286:
1896:
463:
language family, if it weren't for the dominant social, historical, and political concept of
Chinese as a unitary language. Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin, the mutually unintelligible varieties of Southwestern Mandarin, and indeed the mutually intelligible dialects within those varieties are all
458:
may not be politically or socially acceptable to a significant number of scholars. For example, several varieties of
Southwestern Mandarin are not mutually intelligible, and they would be classified as distinct languages within the Mandarin branch of the
258:
work" of its era. His dictionary's preface explains how he spent 27 years amassing and collating the dictionary. Yang collected regionalisms from many sources, particularly the 'light carriage' (
1783:
1334:
989:
254:(53 BCE – 18 CE). It was the first Chinese dictionary to include significant regional vocabulary, and is considered the "most significant
1723:
277:
dynasties, where imperial emissaries were sent into the countryside annually to record folk songs and idioms from across China, reaching as far north as Korea.
1713:
1591:
486:
1753:
519:
Translations include 'regional words', 'regional expressions', 'dictionary of local expressions', and 'regional spoken words'.In modern usage, the term
807:
982:
942:
773:
754:
669:
644:
616:
588:
1763:
1703:
1793:
785:"Language or Dialect – or Topolect? A Comparison of the Attitudes of Hong Kongers and Mainland Chinese towards the Status of Cantonese"
1733:
975:
1918:
214:
158:
1923:
193:
1899:
1743:
480:
1389:
104:
1933:
1928:
1624:
510:('Local expressions of other countries in times immemorial explained by the Light-Carriage Messenger').
1668:
1635:
1773:
1687:
455:
454:. In all of these situations, an identification of distinct languages by the straightforward criterion of
222:
1847:
1571:
1367:
925:
521:
20:
967:
1435:
822:
374:
251:
300:
originally contained some 9,000 characters in 15 chapters, but two chapters have since been lost.
1876:
1356:
1252:
1002:
998:
576:
247:
1837:
1263:
1241:
1230:
1197:
938:
844:
769:
750:
665:
640:
612:
584:
142:
134:
808:"What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms"
1857:
1646:
1534:
869:
83:
52:
1613:
1457:
1404:
1378:
1274:
742:
451:
399:
to the distribution of regional words, identifying dialect areas and their relationships.
784:
741:
Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992). "Lexicography and the history of the
Chinese language". In
118:
26:
This article is about the dictionary. For the work of philosophy by the same author, see
1285:
803:
632:
548:
538:
443:
434:
has been used to characterize other speech varieties where an identification as either
382:
285:
1912:
1142:
1087:
474:
255:
1556:
1545:
1523:
1512:
873:
833:
604:
396:
386:
333:
326:
270:
186:
90:
27:
1501:
533:
953:
713:
1867:
1219:
1164:
1065:
1036:
378:
337:
330:
274:
207:
901:
349:
1120:
1076:
543:
151:
848:
1468:
1413:
303:
Definitions typically list regional synonyms. For example, the entry for
172:
1490:
1446:
1175:
1109:
1098:
527:
460:
345:
1813:
1424:
1323:
1153:
447:
962:] (in Literary Chinese). Yuedong shuju – via Google Books.
891:
749:. Lexicographica Series. Vol. 41. Niemeyer. pp. 105–135.
1479:
1345:
1208:
1131:
284:
377:(1st century CE), which is an important diachronic stage between
250:
compiled in the early 1st century CE by the poet and philosopher
1186:
1047:
581:
Ancient and Early
Medieval Chinese Literature. A Reference Guide
971:
909:
198:
390:
360:. From the Pass, east- and west-ward , some call it also
219:
177:
163:
19:
For the general sense of a regional
Chinese dialect, see
683:
681:
1784:
Lin Yutang's
Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
408:
369:
Comparative linguists have used dialect data from the
318:
308:
264:
139:
123:
109:
95:
856:——— (1967). "Five Word Studies on
1829:
1806:
1695:
1686:
1660:
1605:
1570:
1403:
1299:
1016:
1009:
531:, but linguists have proposed direct neologisms of
213:
206:
192:
185:
171:
157:
150:
133:
117:
103:
89:
82:
77:
65:
51:
40:
289:Major Han-era dialect groups as inferred from the
1335:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
662:Ideography and Chinese Language Theory: A History
395:. Serruys also applied the techniques of modern
860:(Third Part): The Dialect Words for 'Tiger'".
838:The Chinese Dialects of Han Time According to
1724:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
983:
637:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China
259:
57:
8:
843:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
583:. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. p. 1935.
1592:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
935:Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960
639:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118.
487:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
1895:
1803:
1692:
1013:
990:
976:
968:
74:
1714:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
442:would be controversial. Examples include
320:虎：陳魏宋楚之間或謂之李父；江淮南楚之間謂之李耳，或謂之於菟．自關東西或謂之伯都．
16:Han dynasty dictionary of regional terms
699:
687:
568:
499:
373:in reconstructing the pronunciation of
766:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
747:History, Languages, and Lexicographers
446:and the various regional varieties of
141:
37:
525:is customarily translated as English
421:should be translated into Chinese as
7:
1764:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1704:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
389:reconstructs 'tiger' as Old Chinese
1754:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
664:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 206.
14:
660:O'Neill, Timothy Michael (2016).
1894:
635:; Ronan, Colin A., eds. (1978).
609:The Encyclopedia of Confucianism
890:
768:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
579:; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014).
220:
199:
178:
164:
1794:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
1312:
1307:
1303:
1025:
937:. Cambridge University Press.
874:10.1080/02549948.1967.11744969
426:
260:
140:
124:
110:
96:
58:
1:
1054:
1900:List of Chinese dictionaries
1744:The Five Thousand Dictionary
1734:A Chinese–English Dictionary
481:List of Chinese dictionaries
391:
1390:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
712:Mair, Victor (2016-11-21).
265:
1950:
1625:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
611:. Routledge. p. 472.
409:
407:Victor Mair proposed that
319:
309:
269:) surveys made during the
25:
18:
1892:
1669:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
1020:
900:(in Chinese) – via
783:Groves, Julie M. (2008).
507:
422:
325:Tiger: in the regions of
234:
73:
47:
1636:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
954:
952:Yang Xiong (揚雄) (1873).
913:
764:DeFrancis, John (1984).
385:. In the above example,
313:'tiger') is as follows:
1774:Grammata Serica Recensa
933:Tam, Gina Anne (2020).
352:Nan-Chu , they call it
1842:(Tangut; 12th century)
1042:(first millennium BCE)
821:: 1–31. Archived from
456:mutual intelligibility
367:
293:
1919:Chinese classic texts
1058: 3rd century BC
917:(in Literary Chinese)
714:"Language vs. script"
315:
288:
1924:Chinese dictionaries
1848:Pentaglot Dictionary
1368:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
926:Chinese Text Project
815:Sino-Platonic Papers
792:Sino-Platonic Papers
464:termed "topolects".
344:; in the regions of
215:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
21:Varieties of Chinese
1436:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
834:Serruys, Paul L.-M.
577:Knechtges, David R.
375:Eastern Han Chinese
356:, and some call it
1877:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
1830:In other languages
1357:Zhongwen Da Cidian
1253:Zhonghua Da Zidian
1003:Chinese characters
1001:for scripts using
506:The full title is
294:
248:Chinese dictionary
1934:1st-century books
1929:Han dynasty texts
1906:
1905:
1888:
1887:
1838:Pearl in the Palm
1825:
1824:
1682:
1681:
1518:(c. 12th century)
1264:Xinhua Dictionary
1242:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
1231:Kangxi Dictionary
1192:(c. 11th century)
944:978-1-108-77640-0
775:978-0-824-80866-2
756:978-3-484-30941-8
671:978-3-110-45714-8
646:978-0-521-23582-2
618:978-0-700-71199-4
590:978-9-004-27185-2
430:. Based on this,
413:be translated as
238:
237:
230:
229:
159:Yale Romanization
84:Standard Mandarin
1941:
1898:
1897:
1881:
1873:
1863:
1862:(Japanese; 1960)
1858:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
1853:
1843:
1818:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1693:
1675:
1653:
1647:Longkan Shoujian
1642:
1631:
1620:
1598:
1587:
1586:(c. 1st century)
1563:
1552:
1541:
1535:Zhongyuan Yinyun
1530:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1486:
1475:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1431:
1420:
1396:
1385:
1374:
1363:
1352:
1341:
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1314:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1193:
1182:
1171:
1170:(c. 7th century)
1160:
1149:
1148:(c. 4th century)
1138:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1043:
1027:
1022:
1014:
992:
985:
978:
969:
963:
948:
929:
923:
922:
905:
899:
895:
877:
862:Monumenta Serica
852:
829:
827:
812:
799:
789:
779:
760:
743:Zgusta, Ladislav
728:
727:
725:
724:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
676:
675:
657:
651:
650:
629:
623:
622:
601:
595:
594:
573:
552:
517:
511:
509:
504:
428:
424:
412:
411:
394:
322:
321:
312:
311:
268:
263:
262:
226:
225:
224:
202:
201:
181:
180:
167:
166:
146:
145:
144:
129:
128:
127:
113:
112:
99:
98:
75:
61:
60:
38:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1696:Chinese–English
1678:
1673:
1656:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1618:
1614:Jingdian Shiwen
1601:
1596:
1585:
1566:
1561:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1495:
1484:
1473:
1462:
1458:Yunhai jingyuan
1451:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1399:
1394:
1383:
1379:Hanyu Da Cidian
1372:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1279:
1275:Hanyu Da Zidian
1268:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1224:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1018:
1005:
996:
966:
956:
951:
945:
932:
920:
918:
915:
908:
893:
889:
885:
883:Further reading
880:
855:
832:
825:
810:
804:Mair, Victor H.
802:
787:
782:
776:
763:
757:
740:
736:
731:
722:
720:
711:
710:
706:
698:
694:
686:
679:
672:
659:
658:
654:
647:
633:Needham, Joseph
631:
630:
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619:
603:
602:
598:
591:
575:
574:
570:
566:
561:
556:
555:
518:
514:
505:
501:
496:
470:
405:
366:
340:, some call it
324:
323:
283:
125:
105:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
69:Regional speech
66:Literal meaning
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1872:(French; 2001)
1868:Le Grand Ricci
1864:
1854:
1852:(Manchu; 1794)
1844:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
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1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1551:(17th century)
1542:
1531:
1529:(14th century)
1520:
1509:
1498:
1487:
1476:
1465:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1421:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1342:
1331:
1319:
1317:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:Zhonghua Zihai
1282:
1271:
1260:
1249:
1238:
1227:
1216:
1205:
1194:
1183:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1139:
1128:
1117:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1062:
1044:
1032:
1030:
1011:
1007:
1006:
997:
995:
994:
987:
980:
972:
965:
964:
949:
943:
930:
906:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:
868:(1): 255–285.
853:
830:
828:on 2018-05-10.
800:
780:
774:
761:
755:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:
704:
702:, p. 256.
692:
690:, p. 113.
677:
670:
652:
645:
624:
617:
607:, ed. (2015).
596:
589:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:Victor H. Mair
539:John DeFrancis
512:
498:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
483:
478:
469:
466:
404:
401:
383:Middle Chinese
316:
282:
279:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
169:
168:
161:
155:
154:
152:Yue: Cantonese
148:
147:
137:
131:
130:
121:
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
93:
87:
86:
80:
79:
78:Transcriptions
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
55:
49:
48:
45:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1946:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1891:
1878:
1875:
1870:
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1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
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1671:
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1638:
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1633:
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1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:(before 1161)
1504:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:(3rd century)
1123:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:(2nd century)
1090:
1089:
1088:Shuowen Jiezi
1085:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
973:
970:
961:
957:
950:
946:
940:
936:
931:
927:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
896:
888:
887:
882:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
824:
820:
816:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
781:
777:
771:
767:
762:
758:
752:
748:
744:
739:
738:
733:
719:
715:
708:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
673:
667:
663:
656:
653:
648:
642:
638:
634:
628:
625:
620:
614:
610:
606:
605:Yao, Xinzhong
600:
597:
592:
586:
582:
578:
572:
569:
563:
558:
550:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:
524:
523:
516:
513:
503:
500:
493:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
477:
476:
475:Shuowen Jiezi
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
416:
402:
400:
398:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
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1639:一切經音義 (慧琳)
1628:一切經音義 (玄英)
1220:Zhengzitong
1165:Ganlu Zishu
1071:(c. 220 BC)
1066:Cangjiepian
1037:Shizhoupian
1010:Monolingual
734:Works cited
534:regionalect
403:Terminology
379:Old Chinese
208:Old Chinese
1913:Categories
1606:Exegetical
1595:現代漢語方言大詞典
1082:(c. 40 BC)
1017:Characters
921:2024-03-02
902:Wikisource
723:2020-10-12
559:References
252:Yang Xiong
179:Fong1-jin4
119:Wade–Giles
1688:Bilingual
1572:Varieties
1502:Qiyin lüe
1393:现代汉语规范词典
1121:Xiao Erya
1077:Jijiupian
564:Citations
200:Hong-giân
165:Fōng-yìhn
1880:(Korean)
1672:中國人名大辭典
1641:(c. 807)
1630:(c. 649)
1619:(c. 583)
1469:Guangyun
1419:(c. 230)
1414:Shenglei
1338:教育部國語辭典
1159:(c. 543)
1137:(c. 350)
1115:(c. 230)
1104:(c. 200)
858:Fang Yen
840:Fang Yen
836:(1959).
806:(1991).
798:: 1–103.
544:topolect
468:See also
436:language
432:topolect
417:, while
415:topolect
281:Contents
173:Jyutping
126:Fang-yen
1581:Fangyan
1491:Yunjing
1447:Tangyun
1439:刊謬補缺切韻
1371:现代汉语词典
1176:Leipian
1110:Guangya
1099:Shiming
960:Fangyan
911:Fangyan
849:3823182
745:(ed.).
528:dialect
522:fangyan
461:Sinitic
440:dialect
427:tōngyán
419:dialect
371:Fangyan
298:Fangyan
291:Fangyan
266:yóuxuān
243:Fangyan
111:Fangyan
97:Fāngyán
53:Chinese
42:Fangyan
1817:(1997)
1814:CEDICT
1807:Online
1798:(1996)
1788:(1972)
1778:(1957)
1768:(1947)
1758:(1931)
1748:(1926)
1738:(1892)
1728:(1874)
1718:(1842)
1708:(1823)
1674:(1921)
1597:(2002)
1562:(1711)
1540:(1324)
1496:(1161)
1485:(1037)
1474:(1008)
1425:Qieyun
1395:(2004)
1384:(1994)
1382:漢語大詞典
1373:(1978)
1362:(1968)
1360:中文大辭典
1351:(1938)
1340:(1926)
1329:(1915)
1324:Ciyuan
1291:(1994)
1280:(1989)
1278:漢語大字典
1269:(1957)
1258:(1915)
1256:中華大字典
1247:(1815)
1245:說文解字注
1236:(1716)
1225:(1627)
1214:(1615)
1203:(1254)
1198:Zitong
1181:(1066)
1154:Yupian
1143:Ziyuan
955:方言：13卷
941:
897:
847:
772:
753:
668:
643:
615:
587:
541:) and
452:Romani
448:Arabic
392:*blxâg
194:Tâi-lô
31:(book)
1652:(997)
1650:龍龕手鑒
1617:經典釋文
1560:佩文韻府
1549:戚林八音
1538:中原音韻
1527:蒙古字韻
1480:Jiyun
1463:(780)
1461:韻海鏡源
1452:(732)
1441:(706)
1430:(601)
1346:Cihai
1300:Words
1289:中华字海
1267:新华字典
1234:康熙字典
1209:Zihui
1168:干祿字書
1132:Zilin
1091:說文解字
958:[
826:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
494:Notes
444:Scots
354:li'er
346:Jiang
246:is a
223:paŋŋa
221:*
29:Fayan
1516:平水韻
1505:七音略
1405:Rime
1223:正字通
1187:Piya
1124:小爾雅
1080:急就篇
1069:倉頡篇
1048:Erya
1040:史籀篇
939:ISBN
845:OCLC
770:ISBN
751:ISBN
666:ISBN
641:ISBN
613:ISBN
585:ISBN
450:and
381:and
362:bodu
358:wutu
350:Huai
342:lifu
334:Song
327:Chen
296:The
273:and
271:Zhou
240:The
1584:方言
1494:韻鏡
1483:集韻
1472:廣韻
1450:唐韻
1428:切韻
1417:聲類
1349:辭海
1327:辭源
1212:字彙
1201:字通
1190:埤雅
1179:類篇
1157:玉篇
1146:字苑
1135:字林
1113:廣雅
1102:釋名
1051:爾雅
870:doi
796:179
438:or
338:Chu
331:Wei
275:Qin
135:IPA
1915::
1313:cí
1310:;
1055:c.
1026:zì
1023:;
914:方言
894:方言
866:26
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819:29
817:.
813:.
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680:^
551:).
423:通言
410:方言
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305:hu
261:輶軒
59:方言
1316:)
1308:词
1306:／
1304:詞
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