299:
these spaces are located below the mandible, but historically the maxilla and mandible together were termed "maxillae", and sometimes the mandible was termed the "inferior maxilla". Sometimes the term submaxillary space is used synonymously with submandibular space. Confusion exists, as some sources describe the sublingual and the submandibular spaces as compartments of the "submandibular space".
374:
418:
together called the temporal spaces. The masticator spaces are paired structures on either side of the head. The muscles of mastication are enclosed in a layer of fascia, formed by cervical fascia ascending from the neck which divides at the inferior border of the mandible to envelope the area. Each masticator space also contains the sections of the
417:
This term is sometimes used, and is a collective name for the submasseteric (masseteric), pterygomandibular, superficial temporal and deep temporal spaces. The infratemporal space is the inferior portion of the deep temporal space. The superficial temporal and the deep temporal spaces are sometimes
298:
The submaxillary space is a historical term for the combination of the submandibular, submental and sublingual spaces, which in modern practice are referred to separately or collectively termed the perimandibular spaces. The term submaxillary may be confusing to modern students and clinicians since
429:
The masticator space could therefore be described as a potential space with four separate compartments. Infections usually only occupy one of these compartments, but severe or long standing infections can spread to involve the entire masticator space. The compartments of the masticator space are
448:
This is also referred to as the masseter space or the superifical masticator space. The submasseteric space is logically located under (deep to) the masseter muscle, created by the insertions of masseter onto the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus. Submasseteric abscesses are rare and are
116:
Generally, the spread of infection is determined by barriers such as muscle, bone and fasciae. Pus moves by the path of least resistance, e.g. the fluid will more readily dissect apart loosely connected tissue planes, such the fascial spaces, than erode through
251:. As such, the spaces can also be classified according to their relation to the upper and lower teeth, and whether infection may directly spread into the space (primary space), or must spread via another space (secondary space):
121:
or muscles. In the head and neck, potential spaces are primarily defined by the complex attachment of muscles, especially mylohyoid, buccinator, masseter, medial pterygoid, superior constrictor and orbicularis oris.
496:
Modern understanding of the fascial spaces of the head and neck developed from the landmark research of
Grodinsky and Holyoke in the 1930s. They injected a dye into cadavers to simulate pus. Their
500:
was that infection in the head and neck mainly spread by hydrostatic pressure. This is now accepted to be true for most infections in the head and neck, with the exception of
229:
is the most important anatomic structure in the neck that limits the spread of infection, the spaces can be classified according to their relation to the hyoid bone:
738:
419:
463:
The pterygomandibular space lies between the medial side of the ramus of the mandible and the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle.
687:
628:
592:
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and underlying organs and other tissues. In health, these spaces do not exist; they are only created by pathology, e.g. the spread of
717:
658:
564:
536:
109:
are dependent upon the location of the space. Those containing neurovascular tissue (nerves and blood vessels) may also be termed
125:
Infections involving fascial spaces of the head and neck may give varying signs and symptoms depending upon the spaces involved.
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141:(difficulty breathing) may be a sign that the airway is being compressed by the swelling.
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676:
94:
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82:
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Different classifications are used. One method distinguishes four anatomic groups:
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58:. The fascial spaces are different from the fasciae themselves, which are bands of
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373:
497:
226:
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559:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 151–153, 229–233.
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The infra-temporal space is the inferior portion of the deep temporal space.
134:
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located on either side of the mandibular ramus and on either side of the
247:, the fascial spaces are almost always of relevance due to the spread of
138:
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126:
55:
35:
74:
63:
587:(10th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 590–595.
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Kenneth M. Hargreaves; Stephen Cohen; Louis H.Berman, eds. (2010).
712:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 317–333.
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102:
78:
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623:(4. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 188–213.
39:
678:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
653:. Philadelphia PA: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 460–472.
66:. The opening of fascial spaces may be facilitated by
531:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 374–375.
377:
The four compartents of the right masticator space.
50:. The fascial spaces can also be opened during the
675:
129:(difficulty opening the mouth) is a sign that the
93:may also be termed clefts. Other contents such as
239:Fascial spaces traversing the length of the neck
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610:
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133:(the muscles that move the jaw) are involved.
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8:
651:Netter's Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry
578:
576:
550:
548:
413:Approximate location of infratemporal space.
710:Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery
703:
701:
699:
420:mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
619:Topazian RG, Goldberg MH, Hupp JR (2002).
467:Deep temporal space (infra-temporal space)
508:which tend to spread via the lymphatics.
504:which tends to burrow into the skin, and
516:
216:The canine spaces (infraorbital spaces)
557:Clinical problem solving in dentistry
7:
708:Hupp JR, Ellis E, Tucker MR (2008).
739:Fascial spaces of the head and neck
179:The buccal vestibule of the maxilla
358:Canine space (infra-orbital space)
193:The pharyngeal and cervical areas
14:
621:Oral and maxillofacial infections
449:associated with marked trismus.
89:). The spaces filled with loose
527:Newlands C, Kerawala C (2010).
62:that surround structures, e.g.
529:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
245:oral and maxillofacial surgery
1:
585:Cohen's pathways of the pulp
397:Superficial temporal space,
236:Infrahyoid (below the hyoid)
233:Suprahyoid (above the hyoid)
137:(difficulty swallowing) and
682:(39th ed.). Elsevier.
196:The pterygomandibular space
176:The cheek and lateral face
760:
506:mycotuberculoid infections
487:Superficial temporal space
476:
470:
456:
441:
393:Medial ptaerygoid muscle,
389:Lateral pterygoid muscle,
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350:
339:
328:
317:
306:
269:Primary mandibular spaces
424:internal maxillary artery
409:Pterygomandibular space,
255:Primary maxillary spaces
213:The base of the upper lip
199:The parapharyngeal spaces
91:areolar connective tissue
159:The body of the mandible
459:Pterygomandibular space
453:Pterygomandibular space
185:The submasseteric space
171:The submandibular space
153:The mandible and below
34:that exist between the
414:
342:mental space (anatomy)
249:odontogenic infections
219:The periorbital spaces
131:muscles of mastication
405:Submasseteric space,
401:Deep temporal space,
376:
294:Perimandibular spaces
24:fascial tissue spaces
674:Standring S (2004).
168:The sublingual space
156:The buccal vestibule
479:Deep temporal space
473:Infratemporal space
444:Submasseteric space
438:Submasseteric space
381:Temporalis muscle,
309:Submandibular space
303:Submandibular space
284:Submasseteric space
278:Submandibular space
264:Infratemporal space
202:The cervical spaces
165:The submental space
77:which cause tissue
649:Norton NS (2007).
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188:The temporal space
432:temporalis muscle
385:Masseter muscle,
60:connective tissue
16:Aspect of anatomy
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555:Odell W (2010).
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369:Masticator space
331:Sublingual space
325:Sublingual space
281:Sublingual space
182:The buccal space
162:The mental space
32:potential spaces
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320:Submental space
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314:Submental space
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289:Cervical spaces
272:Submental space
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95:salivary glands
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689:978-0443066764
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477:Main article:
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145:Classification
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744:Human anatomy
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502:actinomycosis
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28:tissue spaces
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22:(also termed
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364:Canine space
353:Buccal space
347:Buccal space
336:Mental space
297:
275:Buccal space
261:Buccal space
258:Canine space
242:
224:
207:The midface
148:
124:
115:
111:compartments
27:
23:
19:
18:
107:lymph nodes
87:collagenase
73:release of
733:Categories
512:References
498:hypothesis
227:hyoid bone
225:Since the
210:The palate
68:pathogenic
52:dissection
44:cellulitis
135:Dysphagia
71:bacterial
48:infection
422:and the
139:dyspnoea
492:History
127:Trismus
75:enzymes
64:muscles
56:cadaver
36:fasciae
716:
686:
657:
627:
591:
563:
535:
103:nerves
81:(e.g.
46:in an
30:) are
79:lysis
54:of a
714:ISBN
684:ISBN
655:ISBN
625:ISBN
589:ISBN
561:ISBN
533:ISBN
119:bone
105:and
85:and
243:In
42:or
40:pus
26:or
735::
698:^
639:^
603:^
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547:^
519:^
434:.
426:.
113:.
101:,
97:,
722:.
692:.
663:.
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569:.
541:.
411:I
407:H
403:G
399:F
395:E
391:D
387:C
383:B
379:A
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