713:. For conventional swing bowling, the raised seam and the direction it points governs the direction of swing. Due to the angled seam of the ball, air flowing over the seam produces turbulence on the side that the seam is angled toward. This causes the boundary layer to separate from the surface of the ball later (farther toward the rear of the ball) than the other side where it separates earlier (farther forward on the surface). The resulting net force acts so as to move or swing the ball in the direction of the angled seam. Conventional swing bowling is delivered with the seam angled such that the smooth or polished side of the ball faces forward to move the ball in the direction of the seam
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separating later is similar to the effect produced by dimples in a golf ball. In case of the golf ball, turbulence is produced on both sides of the ball and the net effect is a later separation of the boundary layer on both sides and smaller wake in the back of the ball and a lower net drag due to pressure differential between the front and the back – this enables the golf ball to travel farther.
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those swinging conventionally, both factors increasing the difficulty the batter has in trying to hit the ball. At speeds of over 90 mph a ball always exhibits reverse swing, but as roughness increases on the leading side, the speed at which reverse swing occurs decreases. This means that an older ball is more likely to be delivered with reverse swing as its surface is roughened through use.
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ball gets older, the wear makes swing more difficult to achieve, but this can be countered if the fielding team systematically polishes one side of the ball while allowing the other to become rough. When the ball has been polished highly on one side and not on the other and if the ball is bowled very fast (over 85 miles per hour (140 km/h)), it produces a
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Bowlers usually use the same grip and technique on swing balls as fast balls, though they usually keep the seam slightly rather than straight, and may use the slower ball grip. It is difficult to achieve swing with a cutter grip since the ball spins in flight, varying the orientation of the shiny and
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A swinging ball is classed as either an outswinger, which moves away from the batter, or an inswinger, which moves in toward the batter. In most cases the outswinger is seen as the more dangerous ball because, if the batter fails to recognise it, it catches the outside edge of the bat instead of the
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Swing bowlers cause the ball to move laterally through the air, rather than off the pitch like seam bowlers. Normal or conventional swing bowling is encouraged by the raised seam of the ball, and conventional swing is usually greatest when the ball is new and therefore has a pronounced seam. As the
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Strike bowling is the term usually applied to bowlers who are used primarily to take wickets rather than restrict runs. Typically, strike bowlers work in short spells, either at the start of an innings or to confront new batters, although they are also employed tactically at other times. For fast
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A widespread method of classification is based on average ball release speed. However, there is no universally accepted set of definitions and the categorization of bowlers according to speed may take into account competition level and gender. Terms used in different classifications include "slow
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is a phenomenon that makes the ball swing in the opposite direction to that usually produced by the orientation of the shiny and rough sides of the ball. When the ball is reverse swinging, the ball swings towards the shiny side. Balls that reverse swing move much later and much more sharply than
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or intercostal strains and muscular strains of the calves, hamstrings or spinal erectors. Popular media and commentators are often critical of the number of injuries suffered by fast bowlers. However, as of 2019, injury rates are at their lowest in decades, in many parts thanks to advances in
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the seam is angled in the same way as in conventional swing (10–20 degrees to one side) but the boundary layer on both sides is turbulent. The net effect of the seam and rough side is that the ball swings in the direction opposite to where the seam is pointing to. The turbulent boundary layer
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to reflect the predominant characteristic of their deliveries. Strictly speaking, a pure swing bowler does not need to have a high degree of pace, though dedicated medium-pace swing bowlers are rarely seen at Test level in modern times. There are different categories in fast bowling known in
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Swing bowling can also be roughly categorised as early swing or late swing, corresponding to when in the trajectory the ball changes direction. The later the ball swings, the less chance the batter has of adjusting to account for the swing.
574:). More commonly, however, a combined approach is adopted to produce balls that the batter finds difficult or impossible to play, whatever the speed at which they are delivered. In this respect, the inswinging
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rough surfaces as it moves through the air. Many players, commentators on the game, and fans agree that swing is easier to achieve in humid or overcast conditions, and also that the red ball used in
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Fast bowlers typically experience the highest incidence of injury of all player roles in cricket. The largest time-loss injuries are typically associated with overuse at the site of the
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as this can result in the ball either breaking the wicket (by going clean "through the gate" or getting an inside edge) or hitting the pad rather than the bat (resulting in a possible
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bowlers, results can be achieved through sheer speed and aggression, rather than by trying to make the ball move through the air (
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such that the ball swings in the opposite direction as in conventional swing. Contrary to popular opinion, this
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is a good example of delivery that, even when bowled relatively slowly, can nevertheless be highly effective.
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Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
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Swing is produced due to a net force acting on the ball from one side; that is, the side with the more
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is not produced by air flowing faster over the smooth or "shiny" side as compared to the rough side.
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1705:"James Anderson 'the complete bowler', says Michael Atherton, after bowling masterclass for England"
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techniques, although the term "seamer" is also commonly used to refer to pace bowlers in general.
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1890:"Records – Twenty20 Internationals – Bowling records – Most wickets in career – ESPNcricinfo"
1837:, Orchard et al. 2011, Injury report 2011: Cricket Australia, Sports Health, vo, 29, iss. 4.
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1869:"Records – One Day Internationals – Bowling records – Most wickets in career – ESPNcricinfo"
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On average, female fast bowlers produce slower ball release speeds than male fast bowlers:
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1513:"Comparison of biomechanical characteristics between male and female elite fast bowlers"
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international cricket such as fast bowling, medium fast bowling, medium bowling, etc.
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Pace bowlers may be classified based on quantitative or qualitative attributes.
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The discovery of reverse swing is credited to
Pakistan's cricketers, with
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physical conditioning, sport science, and load management interventions.
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Felton, P. J.; Lister, S. L.; Worthington, P. J.; King, M. A. (2019).
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and
Farrukh Ahmed Khan, both named as originators of the delivery.
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725:. Inswingers have their place too, especially combined with the
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Ferdinands, Rene; Marshall, Robert N.; Kersting, Uwe (2010).
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NB: The above figures all exclude matches in progress
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medium", "medium", "fast medium", "fast" and "express".
1458:"Centre of mass kinematics of fast bowling in cricket"
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Bowlers may be categorised according to their use of
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622:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1985:Jargonbusting: The Analyst's Guide to Test Cricket
815:Twenty20 International cricket bowling records
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1760:(3rd ed.). London: Wisden. p. 178.
811:One Day International cricket bowling records
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745:swings more than the white ball used in the
1958:"Top 10 Fastest Bowlers in Cricket History"
1933:"Records for All Matches-Bowling speeds(1)"
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1811:"How Pakistan became the kings of swing"
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721:middle and fly up to be caught in the
1703:Atherton, Michael (25 January 2021).
1565:Justham, L; West, A; Cork, A (2008).
7:
620:adding citations to reliable sources
491:adding citations to reliable sources
415:. They can also be referred to as a
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391:) is one of two main approaches to
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1758:The Wisden Dictionary of Cricket
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1789:"The science of swing bowling"
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1910:Bren Gray (17 October 2023).
1529:10.1080/02640414.2018.1522700
1474:10.1080/14763141.2010.523844
807:Test cricket bowling records
425:fast bowler who can swing it
27:Bowling technique in cricket
1437:Types of bowlers in cricket
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1517:Journal of Sports Sciences
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788:. Common injuries include
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2012:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1756:Rundell, Michael (2006).
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717:toward the rough side.
1735:Wisden Cricket Monthly
1583:10.1243/17543371JSET25
1257:Deliveries in Cricket
292:Spin bowler deliveries
232:Fast bowler deliveries
801:Top five fast bowlers
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2219:Cricket terminology
1462:Sports Biomechanics
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1613:"Jason Holder"
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153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
128:
127:
69:"Fast bowling"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Fourth umpire
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Batting order
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:Wicket-keeper
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:Fielding side
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:0-297-81578-4
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:0-7522-6508-3
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Hughes, Simon
1979:
1978:
1963:
1962:Sports Monkey
1959:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1815:The Telegraph
1812:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1660:
1659:"Steve Waugh"
1653:
1650:
1637:
1636:"Steven Finn"
1630:
1627:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1281:
1279:
1278:Shoaib Akhtar
1274:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1079:
1077:
1076:Glenn McGrath
1072:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1053:Shaun Pollock
1049:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1030:Chaminda Vaas
1026:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1003:
997:
987:
985:
980:
974:
966:
962:
945:
943:
938:
932:
922:
920:
915:
909:
899:
897:
896:Glenn McGrath
892:
886:
876:
874:
869:
863:
853:
851:
846:
840:
832:
828:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
795:
791:
787:
779:
777:
775:
774:Sarfraz Nawaz
770:
767:
766:reverse swing
762:
759:
758:Reverse swing
753:Reverse swing
752:
750:
748:
744:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:reverse swing
686:
683:
675:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633: –
632:
628:
627:Find sources:
621:
617:
611:
610:
605:This article
603:
599:
594:
593:
589:
588:Swing bowling
582:Swing bowling
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:swing bowling
557:
554:
546:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504: –
503:
499:
498:Find sources:
492:
488:
482:
481:
476:This article
474:
470:
465:
464:
458:
456:
454:
450:
449:swing bowling
445:
443:
437:
431:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Reverse swing
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
233:
228:
227:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
177:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2183:Third umpire
2119:Batting side
2005:
1984:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1937:ESPNcricinfo
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1842:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1757:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1577:(2): 61–76.
1574:
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1520:
1516:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1465:
1461:
1451:
1400:
1356:Jeff Thomson
1254:
1238:
1223:Chris Jordan
1091:
1007:Waqar Younis
873:Stuart Broad
794:side strains
786:lumbar spine
783:
771:
763:
756:
747:one-day game
743:Test cricket
739:
735:
719:
714:
705:
693:
678:
672:October 2023
669:
659:
652:
645:
638:
626:
614:Please help
609:verification
606:
572:seam bowling
564:
549:
543:January 2021
540:
530:
523:
516:
509:
497:
485:Please help
480:verification
477:
453:seam bowling
446:
442:ESPNcricinfo
438:
435:
424:
423:bowler or a
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:spin bowling
389:pace bowling
388:
385:Fast bowling
384:
383:
249:Knuckle ball
181:Spin bowling
156:Fast bowling
155:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2166:Non-players
2157:All-rounder
2081:Spin bowler
2076:Pace bowler
2002:Lewis, Tony
1731:"Fast work"
1265:km/h (mph)
1131:Tim Southee
984:Wasim Akram
733:decision).
432:Terminology
304:Carrom ball
274:Slower ball
18:Fast medium
2208:Categories
2110:Substitute
1942:21 October
1917:21 October
1767:0713679158
1741:26 January
1714:26 January
1709:Sky Sports
1688:26 January
1665:26 January
1642:26 January
1619:26 January
1596:26 January
1550:26 January
1495:26 January
1443:References
1330:Shaun Tait
1200:Bilal Khan
1177:Mark Adair
942:Dale Steyn
805:See also:
642:newspapers
513:newspapers
419:bowler, a
344:Topspinner
264:Outswinger
259:Off cutter
254:Leg cutter
80:newspapers
2058:positions
1835:Link text
1591:110189438
1490:205827474
1304:Brett Lee
708:turbulent
407:bowlers,
329:Off break
324:Leg break
244:Inswinger
1983:(2002),
1967:7 August
1545:52344823
1537:30244646
1482:21162360
1410:See also
1255:Recorded
1253:Fastest
299:Arm ball
212:leg spin
193:off spin
139:a series
137:Part of
110:May 2007
2178:Referee
2152:Captain
2100:Fielder
2056:Cricket
1895:13 July
1874:13 July
1853:13 July
1820:16 July
1794:16 July
1313:(100.1)
1287:(100.2)
1262:Bowler
656:scholar
527:scholar
397:cricket
393:bowling
314:Flipper
239:Bouncer
94:scholar
2193:Scorer
2173:Umpire
2145:Others
2136:Runner
2126:Batter
2071:Bowler
2018:
1995:
1764:
1589:
1543:
1535:
1488:
1480:
1391:(99.7)
1365:(99.8)
1339:(99.8)
1239:
1092:
813:, and
727:yorker
658:
651:
644:
637:
629:
576:yorker
529:
522:
515:
508:
500:
413:pacers
409:quicks
339:Teesra
334:Slider
319:Googly
309:Doosra
279:Yorker
188:Finger
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1587:S2CID
1541:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1389:160.4
1363:160.6
1337:160.7
1311:161.1
1285:161.3
1115:Name
1108:T20Is
968:Name
834:Name
827:Tests
723:slips
701:swing
663:JSTOR
649:books
534:JSTOR
520:books
421:swing
411:, or
207:Wrist
168:Swing
101:JSTOR
87:books
2105:Slip
2016:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1969:2013
1944:2023
1919:2023
1897:2024
1876:2024
1855:2024
1822:2015
1796:2015
1762:ISBN
1743:2021
1716:2021
1690:2021
1667:2021
1644:2021
1621:2021
1598:2021
1552:2021
1533:PMID
1497:2021
1478:PMID
961:ODIs
715:i.e.
635:news
506:news
417:seam
405:fast
163:Seam
73:news
1579:doi
1575:222
1525:doi
1470:doi
1230:108
1207:110
1184:122
1161:128
1138:164
1083:381
1060:393
1037:400
1014:416
991:502
949:439
926:519
903:563
880:604
857:704
764:In
731:LBW
618:by
489:by
451:or
56:by
2210::
2014:,
2010:,
1991:,
1987:,
1960:.
1935:.
1813:.
1776:^
1733:.
1707:.
1585:.
1573:.
1569:.
1539:.
1531:.
1521:37
1519:.
1515:.
1484:.
1476:.
1464:.
1460:.
809:,
749:.
141:on
2048:e
2041:t
2034:v
1971:.
1946:.
1921:.
1899:.
1878:.
1857:.
1824:.
1798:.
1770:.
1745:.
1718:.
1692:.
1669:.
1646:.
1623:.
1600:.
1581::
1554:.
1527::
1499:.
1472::
1466:9
685:)
679:(
674:)
670:(
660:·
653:·
646:·
639:·
612:.
556:)
550:(
545:)
541:(
531:·
524:·
517:·
510:·
483:.
373:e
366:t
359:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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