δ
1381:γ
1306:γ
1286:Φ
1283:Δ
1244:Φ
1241:Δ
1238:−
1217:γ
1199:Φ
1054:pole mass
965:top quark
874:Alan Guth
842:Inflation
790: ...
514:Zeldovich
414:Friedmann
389:de Sitter
316:BOOMERanG
245:Structure
210:Structure
94:Inflation
6062:Pandemic
6047:Epidemic
6042:Droughts
5896:Prewrath
5827:End time
5693:Al-Qa'im
5578:Katechon
5563:2 Esdras
5553:Idealism
5536:Futurism
5465:Maitreya
5460:Buddhist
5303:Pandemic
4751:Gray goo
4631:(1983).
4541:(1988).
4371:Universe
3856:53978709
3427:Fermilab
3410:Archived
3379:37906635
3370:10600315
3152:10020536
3055:Archived
3021:Archived
2945:17422678
2786:39999058
2540:28216028
2436:16341005
2354:Archived
2274:Archived
2084:plane".
2032:56482474
1827:See also
1805:2015 by
1795:2008 by
1783:2002 by
1771:2000 by
1761:1988 by
1708:and the
1582:radius.
793:—
575:Category
494:Suntzeff
454:Lemaître
404:Einstein
369:Aaronson
162:Redshift
64:Universe
57:Big Bang
6122:Hazards
6020:General
5891:Rapture
5740:Messiah
5728:Sufyani
5718:Israfil
5688:Islamic
5526:Messiah
5504:1 Enoch
5338:Big Rip
5050:Ecocide
5045:Ice age
4648:YouTube
4472:: July.
4436:Bibcode
4389:Bibcode
4302:4347886
4282:Bibcode
4221:Bibcode
4168:Bibcode
4115:Bibcode
4048:Bibcode
3996:Bibcode
3944:Bibcode
3892:Bibcode
3828:Bibcode
3727:Bibcode
3692:Bibcode
3657:Bibcode
3622:Bibcode
3587:Bibcode
3552:Bibcode
3506:Bibcode
3463:Bibcode
3238:Bibcode
3185:Bibcode
3120:Bibcode
2978:Bibcode
2925:Bibcode
2872:Bibcode
2819:Bibcode
2766:Bibcode
2695:Bibcode
2650:Bibcode
2615:Bibcode
2570:Bibcode
2520:Bibcode
2444:4390013
2416:Bibcode
2350:1340683
2342:1445512
2322:Bibcode
2270:4274444
2250:Bibcode
2199:Bibcode
2152:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1739:Q-balls
1564:is the
1145:bubble
961:fermion
499:Sunyaev
484:Schmidt
474:Penzias
469:Penrose
444:Huygens
434:Hawking
419:Galileo
6180:Vacuum
6052:Famine
5978:Zombie
5780:Others
5735:Jewish
5713:Dajjal
5595:Events
5509:Daniel
5410:winter
5237:Others
5127:winter
4927:winter
4922:famine
4917:cobalt
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1275:where
1119:proton
1061:171.77
912:matter
910:, nor
806:Nature
709:fields
705:vacuum
693:energy
573:
509:Wilson
504:Tolman
464:Newton
459:Mather
449:Kepler
439:Hubble
399:Ehlers
379:Alpher
374:Alfvén
282:
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5759:Norse
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5477:Hindu
4807:(EMP)
4587:(PDF)
4452:S2CID
4426:arXiv
4379:arXiv
4298:S2CID
4237:S2CID
4211:arXiv
4184:S2CID
4158:arXiv
4131:S2CID
4105:arXiv
4064:S2CID
4038:arXiv
4012:S2CID
3986:arXiv
3960:S2CID
3934:arXiv
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3882:arXiv
3852:S2CID
3818:arXiv
3786:arXiv
3757:(PDF)
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2968:arXiv
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2915:arXiv
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2809:arXiv
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2168:S2CID
2142:arXiv
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2094:arXiv
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4321:ISBN
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