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its investigation, said: "One's reaction to the foregoing narrative is 'What's going on here?'" The court found it "unthinkable" that the Air Force would burden them with undesirable discharges "without respect for even the most elementary notions of due process of law". Theirs is the earliest known case of the successful appeal of a discharge from the
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claiming denial of due process when denied courts-martial and discharged administratively. They prevailed in 1960 when the court invalidated the discharges and awarded them their back military pay for the remainder of their enlistment periods. The court, after recounting the Air Force's account of
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They were demoted from corporal to private, discharged in early 1952 and lived together in
Marietta, Georgia. They spent eight years fighting their discharges in the
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states that
Clackum's victory "suggests that in somewhat saner times an objective court could understand how outrageous the military's tactics were."
19:(June 10, 1929 – August 16, 2014) was the first person to successfully challenge her discharge on the grounds of homosexuality from the U.S military.
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on grounds of homosexuality, though the case turned on due process claims, not homosexuality as the basis for their exclusion from military service.
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in the late 1940s and early 1950s. When the Air Force suspected her and Grace Garner of being lesbians, it arranged for a four-person
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used those events as the basis of a series of interrogations in April 1951 when the pair were accused of being
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Odd Girls and
Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America
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The
Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America
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296 F.2d 226: Fannie Mae
Clackum v. United States, January 20, 1960
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American military personnel discharged for homosexuality
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Gay
American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A
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122:Cases decided in the United States Court of Claims
184:296 F.2d 226: Fannie Mae Clackum v. United States
64:Sexual orientation and the United States military
32:U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations
89:(Princeton University Press, 2009), 199-200,
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110:. New York: Thomas Crowell. pp. 119–23.
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120:Back pay only for enlistment periods:
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219:Women in the United States Air Force
214:United States Air Force reservists
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22:Fannie Mae Clackum served as a
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155:. New York: Penguin. p.
28:overnight trip and motel stay
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224:Lesbian military personnel
147:Lillian Faderman (1991).
93:, accessed July 10, 2011
137:, accessed July 9, 2011
24:US Air Force Reservist
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43:US Court of Claims
17:Fannie Mae Clackum
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106:(1976).
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