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44:
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1101:
33:
1120:
1002:, which was part of Iran's original national flag, was banned by the government from public places. Nevertheless, faravahar icons were not removed and as a result, the faravahar icon became a national symbol for Iranians, and it became tolerated by the government as opposed to the Lion and Sun. The winged disc has a long history in the art, religion, and culture of the
1793:
82:
982:
to represent the
Iranian nation. In modern Zoroastrianism, one of the interpretations of the faravahar is that it is a representation of the human soul and its development along with a visual guide of good conduct. Another popular interpretation is that it is a visual representation of a
1239:
1200:
942:
that followed did not use the image. It was not until the 20th century, over 2000 years later, that the symbol re-emerged thanks to the work of Parsi scholar, Jamshedji
Maneckji Unvala, who published two articles in 1925 and 1930.
991:, the divine power and royal glory. Although there are a number of interpretations of the individual elements of the symbol, most are recent interpretations and there is still debate as to its meaning.
1154:
978:. The sovereign would be seated in the middle of the throne, which is shaped like a platform or bed that is raised from the ground. This religious-cultural symbol was adapted by the
1119:
987:, though Fravashis are described in Zoroastrian literature as being feminine. One of the most prevalent views in academia as to the meaning of the faravahar is that it represents
896:. These are remnants of Zoroastrian traditions. From the start of the 20th century, the faravahar icon found itself in public places and became a known icon among Iranians. The
1825:
1051:
915:
Whilst being used by both modern day
Zoroastrians and Persians, it is important to note the symbol is neither Zoroastrian nor Persian in its origin. It originates as a
522:
1927:
1535:
1185:
1335:
1081:
581:. There is no universal consensus on what it means or stands for, as a variety of interpretations exist. The most common belief is that it depicts the
954:
or royal glory to reflect the perceived divine empowerment of kings, and, therefore, has no true spiritual meaning. This view was later supported by
1818:
1951:
1620:
1585:
1207:
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1139:
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1982:
1956:
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1411:
748:
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508:
1100:
946:
Unvala's work was discredited by Irach
Jehangir Sorabji Taraporewala, who refuted the idea that the winged figure represented
905:
1066:
1992:
623:
More recently, the
Faravahar and other aspects of the Zoroastrian religion were at the forefront of a campaign by the
474:
454:
1977:
612:. Although it is originally religious in nature, it has become a secular and cultural symbol among non-Zoroastrian
939:
617:
1834:
955:
1907:
609:
429:
65:
1428:
912:(built early 1930), which is visited by numerous Iranians every year, contains the faravahar icon as well.
192:
1211:
1192:
1126:
889:
869:
479:
382:
1797:
1637:
Shahbazi, A. S. 1974 An
Achaemenid Symbol, I A Farewell To ' Fravahr' And ' Ahuramazda.' AMI 7 135 144
1399:
1088:
893:
434:
377:
1146:
801:
716:
690:
404:
237:
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continued to be part of
Iranian culture. Throughout the year, festivities are celebrated such as
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317:
247:
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43:
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550:
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409:
232:
227:
1552:
Farohar / Fravahar motif: what does it represent? use of icons & symbols in
Zoroastrism
1687:
1429:"The Assyrian Tree of Life: Tracing the Origins of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy"
1254:
979:
935:
931:
904:
is Iran's national epic and contains stories (partly historical and partly mythical) from
628:
613:
498:
1872:
1160:
950:. Taraporewala suggested that the figures used in Persian reliefs were meant to depict
873:
848:
678:
578:
332:
327:
277:
217:
73:
37:
1971:
1485:
1039:
930:, the image of the farohar was no longer present in Persian art or architecture. The
793:
449:
242:
147:
1864:
1850:
1215:
1058:
999:
805:
712:
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337:
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222:
97:
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312:
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112:
51:
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1003:
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897:
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362:
357:
102:
81:
32:
1803:
1792:
1772:"The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids. I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory"
1246:
984:
901:
881:
584:
267:
262:
167:
1513:
The winged disk and the winged human figure on ancient
Persian monuments
17:
1937:
1258:
1111:
919:
387:
307:
287:
127:
1652:"ZOROASTRIANS OF 19TH-CENTURY YAZD AND KERMAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
800:. The Zoroastrian adoption of the symbol comes from its prevalence in
1575:
1550:
1511:
1130:
1043:
877:
865:
836:
The faravahar was depicted on the tombs of
Achaemenid kings, such as
829:
765:
698:
439:
397:
392:
252:
197:
152:
47:
1771:
1010:, being about 4000 years old in usage and noted as also symbolizing
1756:
1362:""Zoroaster was a Kurd!": Neo-Zoroastrianism among the Iraqi Kurds"
1612:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenians
1250:
819:
747:
272:
257:
162:
157:
42:
31:
1838:
117:
107:
1807:
1486:"FERDOWSI, ABU'L-QĀSEM iii. MAUSOLEUM – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1015:
597:), which is the Zoroastrian concept of one's personal spirit.
858:). The symbol was also used on some of the coin mints of the
974:, the imperial seat of Iran, has visual implications of the
868:
in the late 3rd and early 2nd BC centuries. Even after the
1336:"Europe | The Identity Necklace: Being Iranian in Britain"
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
784:
The pre-Zoroastrian use of the symbol originates as the
1281:
book_rahnamaye_TakhteJamshid. Author: Shahpoor Shahbazi
804:
iconography. This Assyrian image often includes their
1680:"What Does the Winged Symbol of Zoroastrianism Mean?"
616:, having been popularized in this capacity after the
582:
824:
Engraved coin depicting the Faravahar, minted under
702:
635:
in 1979, it has remained a popular symbol among the
1889:
1857:
1845:
1510:Unvala, Jamshedji Maneckji (1888-1961). (c. 1900).
1770:
1755:
36:Rendition of the Faravahar, as imagined since the
1757:"Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins"
1711:Gender and sexual anxieties of Iranian Modernity
707:; it is a later form of the previous form), and
604:, the Faravahar was especially prevalent in the
54:, which served as the ceremonial capital of the
1179:Stone-carved artifact in the city of Persepolis
1819:
1574:Taraporewala, Irach Jehangir Sorabji (2006).
735:
652:
608:, correspondingly appearing in many works of
590:
572:
562:
516:
8:
1534:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
577:), is one of the most prominent symbols of
1826:
1812:
1804:
1161:Coat of Arms of the Imperial State of Iran
523:
509:
80:
60:
1749:. Vol. X, Fasc. 2. pp. 195–199.
703:
1472:
1460:
1777:Anabasis. Studia Classica et Orientalia
1274:
1028:
72:
50:depicting the Faravahar in the city of
1527:
760:, located at the North-West Palace of
1684:About.com Religion & Spirituality
1674:
1672:
1297:
7:
1957:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Iran
1406:. London: Oxford University Press.
1072:Stone-carved pillar in the city of
736:
653:
591:
573:
563:
554:
544:
445:Zoroastrianism in the United States
1713:. University of California Press.
719:: frwrd), which was directly from
25:
1311:"FRAVAŠI – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1218:, written by Darius the Great in
1791:
1238:
1199:
1184:
1172:
1153:
1138:
1118:
1099:
1080:
1065:
1057:Zoroastrian tomb in the city of
1050:
1031:
492:
1754:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007).
1436:The University of Chicago Press
853:
842:
1191:Museum of Zoroastrians at the
788:used by various powers of the
602:ancient Near Eastern tradition
1:
1360:Szanto, Edith (15 May 2018).
780:Ancient Near Eastern religion
769:
1952:World Heritage Sites in Iran
1769:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016).
1577:The religion of Zarathushtra
1404:A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary
1245:Stone-carved wall depicting
922:depiction of the wing deity
629:pre-Islamic Iranian identity
1709:Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2005).
1427:Parpola, Simo (July 1993).
1257:under the Faravahar at the
583:
475:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
455:Persecution of Zoroastrians
2009:
1988:Persian words and phrases
1947:
1762:Journal of Late Antiquity
1378:10.1163/1573384X-20180108
1340:FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau
1261:in the city of Persepolis
808:, which includes the god
1983:National symbols of Iran
1615:, BRILL, pp. 104–,
1609:Boyce (1 January 1982),
966:Modern pan-Iranian usage
956:Alireza Shapour Shahbazi
228:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1549:Eduljee, K. E. (2013).
908:Zoroastrian times. The
610:Achaemenid architecture
856: 358–338 BC
845: 522–486 BC
833:
776:
193:Zoroastrian literature
58:
40:
1747:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1656:www.iranicaonline.org
1490:www.iranicaonline.org
1400:MacKenzie, David Neil
1366:Iran and the Caucasus
1315:www.iranicaonline.org
1212:Canal of the Pharaohs
1193:Fire Temple of Kerman
1127:National Bank of Iran
1018:, and other deities.
890:Zoroastrian festivals
870:Arab conquest of Iran
823:
816:Zoroastrian tradition
792:, primarily those of
751:
618:Arab conquest of Iran
480:Zoroastrian cosmology
430:Zoroastrians in India
186:Scripture and worship
46:
35:
1851:The Three-Color Flag
1800:at Wikimedia Commons
1089:Behistun Inscription
546:𐬟𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀
435:Zoroastrians in Iran
301:Accounts and legends
1993:Zoroastrian symbols
1908:The Imperial Anthem
1300:, pp. 195–199.
1147:Fire Temple of Yazd
928:Achaemenian dynasty
557:), also called the
499:Religion portal
351:History and culture
1764:. London: 413–434.
1165:Islamic Revolution
996:Islamic Revolution
834:
812:on a winged disk.
777:
773: 865–850 BCE
633:Islamic Revolution
318:Book of Arda Viraf
248:Cypress of Kashmar
59:
41:
27:Zoroastrian symbol
1978:Kurdish mythology
1965:
1964:
1796:Media related to
1622:978-90-04-29390-8
1587:978-0-87573-092-9
1208:Suez Inscriptions
1042:from the city of
886:Chaharshanbe Suri
832:(2nd century BCE)
790:Ancient Near East
752:Relief depicting
675:Classical Persian
606:Achaemenid Empire
533:
532:
56:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
2000:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1898:The Royal Salute
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1869:
1835:National symbols
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1821:
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1759:
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1697:
1695:
1690:on 19 April 2016
1686:. Archived from
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1122:
1108:Tomb of Ferdowsi
1103:
1093:Darius the Great
1084:
1069:
1054:
1035:
910:tomb of Ferdowsi
888:which relate to
857:
855:
846:
844:
838:Darius the Great
774:
771:
762:Ashurnasirpal II
739:
738:
737:𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌
728:Avestan language
706:
705:
656:
655:
637:Iranian diaspora
596:
595:
594:
593:𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌
588:
576:
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566:
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233:Adur Burzen-Mihr
84:
61:
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1163:, prior to the
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1129:in the city of
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1110:in the city of
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980:Pahlavi dynasty
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764:in the city of
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665:(pronounced as
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625:Pahlavi dynasty
614:Iranian peoples
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1475:, p. 94.
1474:
1473:Olbrycht 2016
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1462:
1461:Olbrycht 2016
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1413:0-19-713559-5
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1372:(1): 96–110.
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794:Ancient Egypt
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1776:
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1688:the original
1683:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
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1489:
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1442:(3): 161–208
1439:
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1365:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1277:
1259:Apadana Hall
1216:Wadi Tumilat
1059:Sulaymaniyah
1004:ancient Near
1000:Lion and Sun
993:
975:
969:
945:
926:. After the
917:Mesopotamian
914:
859:
835:
806:Tree of Life
802:Neo-Assyrian
783:
756:inside of a
731:
723:
713:Book Pahlavi
708:
704:𐬟𐬭𐬋𐬵𐬀𐬭
694:
687:Book Pahlavi
682:
670:
666:
662:
658:
646:
631:. Since the
622:
599:
569:Fārre Kiyâni
568:
558:
536:
534:
338:Frashokereti
283:The Rivayats
238:Adur Farnbag
223:Fire Temples
213:Yenghe hatam
208:Ahuna Vairya
173:Angra Mainyu
122:
29:
1922:(1980–1990)
1912:(1933–1979)
1902:(1873–1909)
1868:(1846–1979)
1145:Top of the
1106:Top of the
1038:Achaemenid
1008:Middle East
948:Ahura Mazda
906:pre-Islamic
826:Vadfradad I
798:Mesopotamia
758:winged disk
721:Old Persian
681:forms were
657:is read as
649:New Persian
368:Khurramites
118:Persia/Iran
103:Zarathustra
98:Ahura Mazda
1972:Categories
1694:26 January
1446:4 November
1298:Boyce 2000
1074:Persepolis
994:After the
972:Sun Throne
960:Mary Boyce
936:Sassanians
786:winged sun
724:*fravarti-
717:Manichaean
715:: plwlt',
693:: prwhr),
691:Manichaean
689:: plwʾhl,
600:Rooted in
388:Initiation
203:Ashem Vohu
113:Vohu Manah
52:Persepolis
1881:Faravahar
1798:Faravahar
1779:: 91–106.
1743:"Fravaši"
1739:Boyce, M.
1596:154674597
1561:891516152
1530:cite book
1522:982616419
1386:1573-384X
1270:Citations
989:Khvarenah
976:Farahavar
952:khvarenah
932:Parthians
898:Shahnameh
861:frataraka
730:form was
663:faravahar
643:Etymology
567:) or the
555:فَرْوَهَر
537:Farāvahār
423:Adherents
383:Festivals
363:Mazdakism
358:Zurvanism
313:Bundahišn
123:Faravahar
1741:(2000).
1402:(1986).
1247:Persians
1232:Egyptian
1228:Akkadian
985:Fravashi
920:Assyrian
902:Ferdowsi
894:calendar
882:Mehregan
732:fravaṣ̌i
585:fravaṣ̌i
574:فر کیانی
405:Marriage
378:Calendar
268:Visperad
263:Vendidad
168:Fravashi
66:a series
64:Part of
18:Farvahar
1938:Ey Iran
1890:Anthems
1858:Emblems
1661:14 July
1516:. s.n.
1495:14 July
1345:4 April
1320:4 April
1253:of the
1224:Elamite
1220:Persian
1210:at the
1167:of 1979
1112:Mashhad
1022:Gallery
1016:Shamash
744:History
709:fraward
683:frawahr
677:). The
671:furūhar
667:furōhar
659:foruhar
559:Foruhār
551:Persian
541:Avestan
308:Dēnkard
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128:Avestan
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1044:Hillah
884:, and
878:Nowruz
866:Persis
847:) and
830:Persis
766:Nimrud
726:. The
699:Pazend
695:frōhar
450:Iranis
440:Parsis
410:Burial
398:Sedreh
393:Kushti
273:Yashts
253:Gathas
198:Avesta
163:Daevas
158:Ahuras
48:Relief
1432:(PDF)
1251:Medes
1012:Ashur
924:Ashur
810:Ashur
754:Ashur
654:فروهر
651:word
564:فروهر
258:Yasna
1846:Flag
1839:Iran
1715:ISBN
1696:2017
1663:2019
1617:ISBN
1592:OCLC
1582:ISBN
1557:OCLC
1555:. .
1536:link
1518:OCLC
1497:2019
1448:2020
1408:ISBN
1382:ISSN
1347:2020
1322:2020
1249:and
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