289:
51:
417:
351:
radiate from the contact area of the ice. However, while these techniques assist in diagnosis, they do not provide information about temperature and stimulation time thresholds at which patients will start to develop symptoms, which is essential because it can establish disease severity and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
297:
When the body is exposed to the cold in individuals affected by the condition, hives appear and the skin in the affected area typically becomes itchy. Hives result from dilation of capillaries which allow fluid to flow out into the surrounding tissue which is the epidermis. They resolve when the body
350:
or other licensed practitioner performing a cold test. During the cold test, a piece of ice is placed inside a thin plastic bag and held against the forearm, typically for 3–4 minutes. A positive result is a specific looking mark of raised red hives. The hives may be the shape of the ice, or it may
292:
Hives on the back from exposure to cold air on an individual with cold allergy. The hives were induced by riding a stationary bike shirtless for an hour next to a door cracked open on a cool day. The temperature of the air flowing in was around 10 °C (50 °F). The lighter band at chest
257:
The effect of FCAS on the quality of life of patients is far reaching. A survey of patients in the United States in 2008 found that "o cope with their underlying disease and to try to avoid symptomatic, painful, flares patients reported limiting their work, school, family, and social activities.
988:
Smith, David W.; Johnson, Kenneth A.; Bingman, Craig A.; Aceti, David J.; Blommel, Paul G.; Wrobel, Russell L.; Frederick, Ronnie O.; Zhao, Qin; Sreenath, Hassan; Fox, Brian G.; Volkman, Brian F.; Jeon, Won Bae; Newman, Craig S.; Ulrich, Eldon L.; Hegeman, Adrian D.; Kimball, Todd; Thao, Sandy;
301:
Hives may appear immediately or after a delay. Hives can last for a few minutes or a few days, and vary from person to person. Also, a burning sensation occurs. A serious reaction is most likely to occur for patients where the hives occur with less than three minutes of exposure (during a cold
372:) can trigger a reaction in affected people. Avoiding exposures limits the risk of a reaction. The reaction usually affects the body parts that are exposed, so cold air could trigger a reaction to exposed skin or in the breathing passages if cold air is inhaled. Risky exposures include:
298:
absorbs this fluid. The border of a hive is described as polycyclic, or made up of many circles, and changes as fluid leaks out and then is absorbed. Pressing on a hive causes the skin to blanch (turn pale as blood flow is interrupted), distinguishing it from a bruise or papule.
1131:
Ross JB; Finlayson, LA; Klotz, PJ; Langley, RG; Gaudet, R; Thompson, K; Churchman, SM; McDermott, MF; Hawkins, PN; et al. (2010-02-01). "Use of anakinra (Kineret) in the treatment of familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome with a 16-month follow-up".
337:"The mutation discovered occurs in a gene for phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLCG2), an enzyme involved in the activation of immune cells. The investigators have named the condition PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, or PLAID."
451:: A reaction may even occur on a warm day or coming out of a sauna when there is sweat on the skin, since the reaction is triggered by skin temperature, not core temperature. If there is a breeze, it will rapidly cool the skin and create hives.
1806:
1786:
1529:
Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. (2014). "The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update".
530:, taken daily, should help to prevent and/or lessen the likelihood of a reaction and thus, anaphylaxis. The effectiveness of topical antihistamine creams against hives induced by cold temperature has not been evaluated.
258:
Seventy-eight percent of survey participants described an impact of the disease on their work, including absenteeism and impaired job advancement; frequently, they quit their job as a consequence of their disease".
99:) form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus. The hives are usually itchy and often the hands, feet and other parts of the body will become itchy and swollen as well. Hives vary in size from about
359:
Management largely consists of avoiding exposures that could trigger a reaction and taking medicine to manage the reaction. The best treatment for this allergy is avoiding exposure to cold temperatures.
121:). The acquired form is most likely to begin between ages 18 and 25, although it can occur as early as 5 years old in some cases. Life-threatening risks include suffocation resulting from swollen tissue (
1324:
Soter
Nicholas A.; Wasserman Stephen I.; Austen K. Frank (1976). "Cold Urticaria: Release into the Circulation of Histamine and Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor of Anaphylaxis during Cold Challenge".
678:
Siebenhaar F, Weller K, : clinical picture and update on diagnosis and treatment (May 2007). "Acquired cold urticaria: Clinical picture and update on diagnosis and treatment".
1612:
1363:
1567:
396:
Cool/cold surfaces: Sitting on sidewalks which are cool, leaning on or grabbing a cold pole can result in hives forming on the area which had contact with the cool surfaces.
318:(meaning they have no known cause). Some rare conditions can cause cold hives, and it can be useful to test for these conditions if the cold hives are in any way unusual.
1882:
721:
1724:
Magerl M, Schmolke J, Siebenhaar F, Zuberbier T, Metz M, Maurer M (December 2007). "Acquired cold urticaria symptoms can be safely prevented by ebastine".
325:
have identified a genetic mutation in three unrelated families that causes a rare immune disorder characterized by excessive and impaired immune function:
2173:
1480:
Abajian, Marina; Curto
Barredo, Laia; Krause, Karoline; Santamaria, Eva; Izquierdo, Iñaki; Church, Martin K.; Maurer, Marcus; Giménez Arnau, Ana (2016).
526:(Allegra) may be taken orally to prevent and relieve some of the hives. For those who have severe anaphylactic reactions, a prescribed medicine such as
314:
reaction in response to cold stimuli, including a drastic drop in temperature, cold air, and cold water. There are many causes for cold hives, most are
2047:
1134:
1088:
Stych, B; Dobrovolny, D (2008). "Familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome (FCAS): characterization of symptomatology and impact on patients' lives".
454:
Restriction of blood flow: Activities which cause tense muscles and reduce blood flow can cool the body parts enough to trigger itching and hives.
243:
1388:
1305:
753:
1875:
1029:
Hoffman, Hal M.; Rosengren, Sanna; Boyle, David L.; Cho, Jae Y.; Nayar, Jyothi; Mueller, James L.; Anderson, Justin P.; Wanderer, Alan A.;
814:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Grekin, Roy C.; Neuhaus, Isaac M.; Wei, Maria L. (2006). "Erythema and
Urticaria".
2077:
1821:
849:"Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome"
560:(Xolair) may be an effective and safe treatment for cold urticaria in patients who do not sufficiently respond to standard treatments.
484:
was found to significantly reduce the development of chronic cold urticaria symptom without an increase in adverse effects at doses of
1632:
2280:
904:
831:
1412:
1035:"Prevention of cold-associated acute inflammation in familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist"
1984:
1961:
1576:
930:
156:, and occurs in rainy, windy weather, and after swimming in cold water and after contact with cold objects, including ice cubes.
1868:
1360:"NIH scientists find cause of rare immune disease: Genetic mutation leads to cold allergy, immune deficiency and autoimmunity"
1359:
1956:
1455:
2230:
2191:
2082:
908:
322:
2151:
239:. It is rare and is estimated as having a prevalence of 1 per million people and mainly affects Americans and Europeans.
1922:
955:
Tweedie, Susan; Braschi, Bryony; Gray, Kristian; Jones, Tamsin E. M.; Seal, Ruth L.; Yates, Bethan; Bruford, Elspeth A.
607:
2235:
2211:
1411:
Abajian M.; Curto-Barredo L.; Krause K.; Santamaria E.; Izquierdo I.; Church M.; Maurer M.; Giménez-Arnau A. (2016).
896:
2156:
2017:
782:
1626:
Sánchez-Borges, Mario; González-Aveledo, Luis; Caballero-Fonseca, Fernan; Capriles-Hulett, Arnaldo (August 2017).
232:
2255:
2146:
2141:
966:
407:
may appear within 6 to 8 in (15 to 20 cm) from the IV site in the pattern of a line going up the limb.
2002:
1832:
437:: Swimming can be especially dangerous, as the rapid heart rate combined with the onset of hives can lead to
2206:
1949:
177:
473:. If standard dosing is ineffective, increasing dosages up to fourfold is recommended to control symptoms.
188:
Reflex cold urticaria is a cutaneous condition in which generalized cooling of the body induces widespread
956:
2105:
2022:
1966:
1606:
715:
580:
17:
2250:
2100:
2057:
2052:
2007:
200:
Familial cold urticaria (also properly known as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, FCAS) is an
2196:
2128:
2072:
2027:
1810:
586:
442:
400:
274:
2067:
2062:
2012:
1932:
1749:
1293:
1274:
1159:
1113:
819:
703:
534:
201:
173:
133:
113:
This disorder, or perhaps two disorders with the same clinical manifestations, can be inherited (
383:: Exposure to cold or cool air can quickly trigger a reaction; for example walking by the open
2183:
1906:
1843:
1741:
1706:
1657:
1649:
1594:
1547:
1511:
1503:
1437:
1384:
1378:
1341:
1301:
1266:
1231:
1214:
Walsh, GM (2009). "Canakinumab for the treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes".
1190:
1151:
1105:
1070:
999:
878:
827:
796:
749:
695:
660:
326:
266:
63:
1482:"Rupatadine 20 mg and 40 mg are Effective in Reducing the Symptoms of Chronic Cold Urticaria"
1413:"Rupatadine 20 Mg and 40 Mg Are Effective in Reducing the Symptoms of Chronic Cold Urticaria"
1179:"Anakinra prevents symptoms of familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Raynaud's disease"
265:(Kineret) has been shown effective for FCAS, although this does mean daily injections of the
2201:
2167:
1733:
1696:
1688:
1641:
1584:
1539:
1493:
1427:
1333:
1258:
1223:
1143:
1097:
1060:
1052:
1004:
868:
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687:
650:
390:
369:
169:
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1989:
1902:
503:
1979:
1701:
1676:
1065:
1034:
1030:
873:
848:
617:
519:
499:
209:
1815:
1312:
Idiopathic cold urticaria may be immediate, delayed, localized, familial, or acquired.
1249:
Bailey Evan, Shaker Marcus (2008). "An Update on
Childhood Urticaria and Angioedema".
1056:
934:
288:
2274:
2133:
1737:
1627:
691:
466:
224:
elicited by exposure to cold – sometimes temperatures below 22 °C (72 °F).
1753:
1380:
Allergic
Diseases – From Basic Mechanisms to Comprehensive Management and Prevention
1278:
1178:
1163:
1117:
707:
2240:
2162:
1227:
990:
523:
330:
1837:
1262:
1337:
612:
601:
575:
542:
533:
Cold hives can result in a potentially serious or even fatal systemic reaction (
438:
277:
68:
771:"Molecular and Genetic Characteristics of Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases"
2092:
1848:
1795:
1645:
1580:
1101:
1039:
557:
515:
511:
481:
315:
221:
176:
are extremely rare, and are then associated with other manifestations such as
125:
102:
1653:
1507:
847:
Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD (November 2001).
791:
770:
655:
638:
1897:
1589:
1147:
487:
424:
347:
311:
50:
1745:
1710:
1661:
1598:
1551:
1515:
1441:
1377:
Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia; Zuberbier, Torsten; Werfel, Thomas (2021-11-21).
1270:
1235:
1194:
1155:
1109:
1074:
882:
800:
699:
664:
403:: Sometimes IV lines are cold, which can result in a reaction. A line of
164:
Secondary cold contact urticaria is a cutaneous condition characterized by
1677:"Treatment of severe cold contact urticaria with omalizumab: case reports"
1498:
1481:
1432:
1008:
423:
Cold foods and drinks: Eating or drinking cold or cool substances such as
2222:
2119:
1860:
1048:
823:
596:
591:
563:
550:
507:
434:
428:
262:
152:
Primary cold contact urticaria is a cutaneous condition characterized by
129:
1778:
1345:
420:
Drinking cold beverages can trigger hives in people with cold urticaria.
393:: Entering a cool building during a summer day can result in a reaction.
165:
546:
527:
384:
333:, inflammatory skin disorders and cold-induced hives (cold urticaria).
270:
122:
1692:
1543:
994:
416:
153:
1790:
566:
has been proposed as an approach to prevent acquired cold urticaria.
217:
465:
The first-line therapy is symptomatic relief with second-generation
189:
864:
538:
448:
415:
404:
287:
247:
236:
228:
213:
92:
744:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1826:
1799:
961:
380:
251:
231:
and is a slightly milder member of the disease family including
205:
1864:
58:
Allergic urticaria on arm in the form of hives induced by cold.
931:"Familial Cold Auto-inflammatory Syndrome (FCAS): Fact Sheet"
639:"Successful Treatment of Disabling Cholinergic Urticaria"
1565:
Mahmoudi, Massoud (May 2001). "Cold-induced urticaria".
1003:. Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics.
144:
Cold urticaria may be divided into the following types:
368:
Anything that lowers the skin temperature (not body's
1364:
National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
431:
may result in a reaction inside the mouth and throat.
1768:
604:, an unrelated, normal response to cold temperatures
2220:
2182:
2127:
2118:
2091:
2040:
1931:
1915:
1896:
1772:
1628:"Review of Physical Urticarias and Testing Methods"
1568:
The
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
816:
74:
62:
40:
35:
1611:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1366:, National Institutes of Health. 11 January 2012.
293:height was covered by a heart rate monitor strap.
91:) is a disorder in which large red welts called
335:
775:Current Drug Targets. Inflammation and Allergy
583:, a similar hives reaction in response to heat
553:) for use in the event of a serious reaction.
1876:
637:Feinberg, Jeff H.; Toner, Charles B. (2008).
132:after shock from swimming in cold water, and
8:
1420:Acta Dermato Venereologica Acta Derm Venerol
720:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1177:Samy K Metyas, Hal M Hoffman (2008-02-01).
933:. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Archived from
2174:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
2124:
1937:
1912:
1883:
1869:
1861:
1769:
1189:(10). Journal of Rheumatology: 2085–2087.
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
49:
32:
2048:Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
1700:
1675:Brodská P, Schmid-Grendelmeier P (2012).
1588:
1497:
1431:
1294:"Immunologically mediated skin disorders"
1135:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
1064:
897:"Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome"
872:
790:
654:
541:may have to carry an injectable form of
629:
244:cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes
18:Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome
1604:
713:
346:Diagnosis is typically obtained by an
128:) induced by cold foods or beverages,
2101:Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia
1492:(1). Medical Journals Sweden: 56–59.
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
769:Tunca, Mehmet; Ozdogan, Huri (2005).
168:, due to serum abnormalities such as
27:Allergic reaction to low temperatures
7:
748:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 267–8.
2078:Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis
1292:Yasmeen, Jabeen Bhat (2021-03-04).
818:(10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA:
1633:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
993:; Phillips, George N. Jr. (2003).
246:(CAPS) caused by mutations in the
25:
905:U.S. National Library of Medicine
1985:Localized heat contact urticaria
1962:Secondary cold contact urticaria
1738:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01500.x
1577:American Osteopathic Association
1383:. Springer Nature. p. 127.
692:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02376.x
160:Secondary cold contact urticaria
1326:New England Journal of Medicine
498:Allergy medications containing
269:into an area such as the lower
119:primary acquired cold urticaria
106:in diameter to as big as about
1957:Primary cold contact urticaria
1228:10.1358/dot.2009.45.10.1436882
929:CAPS, Community (2008-01-01).
148:Primary cold contact urticaria
1:
2231:Necrolytic migratory erythema
2192:Erythema annulare centrifugum
2083:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
1251:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
1057:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17401-1
909:National Institutes of Health
323:National Institutes of Health
1923:Urticarial allergic eruption
1263:10.1097/mop.0b013e328305e262
608:List of cutaneous conditions
2212:Annular erythema of infancy
1338:10.1056/nejm197603252941302
1296:. In Sarkar, Rashmi (ed.).
1183:The Journal of Rheumatology
204:condition characterized by
2297:
2157:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
2018:Delayed pressure urticaria
1486:Acta Dermato Venereologica
783:Bentham Science Publishers
2256:Necrolytic acral erythema
2147:Erythema multiforme major
2142:Erythema multiforme minor
1998:
1975:
1940:
1646:10.1007/s11882-017-0722-1
1102:10.1185/03007990802081543
967:Human Genome Organisation
957:"Symbol report for NLRP3"
746:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
78:Exposure to cold stimulus
57:
48:
2281:Urticaria and angioedema
2152:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
2003:Dermatographic urticaria
792:10.2174/1568010053622957
656:10.7205/MILMED.173.2.217
556:Studies have found that
379:Cold weather, including
321:Scientists from the USA
2207:Erythema gyratum repens
1593:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1590:10.7556/jaoa.2001.20027
1148:10.2310/7750.2008.07050
476:The second-generation H
280:(Ilaris) is also used.
196:Familial cold urticaria
115:familial cold urticaria
1891:Urticaria and erythema
421:
339:
294:
227:It has been mapped to
2106:Hereditary angioedema
2023:Cholinergic urticaria
1967:Reflex cold urticaria
1499:10.2340/00015555-2150
1433:10.2340/00015555-2150
989:Sussman, Michael R.;
581:Cholinergic urticaria
419:
291:
233:Muckle–Wells syndrome
184:Reflex cold urticaria
87:(essentially meaning
2251:Generalized erythema
2058:Autoimmune urticaria
2053:Adrenergic urticaria
2008:Vibratory angioedema
826:. pp. 165–166.
537:). People with cold
178:Raynaud's phenomenon
2197:Erythema marginatum
2129:Erythema multiforme
2073:Schnitzler syndrome
2028:Aquagenic urticaria
1298:Concise Dermatology
1009:10.2210/pdb1Q44/pdb
680:Clin. Exp. Dermatol
587:Aquagenic urticaria
275:monoclonal antibody
250:/NALP3 (aka NLRP3)
242:FCAS is one of the
2068:Galvanic urticaria
2063:Exercise urticaria
2013:Pressure urticaria
1933:Physical urticaria
1916:Allergic urticaria
1031:Firestein, Gary S.
535:anaphylactic shock
422:
295:
284:Signs and symptoms
254:at location 1q44.
202:autosomal dominant
174:cryofibrinogenemia
134:anaphylactic shock
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2184:Figurate erythema
2114:
2113:
2036:
2035:
1858:
1857:
1693:10.1159/000346284
1681:Case Rep Dermatol
1544:10.1111/all.12313
1390:978-3-030-84048-8
1307:978-1-000-33966-6
1090:Curr Med Res Opin
1033:(November 2004).
755:978-1-4160-2999-1
643:Military Medicine
522:(Periactin), and
387:in a supermarket.
364:Avoiding triggers
327:immune deficiency
267:immunosuppressant
82:
81:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2288:
2236:Erythema toxicum
2202:Erythema migrans
2168:Erythema nodosum
2125:
1938:
1913:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1770:
1758:
1757:
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1715:
1714:
1704:
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1556:
1555:
1526:
1520:
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1501:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1456:"Cold urticaria"
1452:
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1435:
1417:
1408:
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1374:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1350:
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1321:
1315:
1314:
1289:
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1211:
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1204:
1202:
1201:
1174:
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1128:
1122:
1121:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
991:Markley, John L.
985:
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978:
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952:
946:
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920:
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811:
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759:
741:
726:
725:
719:
711:
675:
669:
668:
658:
634:
494:
490:
391:Air conditioning
370:core temperature
310:The hives are a
261:Treatment using
170:cryoglobulinemia
109:
105:
53:
33:
21:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2246:Palmar erythema
2216:
2178:
2132:
2110:
2087:
2041:Other urticaria
2032:
1994:
1990:Solar urticaria
1971:
1927:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1781:
1767:
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1723:
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1308:
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1213:
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1208:
1199:
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768:
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756:
743:
742:
729:
712:
677:
676:
672:
636:
635:
631:
626:
572:
504:diphenhydramine
492:
485:
480:-antihistamine
479:
471:-antihistamines
470:
463:
445:, and drowning.
366:
357:
344:
308:
286:
198:
186:
162:
150:
142:
117:) or acquired (
107:
100:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Heat urticaria
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1945:Cold urticaria
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1803:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:Classification
1766:
1765:External links
1763:
1760:
1759:
1732:(12): 1465–8.
1716:
1667:
1618:
1557:
1538:(7): 868–887.
1521:
1472:
1447:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1351:
1332:(13): 687–90.
1316:
1306:
1284:
1241:
1216:Drugs of Today
1206:
1169:
1123:
1096:(6): 1577–82.
1080:
1021:
980:
947:
921:
888:
839:
832:
806:
761:
754:
727:
670:
628:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:Plaid syndrome
615:
610:
605:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
571:
568:
520:cyproheptadine
500:antihistamines
477:
468:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
455:
452:
446:
432:
410:
409:
408:
397:
394:
388:
365:
362:
356:
353:
343:
340:
307:
304:
285:
282:
210:conjunctivitis
197:
194:
185:
182:
161:
158:
149:
146:
141:
138:
85:Cold urticaria
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
36:Cold Urticaria
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2293:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2134:drug eruption
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
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1841:
1839:
1835:
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1824:
1823:
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1813:
1812:
1808:
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1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:(3): 275–80.
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
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1483:
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1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:. CRC Press.
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:(4): 425–30.
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:(10): 731–5.
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:: 1779–1785.
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
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963:
958:
951:
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937:on 2016-03-04
936:
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925:
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910:
906:
902:
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892:
889:
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833:0-7216-2921-0
829:
825:
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817:
810:
807:
802:
798:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
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736:
734:
732:
728:
723:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
662:
657:
652:
649:(2): 217–20.
648:
644:
640:
633:
630:
623:
619:
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611:
609:
606:
603:
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582:
579:
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489:
483:
474:
472:
460:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
418:
414:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:freezer cases
382:
378:
377:
375:
374:
373:
371:
363:
361:
354:
352:
349:
341:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
305:
303:
299:
290:
283:
281:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
155:
147:
145:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
111:
104:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
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52:
47:
43:
39:
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2241:Erythroderma
2163:panniculitis
2161:
1944:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1805:
1785:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1607:cite journal
1572:
1566:
1560:
1535:
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1485:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
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1423:
1419:
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1372:
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1325:
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1287:
1254:
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1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1186:
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1133:
1126:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1044:
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1024:
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960:
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939:. Retrieved
935:the original
924:
912:. Retrieved
900:
891:
859:(3): 301–5.
856:
852:
842:
815:
809:
778:
774:
764:
745:
716:cite journal
686:(3): 241–5.
683:
679:
673:
646:
642:
632:
562:
555:
532:
524:fexofenadine
518:(Claritin),
497:
475:
464:
412:Activities:
376:Situations:
367:
358:
345:
336:
331:autoimmunity
320:
309:
300:
296:
260:
256:
241:
226:
199:
187:
180:or purpura.
163:
151:
143:
118:
114:
112:
96:
88:
84:
83:
1460:Mayo Clinic
1142:(1): 8–16.
901:MedlinePlus
613:Skin lesion
602:Goose bumps
576:Amyloidosis
543:epinephrine
439:hypotension
278:canakinumab
222:arthralgias
110:or larger.
69:Dermatology
41:Other names
2093:Angioedema
1844:DiseasesDB
1581:De Gruyter
1200:2010-02-01
1040:The Lancet
941:2010-02-01
853:Nat. Genet
624:References
558:omalizumab
516:loratadine
514:(Zyrtec),
512:cetirizine
493:40 mg
482:rupatadine
355:Management
316:idiopathic
126:angioedema
123:pharyngeal
108:27 mm
89:cold hives
44:Cold hives
1898:Urticaria
1654:1529-7322
1640:(8): 51.
1508:0001-5555
785:: 77–80.
425:ice cream
348:allergist
342:Diagnosis
312:histamine
97:urticaria
64:Specialty
2275:Category
2223:erythema
2120:Erythema
1950:Familial
1802:L50.210)
1754:12051897
1746:17900265
1711:23341807
1662:28634900
1599:11409259
1583:: S1-4.
1552:24785199
1516:26038847
1442:26038847
1279:27406621
1271:18622198
1236:20069137
1195:16981288
1164:34516905
1156:18258152
1118:23371016
1110:18423104
1075:15541451
1049:Elsevier
1047:(9447).
883:11687797
824:Elsevier
820:Saunders
801:15720239
708:32159216
700:17355280
665:18333501
597:Erythema
592:Diascopy
570:See also
564:Ebastine
551:Twinject
508:Benadryl
502:such as
486:20
435:Swimming
429:iced tea
401:IV lines
263:anakinra
130:drowning
1907:chronic
1838:D056587
1726:Allergy
1702:3551415
1532:Allergy
1465:27 July
1066:4321997
1014:27 July
973:27 July
969:. 16400
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874:4322000
547:Epi-pen
528:doxepin
302:test).
271:abdomen
190:welting
101:7
2221:Other
1827:120100
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871:
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545:(like
273:. The
218:chills
166:wheals
154:wheals
75:Causes
1903:acute
1816:708.2
1796:L50.2
1750:S2CID
1416:(PDF)
1346:55969
1275:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1114:S2CID
781:(1).
704:S2CID
539:hives
461:Drugs
449:Sweat
443:shock
405:hives
399:Cold
306:Cause
248:CIAS1
237:NOMID
229:CIAS1
214:fever
140:Types
93:hives
1849:4688
1833:MeSH
1822:OMIM
1811:9-CM
1800:ILDS
1742:PMID
1707:PMID
1658:PMID
1650:ISSN
1613:link
1595:PMID
1548:PMID
1512:PMID
1504:ISSN
1467:2021
1438:PMID
1385:ISBN
1342:PMID
1302:ISBN
1267:PMID
1232:PMID
1191:PMID
1152:PMID
1106:PMID
1071:PMID
1016:2021
975:2021
962:HGNC
916:2021
879:PMID
828:ISBN
797:PMID
750:ISBN
722:link
696:PMID
661:PMID
491:and
381:snow
252:gene
235:and
220:and
206:rash
1807:ICD
1787:ICD
1734:doi
1697:PMC
1689:doi
1642:doi
1585:doi
1573:101
1540:doi
1494:doi
1428:doi
1334:doi
1330:294
1259:doi
1224:doi
1144:doi
1098:doi
1061:PMC
1053:doi
1045:364
1005:doi
1000:PDB
869:PMC
861:doi
787:doi
688:doi
651:doi
647:173
549:or
510:),
427:or
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