796:, wrote that the "short time frame of an on-demand system requires a large pool of donors pre-typed for blood group and HLA matching," which is consistent with reports of Falun Gong prisoners having blood and tissue tested in custody. He wrote that China's short organ wait times could not be assured on a "random death" basis, and that physicians he queried about the matter indicated that they were selecting live prisoners to ensure quality and compatibility. Dr. Jacob Lavee, Director of the Heart Transplant Unit at the Sheba Medical Center in Israel, recounts one of his patients traveling to China for a heart transplant. The patient waited two weeks for a heart, and the surgery was scheduled in advanceâmeaning the organ could not have been procured on the basis of a random death. Franz Immer, chairman of the Swiss National Foundation for organ donation and transplantation, reports that during a visit to Beijing in 2007, he was invited by his Chinese hosts to observe a heart transplantation operation: "The organizer asked us whether we would like to have the transplantation operation in the morning or in the afternoon. This means that the donor would die, or be killed, at a given time, at the convenience of the visitors. I refused to participate."
730:
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prisoners of conscience. Their vital organs, including kidneys, livers, corneas and hearts, were seized involuntarily for sale at high prices, sometimes to foreigners, who normally face long waits for voluntary donations of such organs in their home countries." They estimated that from 2000 to 2005, the source for 41,500 organ transplants was unexplained, and that Falun Gong prisoners were the most plausible source for these organs. The authors qualified their report by noting the inherent difficulties in verifying the alleged crimes: no independent organizations are allowed to investigate conditions in China, eyewitness evidence is difficult to obtain, and official information about both organ transplantation and executions is often withheld or is contradictory. The initial report however received a mixed reception. In the US, a
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As for the kidney transplantation, it may take one week to find a suitable donor, the maximum time being one month...If something wrong with the donor's organ happens, the patient will have the option to be offered another organ donor and have the operation again in one week." Other organ transplant centers similarly advertised average wait times of one or two weeks for liver and kidney transplants. This is consistent with accounts of organ transplant recipients, who report receiving organs a matter of days or weeks. By comparison, median wait times for a kidney in developed countries such as the United States, Canada and Great
Britain typically range from two years to over four years, despite the fact that these countries have millions of registered organ donors and established systems of organ matching and allocation.
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evidence of "human-directed data manufacture and manipulation" in the national datasets, as well as "contradictory, implausible, or anomalous data artefacts" in the provincial datasets, which suggests that the data "may have been manipulated to enforce conformity with central quotas." Among the findings was that the purported rate of growth in voluntary donations was derived from a simple quadratic equation, with nearly perfect model parsimony. These findings appear to undermine official claims about the extent of voluntary organ donations in China. The authors of the BMC Medical Ethics article also note that China's model parsimony is one to two orders of magnitude smoother than any other nation's, even those that have experienced rapid growth in their organ transplantation sector.
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from China involved Falun Gong victims. Thousands of Falun Gong practitioners have died or been killed in custody, often under disputed circumstances. Family members of the deceased have reported being denied an autopsy; in some instances bodies were summarily cremated without the family's consent. Analysts and rights groups have pointed to several factors that drive the especially severe treatment against Falun Gong practitioners in custody. These include directives issued from central government or
Communist Party authorities; incentives and quota systems that encourage abuse; a sense of impunity in the event of deaths in custody; and the effects of the state propaganda that dehumanizes and vilifies Falun Gong practitioners.
843:"Though this refusal to identify themselves was done for protection purposes, it may have had the opposite effect. It is easier to victimize a person whose whereabouts is unknown to family members than a person whose location the family knows," says their report. Kilgour and Matas wrote that they had yet to meet or hear of any Falun Gong practitioners who were safely released from custody after refusing to identify themselves, despite the prevalence of this practice. Similarly, Ethan Gutmann reports that in over a hundred interviews with former prisoners, he encountered only one Falun Gong practitioner who had remained nameless while in custody, and "her organs were even more worn out than my own."
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544:
1137:, a prestigious publication on biomedical research, declared that China's use of organs from executed prisoners "violates basic human rights. It violates core ethical precepts of transplant medicine and medical ethics. Worse still, some of those who are killed may be prisoners whose 'crimes' involve no more than holding certain political or spiritual beliefs." The journal decided that it would no longer accept manuscripts on human organ transplantation "unless appropriate non-coerced consent of the donor is provided and substantiated". A similar opinion was expressed by authors in the
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ceremony, Wang told reporters "For a veteran policeman, to see someone executed and within minutes to see the transformation in which this person's life was extended in the bodies of several other peopleâit was soul-stirring." Gutmann says it is "extremely unlikely" that all the organs used in these operations were taken from executed death-row prisoners, who would not have been plentiful enough to supply thousands of organ transplants. However, Gutmann notes that
Liaoning detained large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners in labor camps and prisons. "It is also germane that both
867:. Hospital staff did not tend to physical injuries they had suffered in custody. This pattern was repeated in several other interviews. Qu Yangyao, a 30-something Chinese refugee, was taken from a labor camp to a hospital in 2000 along with two other Falun Gong practitioners. She says that hospital staff drew large volumes of blood, conducted chest x-rays and probed the prisoners' organs. There was "no hammer on the knee, no feeling for lymph nodes, no examination of ears or mouth or genitalsâthe doctor checked her retail organs and nothing else," writes Gutmann.
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a year, there would still be a very large discrepancy. Why is that? It is simply impossible that those 10,000 people executed would match perfectly the 10,000 people that needed the organs." David
Kilgour and David Matas similarly wrote that traditional sources of transplants such as executed prisoners, donors, and the brain dead "come nowhere near to explaining the total number of transplants across China." Like Noto, they point to the large number of Falun Gong practitioners in the labor camp and prison system as a likely alternative source for organs.
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Network
Assistance Center posted the following price list on its website in 2006: Kidney: $ 62,000; Liver: $ 98,000â130,000; Liver+kidney: $ 160,000â180,000; Kidney+pancreas: $ 150,000; Lung: $ 150,000â170,000; Heart: $ 130,000â160,000; Cornea: $ 30,000. In a statement before the U.S. House of Representatives, Gabriel Danovitch of the UCLA Medical Center said, "The ease in which these organs can be obtained and the manner that they may be allocated to wealthy foreigners has engendered a culture of corruption."
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Israelis. One of the men had stated in an undercover interview that the organs came from "people who oppose the regime, those sentenced to death and from prisoners of the Falun Gong." In addition to prohibiting citizens from buying organs overseas, the law also imposed criminal charges on organ traffickers. The new rules resulted in a significant decrease in the number of
Israeli citizens seeking transplants abroad, while also helping to catalyze an expansion of the voluntary donor registry domestically.
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unanimously passed a motion concerning reports of organ harvesting in China. The motion, which was introduced one day after a parliamentary briefing on the subject of organ harvesting from Falun Gong prisoners, called on
Australia to adopt strict standards to address the practice of international organ trafficking. The same year, Green party lawmakers in New South Wales, Australia, proposed legislation to criminalize and create specific offenses related to trafficking in human organs and tissue.
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China "there are many more organ transplants than identifiable sources of organs ... It is alleged that the discrepancy between available organs and numbers from identifiable sources is explained by organs harvested from Falun Gong practitioners, and that the rise in transplants from 2000 coincides and correlates with the beginning of the persecution of these persons". The
Chinese government's responses did not address these questions or explain the sources of transplant organs.
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consenting donors. The source of many of these organs is executed prisoners whose consent is either non-existent or ethically invalid and whose demise might be timed for the convenience of the waiting recipient", they wrote. The article's lead author, Dr. Arthur Caplan, later added "Killing prisoners for their parts is unethical on its own", but the practice is even more heinous given that some of the executed prisoners were imprisoned for religious or political beliefs.
555:, initiated his own investigation into the allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in 2006. Over the span of several years, he conducted interviews with over 100 refugees from China's labor camp and prison system, as well as with Chinese law enforcement personnel and medical professionals. Based on his research, Gutmann concluded that organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience became prevalent in the north-western province of
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conscience in the People's
Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners imprisoned for their religious beliefs, as well as from members of other religious and ethnic minority groups." The resolution called for the immediate release of all prisoners of conscience, and urged Chinese authorities to respond to United Nations inquiries about the source of organs used in transplants. In March 2014, the
815:
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1065:'s transplantation program, said the number of foreigners going to China for transplants in 2015 was "really very low" compared with India, Pakistan, the United States as well as China's past. However, a documentary filmed in China by South Koreaâs TV Chosun in late 2017 revealed that Chinese transplant centers continue to accept foreign patients, offer customized services for them and their families.
274:, concluded "unanimously, and sure beyond reasonable doubtâthat in China forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience has been practiced for a substantial period of time involving a very substantial number of victims." China eventually admitted that it had engaged in systematic organ harvesting from death row prisoners, though it denies that such an organ harvesting program is ongoing.
38:
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of transplant organs. Instead, it wrote China is in compliance with World Health
Organization standards, and described the conditions under which organ transplants are permitted under Chinese laws and regulations. It further stated that allegations of organ harvesting "are merely the product of agitation by Falun Gong ... most of them have already been revealed to be unfounded rumours".
652:. The paper's authors said it was difficult to believe the consistent and significant growth in voluntary transplants each year, and they concluded that China's voluntary system probably included non-voluntary donors, likely prisoners. A statistician commissioned by the tribunal reviewed the paper's analysis and agreed that the data on voluntary transplants appeared to be unreliable.
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that Falun Gong is an "evil cult"; questioned the motives and independence of the researchers; and noted a captioning error where their report had mislabeled the location of two Chinese cities. The government's response also stated that China prohibits the sale of human organs and requires written consent of the donorâclaims which Kilgour and Matas say are belied by the evidence.
5505:"H.Res.281 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Expressing concern over persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of conscience, in the People's Republic of China, including from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners imprisoned for their religious beliefs, and members of other religious and ethnic minority groups"
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donors are sourced from prisoners. In 2006, the World Medical Association demanded that China cease harvesting organs from prisoners, who are not deemed able to properly consent. In 2014, Huang Jiefu said that reliance on organ harvesting from death row inmates was declining, while simultaneously defending the practice of using prisoners' organs in the transplantation system.
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the disparity between the number of transplants and known sources of organs; the significant growth in the transplant industry coinciding with the mass imprisonment of Falun Gong practitioners; short wait times that suggest an "on demand" execution schedule; and reports that Falun Gong prisoners are given medical exams in custody to assess their candidacy as organ suppliers.
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inspection group that was building the case against him. They asked questions about the chain of command involved in procuring organs from prisoners, including Falun Gong prisoners. When asked about Bo Xilai's involvement in organ harvesting, one high-ranking member of the Politburo reportedly told investigators that Politburo Standing Committee member and security czar
485:
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matching and allocation system, and in order to satisfy expectations for very short wait times, it is rare that multiple organs are harvested from the same donor. Moreover, many death row inmates have health conditions such as hepatitis B that would frequently disqualify them as organ donors. This suggests the existence of a secondary source for organs.
330:. The commercial trade in human organs has also been a lucrative source of revenue for the Chinese medical, military and public security establishments. Because there is no effective nationwide organ donation or allocation system, hospitals source organs from local brokers, including through their connections to courts, detention centers and prisons.
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without their informed consent; while other prisoners are not required to undergo such examinations.â The press release stated that UNâs human rights experts âwere extremely alarmed by reports of alleged âorgan harvestingâ targeting minorities, including Falun Gong practitioners, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Muslims and Christians, in detention in China.â
1332:"...the numbers may actually be between 60,000 and 100,000 organ transplants per year... The principal victims of China's organ-harvesting industry was the country's Falun Gong followers... China's organ-harvesting industry developed in tandem with its systematic repression of Falun Gong... Today ... is a profound anniversary marking
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Gong prisoner population overtook Uyghurs as a major source of organs. He estimated that approximately 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been killed for their organs between 2000 and 2008, and notes that this figure is similar to that produced by Kilgour and Matas when adjusted to cover the same time period.
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The adviser said the second element, a high-pressure propaganda campaign against the group, has also been critical. As Chinese society turned against Falun Gong, pressure on practitioners to abandon their beliefs increased, and it became easier for the government to use violence against those who did
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adopted new legislation barring insurance companies from providing coverage to Israeli citizens who travel abroad to purchase organs. The move was partly a response to an investigation in which Israeli authorities arrested several men involved in mediating transplants of Chinese prisoners' organs for
1244:
in Brussels convened a follow-up event on organ transplant abuses in China. Participants and speakers at the session endorsed the recommendations of the parliamentary resolution, which recognized that Falun Gong and other minority groups are targets of forced organ harvesting in China. EESC President
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From 2006 to 2008, two UN Special Rapporteurs made repeated requests to the Chinese government to respond to allegations about Falun Gong prisoners and explain the source of organs used in transplant operations. The Chinese government's responses did not address these questions or explain the sources
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showed China's share of global demand for immunosuppressant drugs, which are necessary to prevent the bodies of patients from rejecting transplanted organs, were approximately in line with the proportion of global transplants China said it performed. In 2016, according to health official Huang Jiefu,
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was named head of the Public Security Bureau in Jinzhou, Liaoning, in 2003. In this capacity, he ran an organ transplantation facility where he reportedly oversaw "several thousand" organ transplants, leading to concerns that many of the organs were taken from political prisoners. During a 2006 award
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city said that the hospital did not currently have Falun Gong organs available, but that he had previously selected Falun Gong prisoners for organ harvesting. The doctor also advised the caller to contact a university hospital in neighboring Guangdong province, saying that they had better channels to
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In a statement before the U.S. House of Representatives, Damon Noto, a spokesman for Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting said "the prisoners sentenced to death cannot fully account for all the transplantations that are taking place in China ... Even if they executed 10,000 and transplanted 10,000
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By 1999, Gutmann says that organ harvesting in Xinjiang began to decline precipitously, just as overall rates of organ transplantation nationwide were rising. The same year, the Chinese government launched a nationwide suppression of the Falun Gong spiritual group. Gutmann suggests that the new Falun
452:
were dispatched to the Sujiatun hospital to investigate the claims. They made two visits, first was unannounced and another a tour of the facilities and found no evidence to prove the allegations were true, but said they remained concerned over China's treatment of Falun Gong and the reports of organ
419:
reported that at least 2,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been killed amid the persecution campaign; Falun Gong sources documented over 3,700 named death cases by 2013. Due to the difficulty in accessing and relaying information from China, however, this may represent only a portion of actual deaths.
1152:
in 2011, a group of prominent American surgeons and bioethicists called for a boycott of Chinese science and medicine pertaining to organ transplantation. "It is clear from the numbers provided by China that not all of the organs for Chinese citizens and transplant tourists are provided by voluntary
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In response to a 2014 resolution on organ harvesting by the U.S. House of Representatives, a Chinese embassy spokesperson said that China requires written consent from organ donors, and declared that "the so-called organ harvesting from death-row prisoners is totally a lie fabricated by Falun Gong".
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In a paper published in the journal BMC Medical Ethics, for instance, researchers analyzed data on voluntary organ transplants from 2010 to 2018. Datasets were drawn from two national sources, several sub-national jurisdictions, and from individual Chinese hospitals. The researchers found compelling
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Wait periods for organ transplants in China are significantly shorter than elsewhere in the world. According to a 2006 post on the China International Transplantation Assistance Center website, "it may take only one month to receive a liver transplantation, the maximum waiting time being two months.
767:
According to a US congressional report in 2005, up to 95% of organ transplants in China are sourced from prisoners. However, China does not perform enough legal executions to account for the large number of transplants that are performed, and voluntary donations are exceedingly rare (only 130 people
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the number of liver transplantation centers in China rose from 22 to over 500 between 1999 and 2006. The volume of transplants performed in these centers also increased substantially in this period. One hospital reported on its website that it performed 9 liver transplants in 1998, but completed 676
379:
discipline involving meditation and a moral philosophy rooted in Buddhist tradition. The practice rose to popularity in the 1990s in China, and by 1998, Chinese government sources estimated that as many as 70 million people had taken up the practice. Perceiving that Falun Gong was a potential threat
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From 2006 to 2008, two UN Special Rapporteurs made repeated requests to the Chinese government to respond to allegations about Falun Gong prisoners and explain the source of organs used in transplant operations. In a February 2008 report, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Manfred Nowak noted that in
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Allegations about organ harvesting from Falun Gong led to renewed focus on China's transplant practices by international medical authorities and professional associations. Medical professionals have raised a number of concerns stemming from the use of prisoner organs, and have debated the ethics of
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David Kilgour and David Matas say that the Chinese government's response to their investigation in 2006 contained "a good deal of invective, but no factual information which contradicts or undermines our conclusions or analysis". In particular, the Chinese government response centered on the charge
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The VOC report also pointed out that nearly all Chinese hospitals have two pharmacies: an official one and an unofficial one that operates in a legal gray area to directly generate income for the hospital. The data from these unofficial pharmacies, which handle a substantial amount of business, are
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reporter calculated a country's drug consumption using sales dollar amounts instead of dosage. This approach is flawed because drug prices vary significantly between countries (e.g., immunosuppressants are 2.5 to 4 times cheaper in China than in the US). Furthermore, both Japanâs and the USâs share
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Beginning in 2010, Chinese authorities announced that the country would transition away from the use of prisoners as an organ source, and would rely entirely on voluntary donations coordinated through a centralized registry. By 2015, officials asserted that voluntary donors were the sole source for
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The growth of a commercial organ trade is linked to economic reforms in the late 1980s and early 1990s that saw a steep decline in government funding to the healthcare system. Healthcare moved toward a more market-driven model, and hospitals devised new ways to grow their revenue. This pattern also
838:
The large numbers of Falun Gong prisoners in custody has led researchers to identify them as a likely source for organs. According to Gutmann's research, other marginalized prisoner groups may also have been targeted, including ethnic Tibetans and Uyghurs who reside predominantly in China's western
805:
write that "The only way to guarantee transplant of a liver or heart during the relatively short time period that a transplant tourist is in China is to quickly obtain the requisite medical information from prospective recipients, find matches among them, and then execute a person who is a suitable
676:
Several distinct strands of evidence have been presented to support allegations that Falun Gong practitioners have been killed for their organs in China. Researchers, human rights advocates and medical advocacy groups have focused in particular on the volume of organ transplants performed in China;
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during the 1990s, when members of the Uyghur ethnic group were targeted in security crackdowns and "strike hard campaigns." Enver Tohti, an exiled pro-Uyghur independence activist, claims to have carried out the first live organ transplant on a Uyghur Muslim prisoner in 1995. He said that the first
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led medical groups and human rights organizations to start condemning China's use of prisoner organs. These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when a Chinese military doctor testified before U.S. Congress that he had taken part in organ extraction operations from executed prisoners, some of whom were not
333:
Organ transplant recipients in China are generally not told the identity of the organ donor, nor are they provided with evidence of written consent. In some cases even the identity of the medical staff and surgeons may be withheld from patients. The problem of transparency is compounded by the lack
321:
launched a nationwide initiative to attract voluntary organ donors, but only 37 people signed up as of 2011. Due to low levels of voluntary organ donation, most organs used in transplants are sourced from prisoners. The Chinese government approved a regulation in 1984 to allow the removal of organs
1266:
In December 2006, the Australian Ministry of Health revealed that two of the country's major organ transplant hospitals had banned training of Chinese surgeons, in response to concerns about organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners and other prisoners. On 21 March 2013, the Australian Senate
1098:
went to China on a fact-finding mission to investigate human rights violations. His tour guide, Cao Dong, said he knew of organ harvesting and had seen his Falun Gong practitioner friend's cadaver "in the morgue with holes where body parts had been removed". Cao Dong was sentenced to five years in
842:
In the context of organ harvesting Kilgour and Matas point to a further source of vulnerability. Namely, in order to protect family members from punishment by security agencies, many detained Falun Gong practitioners refuse to give their names or other personally identifying information to police.
834:
Former Chinese prisoners have also reported that Falun Gong practitioners consistently received the "longest sentences and worst treatment" in the camps, and that they are singled out for torture and abuse. In 2006, a study by the UN's Special Rapporteur on Torture noted that 66% of reported cases
788:
Researchers and medical professionals have expressed concern about the implications of the short organ transplant wait times offered by Chinese hospitals. Specifically, they say these wait times are indicative of a pool of living donors whose organs can be removed on demand. This is because organs
771:
In 2006, the number of individuals sentenced to death and executed was far fewer than the number of transplants. Based on publicly available reports, Amnesty International documented 1,770 executions in 2006; high-end estimates put the figure closer to 8,000. Because China lacks an organized organ
750:
Kilgour and Matas write that the increase in organ transplants cannot be entirely attributed to improvements in transplant technology: "kidney transplant technology was fully developed in China long before the persecution of Falun Gong began. Yet kidney transplants shot up, more than doubling once
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reported its interview with Cheng Pei Ming, a Falun Gong practitioner, who recounted being subjected to repeated blood tests and a subsequent forced surgery while imprisoned in China. He later discovered during medical exams in the U.S. that segments of his liver and a portion of his lung had been
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and the conviction of never again. I submit that those sentiments are profoundly linked here as well to Bill S-240. After World War II, the world sought to ensure such madness ensued against humanity never happened again. Organ harvesting and trafficking are a nauseating reality and we must put a
1257:
In March 2014, the members of the Italian commission on human rights unanimously adopted a resolution calling for the immediate release of Falun Gong practitioners and other prisoners of conscience in China, and urging Italian hospitals to reconsider collaborations with China in the area of organ
480:
to travel to China, they nonetheless compiled over 30 distinct strands of evidence which were consistent with allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners. These included an analysis of statistics on organ transplantation in China, interviews with former Falun Gong prisoners, and
325:
Despite the absence of an organized system of organ donation or allocation, wait times for obtaining vital organs in China are among the shortest in the worldâoften just weeks for organs such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. This has made it a destination for international transplant tourism and a
256:
and the Transplantation Society have called for sanctions on Chinese medical authorities. Several countries have also taken or considered measures to deter their citizens from travelling to China for the purpose of obtaining organs. A documentary on organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners,
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In June 2021, the Special Procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council voiced concerns over having âreceived credible information that detainees from ethnic, linguistic or religious minorities may be forcibly subjected to blood tests and organ examinations such as ultrasound and x-rays,
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factories, where the bodies are filled with plastics to be sent on display around the world as bodies exhibitions. According to an informant interviewed on the program 20/20, the plastinated cadavers came from executed prisoners. Again, however, Gutmann notes a disparity in the numbers: the body
894:
In March 2006, immediately after allegations emerged that Falun Gong prisoners were being targeted for organ harvesting, overseas investigators began placing phone calls to Chinese hospitals and police detention centers. The callers posed as prospective transplant recipients or organ brokers and
754:
Furthermore, they note that during this period of rapid expansion in China's organ transplant industry, there were no significant improvements to the voluntary organ donation or allocation system, and the supply of death row inmates as donors also did not increase. Although it does not prove the
353:
Huang Jiefu acknowledged that up to 95% of transplant organs from deceased donors, which make up 65% of all transplantations, came from executed prisoners and promised steps to prevent abuse. Huang reiterated these claims in 2008 and 2010, stating that over 90% of organ transplants from deceased
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In 2010, Spain implemented a law prohibiting its nationals from traveling abroad to obtain illegal organ transplants. The legislation was proposed after a Spanish citizen reportedly traveled to Tianjin, China, where he obtained a liver for US$ 130,000 after waiting for just 20 days. The Spanish
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province. Former Politburo member Bo Xilai served as mayor and party chief of Dalian city, Liaoning in the 1990s, and later was made Governor from 2001 to 2004. The province is known to have a high concentration of Falun Gong practitioners, and leads the country in reported Falun Gong deaths in
960:
In their report on organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners, Kilgour and Matas describe transplant hospitals in China that cater to wealthy foreigners who paid upwards of $ 100,000 for liver, lung, and heart transplants. For instance, the website of the China International Transplantation
927:
Kilgour and Matas concede that in at least some instances, the hospital staff may have been supplying answers that the callers wanted to hear in order to make a sale. The results of these phone calls would also be difficult to replicate; as allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong gained
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standards. Specifically, the government claims that one of the major sources for the transplant figures, Professor Shi Bingyi, later alleged that the Canadian led investigative reports quoting him were fabricated. However, the government has not refuted the specific points of evidence cited by
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had been committed. The tribunal's report said "forced organ harvesting has been committed for years throughout China on a significant scale and ... Falun Gong practitioners have been oneâand probably the mainâsource of organ supply." The tribunal estimated between 60,000 and 90,000 transplant
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heard testimony about organ harvesting in China during a 6 December 2012 session on human rights in China. One year later, it passed a resolution expressing "deep concern over the persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting from non-consenting prisoners of
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A city-level official in Liaoning province was asked by investigators what direction Bo Xilai may have given regarding removing organs from Falun Gong prisoners. The official replied "I was asked to take care of this task. Party central is actually taking care of this...He was involved quite
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In 1998, the country reported 3,596 kidney transplants annually. By 2001, overseas organ transportation became marketable, and in 2005 alone, there were hundreds of heart, kidney, and liver transplants, with China reporting over 10,000 kidney transplants in particular. Similarly, according to
357:
In addition to sourcing organs from death-row inmates, international observers and researchers have also expressed concern that prisoners of conscience are killed to supply the organ transplant industry. These individuals were not convicted of capital crimes, and in many cases were imprisoned
1308:
In June 2015, the national legislature of Taiwan passed an amendment to the "Human Organ Transplantation Act" to prohibit the sale or purchase of organs, including from abroad. The law also prohibits the use of organs from executed prisoners. Legislators who supported the bill noted that the
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In the absence of evidence that would invalidate the organ harvesting allegationsâsuch as a Chinese government registry showing the source of transplant organsâKilgour and Matas concluded that the Chinese government and its agencies "have put to death a large but unknown number of Falun Gong
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In 2024, after multiple hearings, the "Falun Gong Protection Act" (H.R. 4132) was unanimously passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on June 25. The Act focuses on addressing forced organ harvesting in the People's Republic of China, specifically targeting the persecution of Falun Gong
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province, which researchers believe was a major center for organ harvesting. The "World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong" made phone calls to mid- and high-level officials with prior connections to Bo, posing as members of the internal Communist Party discipline and
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Ethan Gutmann interviewed dozens of former Chinese prisoners, including sixteen Falun Gong practitioners who recalled undergoing unusual medical tests while in detention. Gutmann says some of these tests were likely routine examinations, and some may have been designed to screen for the
1278:'s North Asia Division, said "the idea that there is a separate, parallel, hidden, vast network of unspeakable activity where people are essentially killed for their organs, we don't believe that that is happening." Graham's statement was to a parliamentary inquiry into organ trading.
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Several national governments have held hearings in their national legislatures regarding organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners, with some of them subsequently adopting resolutions condemning organ transplant abuses in China or developing legislation to ban transplant tourism.
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match." Noto similarly says that China's organ transplant wait times and the ability to schedule transplants in advance can only be achieved by having a large supply of "living donors that are available on demand." Death row inmates alone are not numerous enough to meet this demand.
737:
The number of organ transplants performed in China grew rapidly beginning in 2000. This timeframe corresponds with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong, when tens of thousands of Falun Gong practitioners were being sent to Chinese labor camps, detention centers and prisons.
902:
city, an official said that they had five to eight Falun Gong practitioners under the age of 40 who were potential organ suppliers. When asked for details on the background of these individuals, the official indicated that they were male Falun Gong prisoners from rural areas.
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of global immunosuppressant sales are significantly higher than their share of global transplants. Since the total global percentage must equal 100%, it means many other countries have a much lower share of immunosuppressant sales relative to their share of transplants. The
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plastination factories operating in Dalian processed thousands of cadaversâfar more than could be expected to be donated or taken from legally executed prisoners. The establishment of the body plastination factories coincided with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong.
1219:"China's leaders have announced a pledge to abolish the practice of taking human organs for transplant from executed prisoners, although we are aware of continued reports of such practices. We take such allegations very seriously and will continue to monitor the situation."
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inquired about the availability of Falun Gong organs. In several instances, they obtained recorded admissions that organs could be procured from Falun Gong prisoners. A selection of these conversations were cited as evidence in the report by David Kilgour and David Matas.
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199:
Reports on systematic organ harvesting from Falun Gong prisoners first emerged in 2006, though the practice is alleged to have started at least six years earlier. Several researchersâmost notably Matas, Kilgour and Gutmannâestimate that tens of thousands of Falun Gong
204:
have been killed to supply a lucrative trade in human organs and cadavers and that these abuses may be ongoing. These conclusions are based on a combination of statistical analysis; interviews with former prisoners, medical authorities and public security agents; and
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608:
The tribunal heard evidence over a six-month period. The evidence included analyses of Chinese transplant data, and testimony from ex-prisoners, doctors and human rights workers. Among the 50 witnesses, who testified either in person or via video link, were
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asked former Canadian parliamentarian David Kilgour and human rights lawyer David Matas to investigate the broader allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China. Kilgour and Matas agreed to conduct an investigation as volunteers.
822:
Since 1999, hundreds of thousands of Falun Gong practitioners have been detained in re-education through labor camps, prisons, and other detention facilities in China, making them the largest group of prisoners of conscience in the country. In 2008, the
4659:, Oct 2008. Quote: "Some foreign observers estimated that at least half of the 250,000 officially recorded inmates in the country's reeducation-through-labor camps were Falun Gong adherents. Falun Gong sources overseas placed the number even higher."
1300:
legislation makes it a crime to promote or facilitate an illegal organ transplant, punishable with up to 12 years in prison. In addition, any organization found to have participated in illegal organ transplant transactions will be subject to a fine.
513:". The findings were subsequently rewritten as a book released in October 2009. The reports received international media coverage, and the authors travelled internationally to present their findings to governments and other concerned organizations.
637:
operations occurred per year, much more than the official figures of 10,000 from the Chinese government. The chair of the tribunal said "there is no evidence of the practice having been stopped and the tribunal is satisfied that it is continuing."
839:
regions. However, for reasons of geographic proximity, Falun Gong practitioners are more likely to be targeted. In addition, because their spiritual practice prohibits smoking or consumption of alcohol, they tend to be comparatively healthy.
1258:
transplants. In 2015, the Italian Senate adopted a bill which makes it a crime to traffic in organs from living donors. Individuals found guilty of this offence could face 3â12 years in prison and fines of up to 300,000 Euros (US$ 350,000).
1093:
The Chinese government also has sought to prevent public discussion of the issue outside its own borders, and has punished Chinese nationals who have spoken on the subject of organ harvesting. In May 2006, European Parliament Vice President
758:
In 2015, China was credited with having the world's largest DNA bank, corresponding the investment with the business of organ transport, with the country reporting 60,000 operations per year with kidney operations being the most lucrative.
4326:
Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health and Human Rights of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, 12 September
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China performed a total of 13,238 organ transplant operations. Xu Jiapeng, an account manager at Quintiles IMS in Beijing, said it was "unthinkable" China operated a clandestine system that the data on immunosuppressants did not pick up.
755:
allegations, the parallel between rapid growth in organ transplants and the mass imprisonment of Falun Gong practitioners is consistent with the hypothesis that Falun Gong practitioners in custody were having their organs harvested.
505:
report by Thomas Lum stated that the KilgourâMatas report relied largely on logical inference, without bringing forth new or independently obtained testimony; the credibility of much of the key evidence was said to be questionable.
1054:
not included in IMS figures. The VOC report also discovered that IMS did not receive raw data from Chinese hospitals, and instead obtained it through official or semi-official intermediaries that collected data for municipalities.
1050:'s assumption that a country's share of immunosuppressant sales should match its share of transplants was incorrect. Additionally, the true total number of global transplants is unknown due to the secrecy surrounding China's data.
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3158:
We did our report as volunteers. We were not paid for our report by Falun Gong or anyone. Our report represents our own judgment. We have not acted on the instructions of Falun Gong or anyone else in coming to the conclusions we
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reported that Chinese officials had estimated that as many as 20,000 organ transplants were performed in 2006. Approximately 9,000 transplants that took place in 2006 were kidney and liver transplants, according to data from the
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positively, yeah it seemed quite positive. At that time we mainly talked about it during the meetings within the Standing Committee." The official hung up after realizing that he had not confirmed the identity of the caller.
2850:
629:. Other submissions included internal Chinese medical records, previous investigations and academic papers. Covertly recorded phone calls with transplant surgeons and undercover footage inside hospitals were also reviewed.
55:
923:
city people's court. In response to a question about obtaining organs from Falun Gong prisoners, a court official said "that depends on your qualifications ... If you have good qualifications, we may still provide some ."
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5887:
1467:
313:. Some sources say the actual number of transplants is significantly higher, based on detailed analysis of hospital records. As a matter of culture and custom, however, China has extremely low rates of voluntary
391:
was created to lead the persecution of Falun Gong, and authorities mobilized the state media apparatus, judiciary, police force, army, education system, families, and workplaces to "struggle" against the group.
5058:, Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation, the European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association and the German Transplantation Society. Volume 27, Supplement 3, 16â18 October 2014.
1206:
unanimously adopted a resolution condemning state-sanctioned organ harvesting from Falun Gong prisoners of conscience and members of other minority groups. The allegations have also surfaced in reports by the
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province, a former detainee says that 180 Falun Gong prisoners were subject to medical tests in early 2003 and that the tests exclusively focused on internal organs. Another female witness who was held at
919:, a doctor told investigators that he had "several batches" of Falun Gong organs, but that the supply could run dry after 20 May 2006. In another call, investigators posed as an organ broker to call the
5488:
1130:
Since 2011, several medical journals have declared that they would cease publishing articles related to organ transplantation operations in China due to concerns about violations of medical ethics. The
4242:"WOIPFG Releases the List of 7, 423 Medical Personnel Suspected of Harvesting Organs from Living Falun Gong Practitioners in 788 Hospitals Nationwide Outside of Chinese Military Scope | Uphold Justice"
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province. One of the whistleblowers, the wife of a surgeon at the hospital, claimed her husband had performed numerous operations to remove the corneas of Falun Gong practitioners for transplant.
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Another woman, Jung Tian, recounts comprehensive physical exams and the extraction of large volumes of bloodâenough for advanced diagnostics or tissue matchingâwhile in a detention center in
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5568:
Response to We the People Petition on Organ Harvesting in China. Archived 15 June 2020. Accessed 15 September 2022. Website: We the People: Your Voice in Our Government. Language: English.
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In 2007, the Chinese embassy in Canada intervened to cancel the broadcast of a documentary on Falun Gong and organ harvesting, which was scheduled to air on the national broadcast network
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The first allegations of large-scale organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners were made in March 2006 by three individuals claiming knowledge of involuntary organ extractions at the
1110:
tried unsuccessfully to cancel a talk by researcher David Matas on the subject of organ harvesting, threatening that his testimony would have an adverse impact on ChinaâIsrael relations.
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987:
custody. Several observers have noted that Bo Xilai pursued an especially intense campaign against Falun Gong in the province, leading to charges of torture and crimes against humanity.
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must be transplanted immediately after death, or must be taken from a living donor (kidneys must be transplanted within 24â48 hours; livers within 12 hours, and hearts within 8 hours).
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liver transplants in four months in 2005. The Jiaotong University Hospital in Shanghai recorded seven liver transplants in 2001, 53 in 2002, 105 in 2003, 144 in 2004, and 147 in 2005.
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The bill did not pass into law during the 42nd Parliament or when reconsidered in the 43rd as S-204. However, the bill was passed by the 44th Parliament as S-223 on 15 December 2022.
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729:
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454:
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In addition to Falun Gong practitioners, researcher Jaya Gibson identified three Tibetan prisoners who were subject to "organs-only" medical exams, all of them shortly after 2005.
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On 10 December 2018, the S-240 bill â An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (trafficking in human organs), was read the second time in
5812:
5341:
Caplan, AL; Danovitch, Gabriel; Shapiro, Michael; Lavee, Jacob; Epstein, Miran (2011). "Time for a boycott of Chinese science and medicine pertaining to organ transplantation".
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organ transplants in China. However, critics have pointed to evidence of systematic falsification of data related to voluntary organ donations, casting doubt on reform claims.
5483:
4415:
Lavee, Jacob (1 October 2006). "Organ transplantation using organs taken from executed prisoners in China â a call for the cessation of Israeli participation in the process".
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in 2001 when he and twenty other Falun Gong detainees were taken to a hospital. They had large quantities of blood drawn, in addition to urine samples, abdominal x-rays, and
4939:"Examining China's Organ Transplantation System: The Nexus of Security, Medicine, and Predation / Part 2: Evidence for the Harvesting of Organs from Prisoners of Conscience"
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4123:
3316:
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1025:, research and reporting has undercut allegations that China continues to secretly conduct 60,000 to 100,000 organ transplants per year. Data compiled by American company
2578:
Huang, Jiefu; Millis, J Michael; Mao, Yilei; Millis, M Andrew; Sang, Xinting; Zhong, Shouxian (2012). "A pilot programme of organ donation after cardiac death in China".
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1328:. In the debate, Vice-chair of Foreign Affairs and International Development Subcommittee on International Human Rights (SDIR) MP Ms. Cheryl Hardcastle stated that:
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in 2005 said that only young, healthy practitioners had comprehensive medical exams upon arrival at the camp; the old and infirm were given only cursory treatment.
74:
915:, a doctor told investigators that all his hospital's organs were sourced from Falun Gong practitioners. During an April 2006 phone call to a military hospital in
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the persecution of Falun Gong started...Nowhere have transplants jumped so significantly with the same number of donors simply because of a change in technology."
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Gutmann has also provided testimony on his findings before U.S. Congress and European Parliament, and in August 2014 published his investigation as a book titled
350:
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5138:
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applies to military hospitals; since the mid-1980s, the People's Liberation Army has engaged in commercial and profit-making ventures to supplement its budget.
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The Chinese government has repeatedly and categorically denied that Falun Gong practitioners have been killed for their organs, and insists that it adheres to
81:
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1309:
amendments were intended to address the problem of Taiwanese citizens traveling to China to purchase organs, some of which were harvested from living donors.
5731:
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3485:
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1208:
4560:"Falun Gong, Organ Harvesting in China, and the Human Rights Case for an Independent Congressional Investigation â testimony submitted by Kirk C. Allison"
2622:"Presentation delivered at the Madrid Conference on Organ Donation and Transplantation, Madrid 2010, by Prof. Huang Jiefu, Vice Minister of Health, P.R.C.
192:, used by transplant recipients, to carry out such quantities of organ harvesting. However, the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation alleged that the
599:
and the chair of the tribunal, was a prosecutor at the international criminal tribunal for Yugoslavia. According to an article in the scientific journal
88:
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Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak.Addendum 19 February 2008.
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to remove the liver and kidneys of an executed prisoner. He claimed that the man's heart was still beating as he removed the liver and kidneys.
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2006:
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4047:"Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann"
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In addition to organ transplants in Jinzhou, Gutmann notes that security agencies in Dalian city were supplying human cadavers to two major
5693:
4391:
2179:
1190:
1198:, who co-sponsored a Congressional resolution condemning organ harvesting from Falun Gong adherents, speaks at a rally in Washington D.C.
531:, Professor of Bioethics, Dr. Jacob Lavee, cardiothoracic surgeon, Dr. Ghazali Ahmad, Professor Maria Fiatarone Singh, Dr. Torsten Trey,
5296:
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Ethan Gutmann with Edward McMillan-Scott (vice-president of the European Parliament) at Foreign Press Association press conference, 2009
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Similar bills against organ tourism have been proposed in the French national assembly (2010) and in Canadian parliament (2007, 2013).
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801:
241:
121:
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2311:
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1 June 2003). "Rotten trade: Millennial capitalism, human values and global justice in organs trafficking".
827:
cited estimates that half of China's official labor camp population of 250,000 were Falun Gong practitioners, and a 2013 report by
481:
recorded admissions from Chinese hospitals and law enforcement offices about the availability of Falun Gong practitioners' organs.
3399:
2282:"Presentation of David Matas at the panel discussion in Philadelphia, May 1, 2011 - Anti-rejection Drug Trials and Sales in China"
1215:
responded to a petition signed by 34,000 Americans condemning organ harvesting from Falun Gong prisoners. The response noted that:
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virus. However, in several cases, the medical tests described were exclusively aimed at assessing the health of internal organs.
5247:
4337:
3419:
1160:, Australian transplantation surgeon, dismissed Kilgour and Matas's report as "pure imagination piled upon political interest".
4173:"An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China ĺ
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2662:
2383:"An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China ĺ
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4706:
605:, the tribunal does not have any legal authority. The Chinese government declined an invitation to take part in the tribunal.
551:
Ethan Gutmann, an investigative journalist, author specializing in China, and Research Fellow at the US governmentâaffiliated
6100:
4216:
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502:
291:
59:
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Schwartz, Arne (2012). "Responsibilities of International Pharmaceutical Companies". In Matas, David; Trey, Torsten (eds.).
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3249:
3172:"Independent Investigators to Present Findings From Investigation on China's Organ Harvesting From Prisoners of Conscience"
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David Kilgour and David Matas released the results of their preliminary investigation on 20 July 2006, in a report titled
229:
182:
and because of the financial incentives available to the institutions and individuals involved in the trade. A report by
3210:
2533:
Li, Huige; Shapiro, Michael E.; Els, Charl; Allison, Kirk C. (2015). "Organ transplantation in China: Concerns remain".
543:
434:
4604:
Lavee, Jacob (2012). "The Impact of the Use of Organs from Executed Prisoners". In Matas, David; Trey, Torsten (eds.).
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In 2006, the World Medical Association adopted a resolution demanding that China stop using prisoners as organ donors.
4467:
4266:
5142:
4629:
3951:"Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on the credibility of China's organ transplant reform"
3495:. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. 12 September 2012. Archived from
2796:
1540:"Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on the credibility of China's organ transplant reform"
527:, edited by Matas and Dr. Torsten Trey, was published with essays from Dr. Gabriel Danovitch, Professor of Medicine,
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4749:
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This investigative tactic was revived in 2012, when Communist Party officials began investigating Politburo member
318:
310:
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Allison, Kirk C.; Caplan, Arthur; Shapiro, Michael E.; Els, Charl; Paul, Norbert W.; Li, Huige (3 December 2015).
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found that Falun Gong practitioners comprised between 30 and 100 percent of detainees in the labor camps studied.
48:
5640:"Italian Senate Resolution of the Special Commission for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights March 2014"
3902:"Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on credibility of China's organ transplant reform"
3496:
1074:
1062:
657:
618:
367:
249:
179:
587:, was initiated in 2018 by the International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China. The tribunal, based in
3486:"Congressional Testimony:Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party"
824:
210:
5745:"Australian Senate unanimously passed a motion to oppose the practice of unethical organ harvesting in China"
5292:"The Use of Executed Prisoners as a Source of Organ Transplants in China Must Stop: Executed Prisoner Organs"
5232:
5009:
4716:, Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Right Sixty-second session, United Nations, 10 March 2006.
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The embassy representative then urged American lawmakers to stop "supporting and conniving" with Falun Gong.
196:'s article made an âelementary statistical errorâ and omitted unofficial pharmacy data in Chinese hospitals.
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5114:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Asma Jahangi. Addendum 28 February 2008.
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3522:
3110:
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2313:
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2028:
Huang, Jiefu; Mao, Yilei; Millis, J Michael (2008). "Government policy and organ transplantation in China".
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In his book on organ transplant abuse, Ethan Gutmann included a case study centered on China's northeastern
793:
633:
301:
206:
175:
147:
1057:
Critics have alleged that China's immunosuppressant data would not include foreign transplant tourists but
710:. The reason given is: The data here only goes until the early 2000s and does not cover more recent years..
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2751:
1363:
201:
189:
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2487:(Report). US Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 20 September 2006. pp. 59, 201, note 224.
1211:, and in the Department of State Country Report on Human Rights for China for 2011. In January 2015, the
5208:
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Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China
1434:
1095:
828:
626:
583:
The Independent Tribunal Into Forced Organ Harvesting of Prisoners of Conscience in China, known as the
511:
Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China
449:
270:
In December 2018, a non-governmental tribunal known as the China Tribunal, chaired by British barrister
245:
171:
6045:
China Tribunal: Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China
5833:
5607:
European Economic and Social Committee Member Delegation Report Ms Madi Sharma, Brussel, 19 March 2014.
4855:
Bloody Harvest Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China
3338:
489:
277:
In August 2024, media outlets reported on the first known survivor of Chinaâs forced organ harvesting.
5473:. Joint hearing before the Committee on International Affairs. House of Representatives, 23 June 2016.
4068:"The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem"
4009:"The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem"
2484:
6095:
5966:
5888:"MP Borys Wrzesnewskyj re-introduces bill to combat underground trade in human organs and body parts"
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4854:
4143:
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attention, hospitals would become more reluctant to candidly discuss their organ sourcing practices.
653:
648:, that examined voluntary organ transplant data from 2010 to 2016. That paper was later published in
467:
259:
5625:
3079:. US Department of State Bureau of International Information Programs. 16 April 2006. Archived from
1801:
The slaughter: mass killings, organ harvesting, and China's secret solution to its dissident problem
818:
Chinese torture victims as reported in the 2006 investigation of UN Special Rapporteur Manfred Nowak
317:. Between 2003 and 2009, for instance, only 130 people volunteered to be organ donors. In 2010, the
17:
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1996:
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researchers, nor provided an alternative explanation for the source of organs used in transplants.
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The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem
408:
221:
217:
184:
5549:
5410:
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2511:
1602:"Historical development and current status of organ procurement from death-row prisoners in China"
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for the transplant profession or system of discipline for surgeons who violate ethical standards.
5857:
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4678:
4529:
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3715:"Organ harvesting of ethnic and religious minorities in China happening on a 'significant scale'"
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1722:
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has disputed some of the allegations, saying that China does not import sufficient quantities of
139:
1249:
called for greater pressure to be put on the Chinese government to end organ transplant abuses.
1225:
596:
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time he performed the transplant procedure, he was taken to a room near the execution ground in
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programs in the world. Although China does not keep nationwide statistics on transplant volume,
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2714:
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1967:
1815:
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1714:
1678:"China used to harvest organs from prisoners. Under pressure, that practice is finally ending"
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864:
400:
237:
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1960:"Chinese organ harvesting victim woke up chained to bed with parts of liver and lung missing"
1326:
Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development
733:
Liver transplants performed annually at the Tianjin Orient Organ Transplant Centre, 1998â2004
5858:"Proposition de loi N° 2797 visant à lutter contre le tourisme de transplantation d'organes"
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built a large measure of their political power on the repression of Falun Gong," he writes.
601:
297:
233:
3359:
Matas, David; Trey, Torsten (2012). "Introduction". In Matas, David; Trey, Torsten (eds.).
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In June 2019, the tribunal published their final judgment which unanimously concluded that
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2819:(Report). US Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 31 October 2008. Archived from
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Renee Schoff, "Growing group poses a dilemma for China", Associated Press, 26 April 1999.
4324:"Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party,"
3825:
712:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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from executed criminals, provided they give prior consent or if no one claims the body.
4895:
Testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
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Kirk C. Allison, associate director of the Program in Human Rights and Medicine at the
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The Politburo's Predicament: Confronting the Limitations of Communist Party Repression
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Changing the soup but not the medicine: Abolishing re-education through labor in China
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70 years ago. Those sentiments are inextricably linked after the horrors witnessed in
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By the 1990s, growing concerns about possible abuses arising from coerced consent and
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reported that these assertions did not stand up to scrutiny. Jose NuĂąez, head of the
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4679:"We Could Disappear at Any Time: Retaliation and Abuses Against Chinese Petitioners"
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to recipients. Reports have said that organ harvesting has been used to advance the
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1430:"'Crimes against humanity': is China killing political prisoners for their organs?"
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have called on the Chinese government to account for the sources of organs used in
4338:"Report Into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China"
3646:"Q&A;: Author and analyst Ethan Gutmann discusses China's illegal organ trade"
3139:
2925:"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called "heretical organizations""
1904:"China Is Forcibly Harvesting Organs From Prisoners Of Conscience, Tribunal Rules"
474:"Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China"
5776:
Human Tissue Amendment (Trafficking in Human Organs) Bill 2013 CONSULTATION PAPER
5579:"European Parliament resolution of 12 December 2013 on organ harvesting in China"
5426:
4468:
Organ transplant waiting times rise fast Organ transplant waiting times rise fast
4025:"Q&A: Author and analyst Ethan Gutmann discusses China's illegal organ trade"
1457:"China carrying out over 60,000 illegal organ transplants annually, report finds"
5813:
El nuevo CĂłdigo Penal introduce como delito el trĂĄfico ilegal de Ăłrganos humanos
4383:
3588:
3584:
3412:
3256:
3135:
2326:
2001:
1758:
1212:
660:'s Task Force on Donation and Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues, told
477:
388:
381:
155:
37:
4781:
4525:"Transplant waiting lists and dialysis costs grow as kidney supply lags behind"
3833:
6052:"Survivors and victims on shocking state-sanctioned organ harvesting in China"
5909:
5343:
5179:"Edward McMillan-Scott: Olympic athletes compete under the shadow of genocide"
3967:
2580:
2535:
2030:
1618:
1556:
1148:
1000:
991:
640:
The tribunal's report included a reference to a research paper, posted on the
412:
372:
345:
167:
5434:
4292:
3976:
3900:
Robertson, Matthew Peter; Hinde, Raymond L.; Lavee, Jacob (31 January 2019).
3841:
3687:
3562:
3051:
3017:
2718:
2633:"The World Medical Association Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China"
2453:
1971:
1819:
1718:
1627:
1565:
4707:
Civil and Political Rights, Including the Question of Torture and Detention
3917:
2893:
2693:
Caplan, Arthur L.; Rockman, Howard A.; Turka, Laurence A. (3 January 2012).
1026:
916:
875:
338:
5442:
5364:
5319:
5049:
Abstract from the 23rd Annual Meeting of the German Transplantation Society
4428:
3994:
3935:
3849:
2736:
2601:
2556:
2051:
1645:
1583:
1538:
Robertson, Matthew P.; Hinde, Raymond L.; Lavee, Jacob (14 November 2019).
1334:
the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1226:
USA Congressional Bill, H.R.4132 - Falun Gong Protection Act, June 25, 2024
484:
5798:
Oron Meiri, Buki Nae, and Zohar Shahar Levi, "Organ Traders Evade Taxes,"
5484:"China: UN human rights experts alarmed by 'organ harvesting' allegations"
2695:"Editorial position on publishing articles on human organ transplantation"
2694:
1799:
5411:"The Use of Prisoners as Sources of OrgansâAn Ethically Dubious Practice"
4650:
2008 Country Report on Human Rights: China (includes Hong Kong and Macao)
4241:
4180:
3585:"Saudis allegedly buy 'Halal organs' from 'slaughtered' Xinjiang Muslims"
2873:
2390:
1504:"Report: China still harvesting organs from prisoners at a massive scale"
996:
983:
936:
932:
912:
871:
645:
641:
556:
442:
438:
395:
Since 1999, Falun Gong practitioners have been the targets of systematic
5550:"2011 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)"
4916:"ANU study says China deliberately falsifying data on organ transplants"
4746:
2253:"3SBio and Isotechnika Sign Partnership to Develop Voclosporin in China"
1726:
1702:
1483:"China is harvesting organs from Falun Gong members, finds expert panel"
509:
In 2007, Kilgour and Matas presented an updated report under the title "
5030:"Transplant Tourists" Unwitting Beneficiaries of Prisoner Organ Harvest
3674:"British government 'ignored' Chinese organ harvesting, Tribunal rules"
3218:
2442:"Doctor Says He Took Transplant Organs From Executed Chinese Prisoners"
2415:
Matas, David (2012). "Numbers". In Matas, David; Trey, Torsten (eds.).
1487:
1287:
920:
907:
396:
4144:"United Nations Report on Harvesting Falun Gong Practitioners' Organs"
4087:"Report: Organ Transplant Tourism Rising Globally; China No1 Offender"
358:
extrajudicially on the basis of their political or religious beliefs.
6077:- advocacy group that documents and opposes organ harvesting in China
3771:"China forcefully harvests organs from detainees, tribunal concludes"
2793:
2710:
1740:
Cheung, Maria; Trey, Torsten; Matas, David; An, Richard (June 2018).
1107:
899:
860:
588:
561:
384:
initiated a nationwide campaign to eradicate the group in July 1999.
376:
335:
3810:"Startling China organ claims raise alarm about transplant research"
3189:"Ottawa urged to stop Canadians travelling to China for transplants"
1934:"First Known Survivor of China's Forced Organ Harvesting Speaks Out"
1345:
stop to them. Canada must act and must start by passing Bill S-240."
1033:
However, according to a 2020 report by the US governmentâaffiliated
768:
registered as voluntary organ donors nationwide from 2003 to 2009).
220:
long denied all accusations of organ harvesting. The parliaments of
4767:"How One Chinese City Resorted To Atrocities to Control Falun Dafa"
4113:"Organ harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China: An Update"
3282:"Investigators: China Still Harvesting Human Organs on Huge Scale"
1189:
813:
728:
542:
483:
170:
practitioners, are being executed "on demand" in order to provide
143:
6074:
5388:"Stop killing for parts: Why we must boycott China's organ trade"
4798:
Robert, Bejesky. "Falun Gong & reeducation through labour".
4567:
Open Hearing of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
4171:
Matas Esq., David; Kilgour Esq., Hon., David (31 January 2007).
2504:"China's Organ Market - A Tale of Prisoners, Tourists, and Lies"
2381:
Matas Esq., David; Kilgour Esq., Hon., David (31 January 2007).
2262:. Vol. 14, no. 9. 2010. pp. 28â29. Archived from
853:
664:
that he was unconvinced by the paper because it did not contain
5489:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
4668:
Congressional Executive Commission on China, Annual Report 2008
3949:
Robertson, Matthew P.; Hinde, Raymond L.; Lavee, Jacob (2019).
3752:"China is harvesting organs from detainees, tribunal concludes"
3073:"U.S. Finds No Evidence of Alleged Concentration Camp in China"
5710:"Australia Senate vote opposes live organ harvesting in China"
4267:"Experts: China is sequencing Uyghur DNA for organ harvesting"
2485:
Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2006 ANNUAL REPORT
692:
380:
to the Party's authority and ideology, Communist Party leader
31:
6044:
2109:"China's New Execution Rules Could Lead to an Organ Shortage"
1877:
935:
for a variety of crimes. Bo had previously been governor of
5622:
The President of the European Economic and Social Committee
5504:
4986:
Top Chinese leader Bo Xilai purged, one day after criticism
2875:
Wild grass : three portraits of change in modern China
2814:
Congressional-Executive Commission on China - Annual Report
5663:"SENATE OKS ANTI-ORGAN TRAFFICKING BILL WITH 212 IN FAVOR"
3417:"Parliament to hear evidence of transplant abuse in China"
2794:"Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong"
2075:"Report alleges China killing thousands to harvest organs"
5963:"42nd Parliament, 1st Session â House of Commons Debates"
5082:"Organ Procurement and Extrajudicial Execution in China:
3339:"Executive Summary â China Organ Harvest Research Center"
2206:"Japan's rich buy organs from executed Chinese prisoners"
2172:"China Organ Procurement and Judicial Execution in China"
1533:
1531:
1529:
859:
One man, Wang Xiaohua, was imprisoned in a labor camp in
213:
in China and the profits to be made from selling organs.
71:"Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China"
6075:
International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China
5734:, Foreign Affairs-China-Organ Harvesting, 21 March 2013.
4736:, New York Times, 27 April 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
1878:"Short Form Conclusion of the China Tribunal's Judgment"
1124:
conducting exchanges with Chinese transplant hospitals.
424:
Verdicts and reports of organ harvesting from Falun Gong
4203:"China introduces new rules to deter human organ trade"
3901:
911:
obtain Falun Gong organs. At the Zhongshan hospital in
209:, such as the large number of Falun Gong practitioners
4357:
China International Transplantation Assistant Centre,
2803:, Human Rights Watch, 2002, accessed 28 September 2007
1359:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1202:
In July 2014, the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee of the
1099:
prison for speaking with the European Union official.
455:
Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong
5464:
Organ Harvesting: An Examination of a Brutal Practice
4138:
4136:
3876:"China 'harvesting organs from Falun Gong prisoners'"
3667:
3665:
1384:
Organ donation in the United States prison population
5139:"House panel calls on China to end organ harvesting"
4882:"Bitter Harvest: China's 'Organ Donation' Nightmare"
4599:
4597:
4595:
3473:"Bitter Harvest: China's 'Organ Donation' Nightmare"
1703:"BITTER HARVEST: China's 'Organ Donation' Nightmare"
1041:
article made an âelementary statistical error.â The
5618:"Organ Harvesting in China "a scandalous practice""
5290:Danovitch, G.M.; Shapiro, M. E.; Lavee, J. (2011).
4217:"1999 2006 china oragn transplants - Google Search"
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
2410:
2408:
689:
Increase in nationwide organ transplants after 1999
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5692:
2457:
2204:Coonan, Clifford; McNeill, David (21 March 2006).
1455:
944:"is in charge of this specifically. He knows it."
6018:"S-223 (44-1) - LEGISinfo - Parliament of Canada"
5993:"S-204 (43-2) - LEGISinfo - Parliament of Canada"
5938:"S-240 (42-1) - LEGISinfo - Parliament of Canada"
5271:WMA Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China
4849:
4847:
4845:
3708:
3706:
3704:
898:In one such call to a police detention center in
492:, international human rights lawyer, coauthor of
4727:"China still presses crusade against Falun Gong"
3040:"China Still Presses Crusade Against Falun Gong"
1286:In 2007, Israel's national legislative body the
267:recognizing excellence in broadcast journalism.
5154:
5152:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
3004:Pomfret, John; Pan, Philip P. (5 August 2001).
2199:
2197:
1037:(VOC), a group of experts pointed out that the
5598:Organ Harvesting in China: Europe Must Act Now
5132:
5130:
3639:
3637:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2837:Cook, Sarah; Lemish, Leeshai (November 2011).
2142:"Organ Donor Pilot a Failure After First Year"
617:. The tribunal also examined reports from the
453:harvesting. Soon thereafter, in May 2006, the
136:organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners
5528:Congressional-Executive Commission on China,
3869:
3867:
3103:CRS Report RL33437, section CRS-7 paragraph 1
1990:
1988:
1793:
1791:
1789:
8:
2919:
2917:
2839:"The 610 Office:Policing the Chinese Spirit"
2788:
2786:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
1848:"Human Harvest: China's Illegal Organ Trade"
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
4554:
4552:
2635:. World Medical Association. Archived from
2479:
2477:
1209:Congressional-Executive Commission on China
150:. According to a report by former lawmaker
4884:, World Affairs Journal, July/August 2012.
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4756:, The Wall Street Journal, 2 October 2000.
4489:"Median Waiting Time to Kidney Transplant"
2989:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2906:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2260:Asia Pacific Biotech News - Industry Watch
1832:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5811:Ministerio de Sanidad y PolĂtica Social,
5309:
4973:Downfall ends Bo's ambition to rule China
3984:
3966:
3925:
3392:"New Matas book reveals transplant abuse"
3309:"Chinese accused of vast trade in organs"
2752:"In Beijing: A Roar of Silent Protesters"
2726:
1757:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1635:
1617:
1573:
1555:
810:Vulnerability of Falun Gong practitioners
240:from Falun Gong prisoners of conscience.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5685:"Hospitals ban Chinese surgeon training"
5248:Falun Gong pulls Falun Gong documentary"
5093:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
5010:"The High Price of Diplomacy With China"
4372:"Liver transplant application" (Chinese)
3475:, World Affairs Journal July/August 2012
2878:(1st Vintage Books ed.). New York.
1997:"New rule to regulate organ transplants"
1106:. The same year, the Chinese embassy in
1035:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
553:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
387:An extra-constitutional body called the
326:major venue for tests of pharmaceutical
164:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
5749:Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting
5644:Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting
5233:"Chinese Call Prompts CBC to Pull Show"
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
4606:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China
4345:Center for Justice & Accountability
4318:
4316:
4314:
3390:Kuropatwa, Rebeca (19 September 2012).
3362:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China
2961:Amnesty International (December 2013).
2491:from the original on 20 September 2014.
2417:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China
2286:Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting
2231:. Seraphim Editions. pp. 119â135.
2229:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China
1399:
1276:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
591:, was made up of a seven-member panel.
525:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China
518:State Organs: Transplant Abuse in China
5969:ďźHouse of Commonsďź. 10 December 2018.
5932:
5930:
4160:from the original on 22 December 2018.
3549:"Opinion | The Sidney Awards, Part II"
2982:
2899:
2853:from the original on 26 September 2011
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2009:from the original on 21 September 2019
1902:Ouellette, Kailey (10 December 2020).
1825:
1242:European Economic and Social Committee
763:Discrepancy in known sources of organs
411:, all with the aim of forcing them to
230:United States House of Representatives
5973:from the original on 22 December 2018
5503:Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana (30 July 2014).
5189:from the original on 21 November 2008
5039:Voices in Bioethics, 15 October 2013.
5019:, Center for Investigative Reporting.
4937:Robertson, Matthew P. (15 May 2020).
3644:Turnbull, Barbara (21 October 2014).
3583:Everington, Keoni (22 January 2020).
3319:from the original on 26 December 2015
2699:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2419:. Seraphim Editions. pp. 77â93.
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2102:
2100:
2085:from the original on 21 February 2017
2073:Vanderklippe, Nathan (22 June 2016).
1928:
1926:
1924:
1423:
1338:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
488:David Matas, senior legal counsel of
7:
6062:from the original on 26 October 2019
5386:Caplan, Arthur (30 September 2011).
5137:Pennington, Matthew (30 July 2014).
4914:Lawson, Kirsten (15 November 2019).
4817:Pomfret, Philip P. (5 August 2001).
4537:from the original on 6 November 2013
4392:Catholic University of America Press
4129:from the original on 22 August 2018.
4023:Barbara Turnbull (21 October 2014)
3672:Swerling, Gabriella (17 June 2019).
3595:from the original on 25 January 2020
3527:Washington Examiner, Weekly Standard
2971:from the original on 23 January 2019
2182:from the original on 7 February 2017
2121:from the original on 9 November 2019
1742:"Cold Genocide: Falun Gong in China"
1595:
1593:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
668:of organ harvesting from prisoners.
349:yet dead. In December 2005, China's
60:adding citations to reliable sources
18:Falun Gong and live organ harvesting
5297:American Journal of Transplantation
4388:The Ethics of Organ Transplantation
3880:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3630:from the original on 15 April 2011.
3428:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2107:Keating, Joshua (4 December 2014).
1676:Denyer, Simon (15 September 2017).
1140:American Journal of Transplantation
254:American Society of Transplantation
5846:from the original on 15 June 2015.
5280:, World Medical Association, 2014.
4904:, Washington DC, 12 September 2012
4695:from the original on 24 July 2018.
3547:Brooks, David (23 December 2011).
3521:Gutmann, Ethan (5 December 2011).
3211:"Falun Gong organ claim supported"
2762:from the original on 20 March 2018
1364:Chinese body dissection exhibition
1164:United Nations Special Rapporteurs
906:A doctor at the Minzu hospital in
242:United Nations Special Rapporteurs
25:
6050:McKay, Hollie (26 October 2019).
5868:from the original on 17 July 2014
5834:"Organ transplant laws tightened"
5755:from the original on 23 June 2015
5691:. 5 December 2006. Archived from
5415:The American Journal of Bioethics
5246:, 9 November 2007; Colin Freeze,
4975:, Financial Times, 15 March 2012.
4943:Jamestown Foundation, China Brief
4780:, 26 December 2000; Ian Johnson,
4580:from the original on 8 April 2008
4386:(2011). Jensen, Steven J. (ed.).
3808:Cyranoski, David (25 June 2019).
3713:Truu, Maani (25 September 2019).
3658:from the original on 7 July 2017.
3456:Ethan Gutmann (24 November 2008)
3148:from the original on 1 March 2015
2665:from the original on 5 March 2014
2292:from the original on 3 April 2019
2176:Human Rights Watch Legacy Reports
1858:from the original on 6 April 2019
1690:from the original on 5 July 2020.
1502:Griffiths, James (25 June 2016).
1470:from the original on 24 May 2022.
1454:Samuels, Gabriel (12 July 2016).
1134:Journal of Clinical Investigation
965:Data on voluntary organ donations
874:city. At a women's labor camp in
802:Journal of Clinical Investigation
5311:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03417.x
5095:. 10 March 2020. pp. 53â54.
4953:from the original on 21 May 2020
4819:"Torture is Breaking Falun Gong"
3458:"China's Gruesome Organ Harvest"
3229:from the original on 31 May 2014
3038:Jacobs, Andrew (28 April 2009).
3006:"Torture Is Breaking Falun Gong"
2659:"China media: Military spending"
2440:Smith, Craig S. (29 June 2001).
1908:The Organization for World Peace
1762:– via USF Scholar Commons.
1177:Responses from other governments
1019:According to a 2017 report from
697:
476:. Although the pair were denied
162:of the US governmentâaffiliated
36:
5624:. 19 March 2014. Archived from
4853:David Kilgour and David Matas,
4322:Statement of Damon Noto, M.D.,
4111:Matas, David (September 2008).
3769:Smith, Saphora (18 June 2019).
3626:(4). The Jewish Policy Center.
2502:Forsythe, S. Elizabeth (2009).
1746:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1514:from the original on 9 May 2020
1428:Elliot, Tim (9 November 2019).
146:have raised concern within the
47:needs additional citations for
5832:Hsiao, Alison (13 June 2015).
4370:Shanghai Changzheng Hospital,
3750:Bowcott, Owen (17 June 2019).
3255:. usembassy.it. Archived from
3248:Lum, Thomas (11 August 2006).
3107:Congressional Research Service
2750:Faison, Seth (27 April 1999).
1958:Cleave, Iona (9 August 2024).
1389:Organ transplantation in China
503:Congressional Research Service
292:Organ transplantation in China
286:Organ transplantation in China
166:, political prisoners, mainly
1:
6111:Political repression in China
5357:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61536-5
4800:Columbia Journal of Asian Law
4446:. William Morrow Paperbacks.
4359:"The selection of volunteers"
4066:Young, Viv (11 August 2014).
3440:"Why Wang Wenyi Was Shouting"
3307:Duin, Julia (27 April 2010).
3195:. 6 July 2006. Archived from
2594:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61086-6
2549:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60484-6
2140:ManMan, Han (18 March 2011).
2044:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61359-8
1204:U.S. House of Representatives
978:Case study: Liaoning Province
579:Verdict by the China Tribunal
296:China has one of the largest
6116:Human rights abuses in China
5894:. 7 May 2009. Archived from
5427:10.1080/15265161.2011.607397
5209:"Comment: Boycott the Games"
5141:. Yahoo News. Archived from
4487:NHS Blood & Transplant.
3938:– via SocArXiv Papers.
2280:Matas, David (20 May 2011).
1481:Elks, Sonia (17 June 2019).
435:Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital
5708:Hui, Ming (14 April 2013).
4177:Organ Harvest Investigation
4007:Viv Young (11 August 2014)
3438:Ethan Gutmann (8 May 2006)
3170:US Newswire (20 July 2006)
3094:Lum, Thomas (25 May 2006).
2387:Organ Harvest Investigation
2327:10.1080/1475483032000078189
1759:10.5038/1911-9933.12.1.1513
1069:Chinese government response
780:Organ transplant wait times
415:their beliefs. As of 2009,
6132:
5774:Shoebridge, David (2013).
5548:U.S. Department of State,
4648:U.S. Department of State,
4477:The Guardian, 4 July 2011.
3834:10.1038/d41586-019-01890-4
1995:Zhang, Feng (5 May 2006).
1322:House of Commons of Canada
847:Medical testing in custody
465:
365:
311:Chinese Ministry of Health
289:
5910:"Bill C-561 (Historical)"
5818:24 September 2015 at the
5730:Parliament of Australia,
5469:26 September 2018 at the
5165:24 September 2015 at the
4900:24 September 2015 at the
4712:24 September 2015 at the
4442:Rose, Daniel Asa (2010).
4072:New York Journal of Books
4013:New York Journal of Books
3968:10.1186/s12910-019-0406-6
1619:10.1186/s12910-015-0074-0
1557:10.1186/s12910-019-0406-6
1075:World Health Organization
1063:World Health Organization
706:This section needs to be
658:World Health Organization
619:Committee Against Torture
368:Persecution of Falun Gong
362:Persecution of Falun Gong
250:World Medical Association
180:persecution of Falun Gong
5781:(Report). Archived from
5751:. Dafoh. 22 March 2013.
5535:25 December 2014 at the
5121:22 December 2018 at the
5084:A Review of the Evidence
4860:11 February 2015 at the
4496:www.organdonation.nhs.uk
3523:"The Xinjiang Procedure"
3178:. Retrieved 26 July 2006
825:U.S. Department of State
211:detained extrajudicially
27:Human rights controversy
5584:27 October 2018 at the
5555:1 November 2019 at the
5409:Caplan, Arthur (2011).
5276:4 December 2010 at the
5214:2 December 2016 at the
5207:Edward McMillan-Scott,
5035:17 October 2014 at the
5015:19 October 2015 at the
4893:Dr. Gabriel Danovitch,
4786:The Wall Street Journal
4778:The Wall Street Journal
4571:University of Minnesota
4473:6 February 2017 at the
3874:Reuter (17 June 2019).
3614:Gutmann, Ethan (2010).
3111:The Library of Congress
2314:Journal of Human Rights
1798:Gutmann, Ethan (2014).
1701:Gutmann, Ethan (2012).
794:University of Minnesota
634:crimes against humanity
448:Representatives of the
302:Chinese Communist Party
207:circumstantial evidence
202:prisoners of conscience
190:immunosuppressant drugs
176:Chinese Communist Party
148:international community
5646:. 2014. Archived from
3250:"China and Falun Gong"
3096:"China and Falun Gong"
2756:New York Times Archive
1347:
1221:
1199:
1114:International response
819:
734:
548:
497:
351:Deputy Health Minister
236:condemning the forced
154:, human rights lawyer
134:Allegations of forced
6101:Organ transplantation
5864:. 16 September 2010.
5689:Sydney Morning Herald
5661:ANSA (4 March 2015).
5577:European Parliament,
4991:18 April 2012 at the
4635:17 April 2016 at the
4608:. Seraphim Editions.
4573:. 29 September 2006.
4246:www.upholdjustice.org
3918:10.31235/osf.io/zxgec
3616:"The China Conundrum"
3365:. Seraphim Editions.
2929:Amnesty International
2872:Johnson, Ian (2005).
2661:. BBC. 5 March 2014.
1804:. Amherst, New York.
1435:Sydney Morning Herald
1330:
1217:
1193:
1096:Edward McMillan-Scott
990:Bo's close associate
952:Commercial incentives
829:Amnesty International
817:
732:
627:Amnesty International
546:
487:
450:U.S. State Department
172:organs for transplant
6106:Communist repression
5967:Parliament of Canada
5714:Asian American Press
5603:24 June 2015 at the
5253:29 June 2017 at the
5054:23 June 2015 at the
4918:. The Canberra Times
4772:14 July 2016 at the
4732:13 June 2017 at the
4153:. 28 February 2008.
4120:tbinternet.ohchr.org
3502:on 15 September 2012
3422:13 June 2016 at the
3083:on 14 February 2008.
2826:on 12 December 2012.
2799:3 April 2019 at the
2514:on 23 September 2018
2216:on 14 December 2013.
1119:Medical associations
685:surgically removed.
654:Francis L. Delmonico
468:Kilgour-Matas report
462:Kilgour-Matas report
328:anti-rejection drugs
272:Sir Geoffrey Nice KC
56:improve this article
5862:AssemblĂŠe nationale
5802:, 17 November 2006.
5697:on 25 October 2016.
5588:, 12 December 2013.
5238:5 June 2015 at the
4824:The Washington Post
4782:"A Deadly Exercise"
4752:3 June 2009 at the
4655:9 July 2019 at the
4505:on 3 September 2011
4347:: 14. 25 June 2024.
4183:on 15 December 2017
3826:2019Natur.570..425C
3679:The Daily Telegraph
3462:The Weekly Standard
3445:The Weekly Standard
3415:(27 November 2012)
3199:on 17 October 2015.
2462:on 15 December 2017
2393:on 15 December 2017
2038:(9654): 1937â1938.
1683:The Washington Post
1237:European Parliament
1196:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
1059:The Washington Post
1022:The Washington Post
890:Phone call evidence
881:Masanjia Labor Camp
248:practices, and the
185:The Washington Post
140:political prisoners
5892:Borys Wrzesnewskyj
5539:, 10 October 2009.
5530:Annual Report 2009
5261:, 8 November 2007.
5259:The Globe and Mail
5244:The New York Times
4686:Human Rights Watch
4530:The Globe and Mail
4281:"A long death row"
4045:(25 August 2014).
3955:BMC Medical Ethics
3554:The New York Times
3262:on 5 February 2012
3044:The New York Times
2639:on 4 December 2010
2446:The New York Times
2079:The Globe and Mail
1852:The Peabody Awards
1606:BMC Medical Ethics
1544:BMC Medical Ethics
1379:Gunther von Hagens
1274:, the head of the
1200:
820:
735:
650:BMC Medical Ethics
549:
498:
490:B'nai Brith Canada
417:the New York Times
263:, received a 2014
218:Chinese government
5914:openparliament.ca
5788:on 13 April 2015.
4971:Jamil Anderlini,
4864:, 31 January 2007
4688:. December 2005.
3820:(7762): 425â426.
3620:InFocus Quarterly
2588:(9818): 862â865.
2543:(9971): 855â856.
1811:978-1-61614-940-6
1313:Canada and France
865:electrocardiogram
727:
726:
409:psychiatric abuse
401:mass imprisonment
319:Chinese Red Cross
228:, as well as the
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
6123:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5934:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5898:on 23 June 2015.
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5829:
5823:
5809:
5803:
5800:Yedioth Ahronoth
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5780:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5741:
5735:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5720:on 23 June 2015.
5716:. Archived from
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5673:on 23 June 2015.
5669:. Archived from
5658:
5652:
5651:
5650:on 23 June 2015.
5636:
5630:
5629:
5628:on 23 June 2015.
5614:
5608:
5595:
5589:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5559:, 24 March 2012.
5546:
5540:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5509:www.congress.gov
5500:
5494:
5493:
5480:
5474:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5398:on 23 June 2015.
5394:. Archived from
5383:
5377:
5376:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5313:
5287:
5281:
5268:
5262:
5229:
5223:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5175:
5169:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5145:on 23 June 2015.
5134:
5125:
5116:A/HRC/7/10/Add.1
5112:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5078:
5059:
5046:
5040:
5026:
5020:
5006:
5000:
4999:, 15 March 2012.
4982:
4976:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4911:
4905:
4891:
4885:
4878:
4865:
4851:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4789:
4788:, 20 April 2000.
4763:
4757:
4743:
4737:
4723:
4717:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4683:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4646:
4640:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4601:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4564:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4498:. Archived from
4493:
4484:
4478:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4320:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4295:. Archived from
4277:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4179:. Archived from
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4148:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4039:
4033:
4021:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3970:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3805:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3710:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3448:
3436:
3430:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3402:on 2 April 2015.
3398:. Archived from
3387:
3381:
3380:
3375:. Archived from
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3313:Washington Times
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3286:Voice of America
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3223:Associated Press
3207:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2792:Mickey Spiegel,
2790:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2711:10.1172/JCI61904
2690:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2510:. Archived from
2508:The New Atlantis
2499:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2456:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2389:. Archived from
2378:
2339:
2338:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2269:on 3 April 2015.
2268:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2212:. Archived from
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2148:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1795:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1621:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1559:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1451:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1374:Dana Rohrabacher
1324:and referred to
1015:Counterarguments
722:
719:
713:
701:
700:
693:
680:In August 2024,
298:organ transplant
238:organ harvesting
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6081:
6080:
6065:
6063:
6049:
6041:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5974:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5820:Wayback Machine
5810:
5806:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5732:Motion no. 1212
5729:
5725:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5605:Wayback Machine
5596:
5592:
5586:Wayback Machine
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5557:Wayback Machine
5547:
5543:
5537:Wayback Machine
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5492:. 14 June 2021.
5482:
5481:
5477:
5471:Wayback Machine
5462:
5458:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5278:Wayback Machine
5269:
5265:
5255:Wayback Machine
5240:Wayback Machine
5230:
5226:
5222:, 4 April 2008.
5216:Wayback Machine
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5167:Wayback Machine
5160:A/HRC/7/3/Add.1
5157:
5150:
5136:
5135:
5128:
5123:Wayback Machine
5113:
5100:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5062:
5056:Wayback Machine
5047:
5043:
5037:Wayback Machine
5027:
5023:
5017:Wayback Machine
5008:Sandler, James
5007:
5003:
4993:Wayback Machine
4984:Moore, Malcolm
4983:
4979:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4902:Wayback Machine
4892:
4888:
4880:Ethan Gutmann,
4879:
4868:
4862:Wayback Machine
4852:
4843:
4829:
4827:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4774:Wayback Machine
4764:
4760:
4754:Wayback Machine
4744:
4740:
4734:Wayback Machine
4725:Andrew Jacobs,
4724:
4720:
4714:Wayback Machine
4705:Manfred Nowak,
4704:
4700:
4692:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4657:Wayback Machine
4647:
4643:
4637:Wayback Machine
4628:Freedom House,
4627:
4623:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4475:Wayback Machine
4465:
4461:
4454:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4423:(10): 749â752.
4414:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4394:. p. 234.
4382:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4299:on 23 June 2015
4287:. 30 May 2007.
4279:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4151:www.falunhr.org
4146:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4052:National Review
4043:Nordlinger, Jay
4041:
4040:
4036:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4002:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3807:
3806:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3749:
3748:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3437:
3433:
3424:Wayback Machine
3411:
3407:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3379:on 27 May 2013.
3373:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3225:. 8 July 2006.
3209:
3208:
3204:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3169:
3165:
3151:
3149:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3010:Washington Post
3003:
3002:
2998:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2931:. 23 March 2000
2923:
2922:
2915:
2898:
2886:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2801:Wayback Machine
2791:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2379:
2342:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2210:The Independent
2203:
2202:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2178:. August 1994.
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2152:on 24 June 2015
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1938:thediplomat.com
1932:
1931:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1824:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1767:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1675:
1674:
1653:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1463:The Independent
1453:
1452:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1355:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1284:
1272:Graham Fletcher
1264:
1255:
1233:
1188:
1179:
1166:
1121:
1116:
1071:
1017:
980:
967:
954:
892:
849:
812:
799:Editors of the
782:
765:
723:
717:
714:
711:
702:
698:
691:
674:
666:direct evidence
656:, chair of the
597:Queen's Counsel
581:
541:
521:
470:
464:
431:
426:
370:
364:
294:
288:
283:
232:, have adopted
158:and journalist
128:
117:
111:
108:
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4479:
4466:Peter Walker,
4459:
4453:978-0061708718
4452:
4444:Larry's Kidney
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4401:978-0813218748
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4085:Klein, David.
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3132:Kilgour, David
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2967:. London, UK.
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1224:practitioners.
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1158:Jeremy Chapman
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466:Main article:
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290:Main article:
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4765:Ian Johnson,
4762:
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4748:
4747:"Paper chase"
4745:Ian Johnson,
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3493:Ethan Gutmann
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3217:. Melbourne.
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2146:Beijing Today
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2008:
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1998:
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1965:
1964:The Telegraph
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1707:World Affairs
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1247:Henri Malosse
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1238:
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1197:
1192:
1186:United States
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1156:In contrast,
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1028:
1027:Quintiles IMS
1024:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
985:
977:
975:
971:
964:
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942:Zhou Yongkang
938:
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638:
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630:
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624:
623:Freedom House
620:
616:
615:Jennifer Zeng
612:
611:David Kilgour
606:
604:
603:
598:
594:
593:Geoffrey Nice
590:
586:
578:
576:
574:
569:
565:
563:
558:
554:
545:
539:Ethan Gutmann
538:
536:
534:
533:Ethan Gutmann
530:
529:Arthur Caplan
526:
519:
516:
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491:
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436:
428:
423:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:forced labour
402:
398:
393:
390:
385:
383:
378:
375:is a Chinese
374:
369:
361:
359:
355:
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