Vitamin - Knowledge (XXG)

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The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins, PRIs for the European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher than average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For the U.S. values, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D, all of the data date to 1997–2004.

2331:"lifestyle factor", such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin. People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency, but may be consuming less than the recommended amounts; a national food and supplement survey conducted in the US over 2003–2006 reported that over 90% of individuals who did not consume vitamin supplements were found to have inadequate levels of some of the essential vitamins, notably vitamins D and E. 3164: 1744:; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it. That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by 60: 2134:. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the 3244:(CFR) Title 21, part III took effect, regulating Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Even though product registration is not required, these regulations mandate production and quality control standards (including testing for identity, purity and adulterations) for dietary supplements. In the European Union, the 2338:), vitamin C (scurvy), folate (neural tube defects) and vitamin D (rickets). In much of the developed world these deficiencies are rare due to an adequate supply of food and the addition of vitamins to common foods. In addition to these classical vitamin deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested links between vitamin deficiency and a number of different disorders. 3619: 1695:. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life." However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor, 2327:(niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks. For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental studies of complete vitamin C deprivation in humans have varied widely, from a month to more than six months, depending on previous dietary history that determined body stores. 2070:, in 1942, to describe the appeal of relying on nutritional supplements rather than on obtaining vitamins from a varied diet of foods. The continuing preoccupation with a healthy lifestyle led to an obsessive consumption of vitamins and multi-vitamins, the beneficial effects of which are questionable. As one example, in the 1950s, the 1795:). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal. When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist 2666:

In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the European Union.

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has conducted extensive studies on the percentage losses of various nutrients from food types and cooking methods. Some vitamins may become more "bio-available" – that is, usable by the body – when foods are cooked. The table below shows whether various vitamins are susceptible to loss from heat—such

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The word "vitamine" is coined on p. 342: "It is now known that all these diseases, with the exception of pellagra, can be prevented and cured by the addition of certain preventative substances; the deficient substances, which are of the nature of organic bases, we will call "vitamines"; and we will

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supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions. In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surgery, with other dietary supplements or medicines, or if the person taking them has certain health conditions. They may

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for their contributions to the discovery of vitamins. Thirty-five years earlier, Eijkman had observed that chickens fed polished white rice developed neurological symptoms similar to those observed in military sailors and soldiers fed a rice-based diet, and that the symptoms were reversed when the

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All the vitamins were discovered between 1913 and 1948. Historically, when intake of vitamins from diet was lacking, the results were vitamin deficiency diseases. Then, starting in 1935, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

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Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a

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Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food it eats, and to help

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Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin the PRIs are expressed as amounts per MJ of calories consumed. MJ = megajoule = 239 food calories.

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The reason that the set of vitamins skips directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to letters F–J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins.

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with 72% of these exposures in children under the age of five. In the US, analysis of a national diet and supplement survey reported that about 7% of adult supplement users exceeded the UL for folate and 5% of those older than age 50 years exceeded the UL for vitamin A.

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as heat from boiling, steaming, frying, etc. The effect of cutting vegetables can be seen from exposure to air and light. Water-soluble vitamins such as B and C dissolve into the water when a vegetable is boiled, and are then lost when the water is discarded.

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can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of

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for British sailors. However, during the 19th century, limes grown in the West Indies were substituted for lemons; these were subsequently found to be much lower in vitamin C. As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy and other

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a friend and Reader of Biochemistry at Bristol University reportedly suggested the "vitamine" name (from "vital amine"). The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' "accessory factors", and, by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are

2114:, because it appeared that these organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases were required for life, hence "vital", and were chemical amines, hence "amine". This was true of 3187:

Europe has regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the

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were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "...for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye." Wald's contribution was discovering the role vitamin A had in the process.

3225:, not drugs. As a result, the manufacturer, and not the government, has the responsibility of ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Regulation of supplements varies widely by country. In the 469:

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The

1740:, observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two 2280:

is the only vitamin or nutrient not available from plant sources. The Food Fortification Initiative lists countries which have mandatory fortification programs for vitamins folic acid, niacin, vitamin A and vitamins

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The Danish-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the coagulation of blood following wounding (from the

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for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful. A 2018 meta-analysis found no evidence that intake of vitamin D or calcium for community-dwelling elderly people reduced bone fractures.

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Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (February 2007). "Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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proposed that the final "e" be dropped to deemphasize the "amine" reference, hence "vitamin", after researchers began to suspect that not all "vitamines" (in particular, vitamin A) have an amine component.

3991: 3179:. Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included 1833:"for his studies on the constitution of the sterols and their connection with vitamins", the first person to receive an award mentioning vitamins, even though it was not specifically about vitamin D. 2352:

Some vitamins have documented acute or chronic toxicity at larger intakes, which is referred to as hypertoxicity. The European Union and the governments of several countries have established

4429:"The relative content of antiscorbutic principle in limes and lemons, together with some new facts and some old observations concerning the value of "lime juice" in the prevention of scurvy" 2212:

from the nutrients it absorbs. It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things,

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Pekelharing CA (1905). "Over onze kennis van de waarde der voedingsmiddelen uit chemische fabrieken" [About our knowledge of the value of food products from chemical factories].

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Boy E, Mannar V, Pandav C, de Benoist B, Viteri F, Fontaine O, Hotz C (May 2009). "Achievements, challenges, and promising new approaches in vitamin and mineral deficiency control".

5736:"Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 2360:) from dietary supplements does occur. In 2016, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multi-vitamin/mineral formulations was reported by 63,931 individuals to the 3233:

of 1994. There is no FDA approval process for dietary supplements, and no requirement that manufacturers prove the safety or efficacy of supplements introduced before 1994. The

4712:"The etiology of the deficiency diseases. Beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic dropsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra" 3937:"Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies" 1767: 486:. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so. 5780:"Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.S. Preventive services Task Force recommendation statement" 5950: 3603:"Vitamin N" is a term popularized for the mental health benefits of spending time in nature settings. "Vitamin I" is slang among athletes for frequent/daily consumption of 3568:), are biologically inactive, toxic, or with unclassifiable effects in humans, or not generally recognised as vitamins by science, such as the highest-numbered, which some 5706:

Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at

3537:). At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through to J were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable. The table 7056: 2356:(ULs) for those vitamins which have documented toxicity (see table). The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but excessive intake ( 2254:

produce vitamin K and biotin; and one form of vitamin D is synthesized in skin cells when they are exposed to a certain wavelength of ultraviolet light present in

2361: 2224:. If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage. 5690: 3988: 3192:(UL or Upper Limit). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription ( 7495: 5708: 5898:"Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3230: 6025: 3588:

that are not recognized as vitamins. There are other "D vitamins" now recognised as other substances, which some sources of the same type number up to D

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Kögl F, Tönnis B (1936). "Über das Bios-Problem. Darstellung von krystallisiertem Biotin aus Eigelb. 20. Mitteilung über pflanzliche Wachstumsstoffe".

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Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a

1799:, working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine". It was later to be known as vitamin B 3541:

lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex.

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resulted in prolonged periods without access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency common among ships' crews.

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cakes, a source of B vitamins, on the basis of scientifically determined nutritional value, rather than taste or appearance. In 1942, when flour

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with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the

4201: 5657:"Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research" 4114: 6892: 6220: 5315: 4377: 4159: 4011: 3847: 3716: 3687: 3600:. There appears to be no consensus on the existence of substances that may have at one time been named as vitamins Q, R, T, V, W, X, Y or Z. 1837: 1807:). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins. 5069:"Urinary water-soluble vitamins and their metabolite contents as nutritional markers for evaluating vitamin intakes in young Japanese women" 7807: 4344: 5286: 7049: 3124:

US Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.

5684:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 2118:, but after it was found that vitamin C and other such micronutrients were not amines, the word was shortened to "vitamin" in English. 2037:, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name 6266: 4523: 4071: 3883: 2059:. Researchers also focused on the need to ensure adequate nutrition, especially to compensate for what was lost in the manufacture of 5274: 4751: 182: 128: 5564:"2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report" 5109: 7488: 5947: 5308:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

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For the most part, vitamins are obtained from the diet, but some are acquired by other means: for example, microorganisms in the

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chickens were switched to whole-grain rice. He called this "the anti-beriberi factor", which was later identified as vitamin B

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scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. In 1943,

1700: 1044: 8044: 7802: 7136: 6941: 4016: 3234: 3189: 2018: 498:, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments have mandated the addition of some vitamins to 3248:

requires that only those supplements that have been proven safe can be sold without a prescription. For most vitamins,

7481: 7406: 6909: 6590: 6572: 5683: 3241: 2009:, a source of vitamin D, as "bottled sunshine", and bananas as a "natural vitality food". They promoted foods such as 740: 4711: 4293:

Rohde LE, de Assis MC, Rabelo ER (January 2007). "Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients".

3433: 6007: 5340:"Medical experiments carried out in Sheffield on conscientious objectors to military service during the 1939–45 war" 5712: 5663: 4847: 3661: 3253: 3245: 2172:; it is deactivated by cooking. Pyrithiamine, a synthetic compound, has a molecular structure similar to thiamine, 2033:

for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from

4644: 3770:. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2004. pp. 340–341. 3665: 1841: 1672: 3171:

In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to

3163: 7429: 6403: 6088: 3256:(USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the 2022: 1885: 1191: 33: 6215: 4872: 4087: 1803:(niacin), though he described it as "anti-beri-beri-factor" (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B 1332:

The value of eating certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The

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also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than one may ingest through food.

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postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" – in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats

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US and EFSA Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.

2258:. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from 2200: 1892: 1679:. He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the 507: 475: 3781: 7922: 7219: 6259: 3257: 3176: 2135: 1981: 1808: 1737: 1729: 1606: 687: 682: 539: 3795: 3202:

often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals.

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must rely on its Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor adverse events that occur with supplements.

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Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. For example,

7947: 7937: 7533: 7290: 7284: 7276: 7261: 7242: 6988: 6858: 6638: 6362: 4897: 3813: 3336: 2234: 2209: 1896: 1774:'s single-paragraph article in 1920 which provided structure and nomenclature used today for vitamins 983: 276: 272: 4198: 1787:, who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it 7817: 7396: 7384: 7374: 6752: 4546: 4111: 3561: 3544:

The missing numbered B vitamins were reclassified or determined not to be vitamins. For example, B

3211: 3203: 1817: 1676: 1653: 4675: 4022: 3196:) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States and Japan establish ULs. 2191:

Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions.

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in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the

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speak of a beri-beri or scurvy vitamine, which means a substance preventing the special disease."

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was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B

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Maqbool A, Stallings VA (November 2008). "Update on fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis".

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Most countries place dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of

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telling the audience, "Wonder Bread builds strong bodies 8 ways", referring to the number of

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Wilson RD, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, et al. (June 2015).

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Jenkins DJ, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim YI, Josse R, Vieth R, et al. (June 2018).

4348: 4205: 4118: 3995: 3642: 3530: 3180: 2147: 2060: 1966: 1733: 1341: 1170: 1029: 755: 627: 75: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 5549: 7972: 7927: 7671: 7389: 6957: 6903: 6823: 6536: 6349: 6233: 5922: 5897: 5459: 5432: 5408: 5383: 5243: 5218: 5117: 4484: 4459: 3740: 3500: 3260:(Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market. 3081: 2146:. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption is of particular significance in 2127: 1950: 1865: 1784: 1668: 1482: 1458: 1441: 1211: 1178:

fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, sardines), fish liver oils, eggs from hens fed vitamin D

1146: 1104: 1021: 914: 786: 631: 603: 595: 6165: 4444: 3953: 3936: 8033: 8008: 7837: 7822: 7557: 7424: 7322: 6978: 6968: 6672: 6662: 6647: 6367: 6310: 6305: 5495: 5027: 5000: 4253:"Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure? (Literature Review & Commentary)" 3705: 3703:

Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993).

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in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition. However, vitamin B

2259: 2131: 2083: 2006: 1977: 1869: 1857: 1830: 1771: 1476: 1378: 1271: 1066: 987: 635: 613: 599: 580: 447: 409: 306: 6130: 5597: 5168: 4322: 4238: 8013: 7523: 7342: 7317: 7271: 7065: 6973: 6878: 6798: 6757: 6710: 6677: 6657: 6652: 6513: 6441: 6431: 6421: 6279: 6152: 4121:. Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (15 September 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2013. 3910: 3393: 2159: 2142:(fats). Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body, which can result in dangerous 2071: 1993:

Once discovered, vitamins were actively promoted in articles and advertisements in

1954: 1927: 1796: 1753: 1688: 1630: 1590: 1337: 1124: 889: 495: 437: 232: 17: 6057: 5580: 5563: 4414: 4260: 5152: 4306: 506:, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during 7932: 7912: 7907: 7867: 7462: 7452: 7337: 7093: 7083: 6810: 6667: 6488: 6380: 5562:

Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W (December 2017).

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Calcium combined with vitamin D (as calciferol) supplement tablets with fillers.

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Well-researched human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine (beriberi), niacin (

2319:, and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B 2274: 2075: 1995: 1973: 1942: 1877: 1861: 1853: 1788: 1580: 1500: 1307: 1232: 1013: 991: 864: 791: 609: 499: 483: 451: 433: 253: 5837: 5820: 5399: 4475: 8003: 7957: 7759: 7754: 7644: 7617: 7603: 7528: 7154: 7112: 6748: 6740: 6733: 6697: 6690: 6617: 6563: 6545: 6461: 6436: 6410: 6385: 6344: 5042: 4692: 4208:. Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (24 June 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2013. 4135: 3614: 3585: 3569: 3549: 3487: 3468: 3455: 3401: 3376: 3357: 3351: 2984: 2885: 2823: 2308: 2270: 2267: 2173: 2099: 2095: 1919:

were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health

3962: 6122: 6114: 5449: 5384:"Examination of vitamin intakes among US adults by dietary supplement use" 5303: 5203: 4620: 4493: 4387: 7852: 7832: 7769: 7729: 7714: 7608: 7457: 7167: 7126: 7088: 6631: 5356: 5339: 3593: 3389: 2335: 2255: 2115: 2034: 1721: 1614: 1600: 1317: 1288: 810: 701: 677: 321: 228: 220: 6101:

Welch AD (1983). "Folic acid: discovery and the exciting first decade".

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instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent a kind of

1660:, the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was caused by "tainted" 7998: 7952: 7882: 7862: 7709: 7266: 7013: 6315: 5734:

Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP (December 2013).

3291: 2852: 1880:. For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B 1873: 1680: 1661: 1618: 1603: 1120: 576: 572: 528: 490:

This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and marketing of

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In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist

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pork, wholemeal grains, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs

7993: 7857: 7779: 7774: 7734: 7724: 7719: 7662: 7653: 7255: 6983: 6788: 6775: 6705: 5821:"Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for CVD Prevention and Treatment" 5796: 5779: 4241:

Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page.

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Health Canada Dietary Reference Intakes Reference Chart for Vitamins

4360:

Jacob RA (1996). "Introduction: Three Eras of Vitamin C Discovery".

1907:, who proved its activity counter to scurvy in his long-established 1617:

is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the

1613:

foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which

200: 3998:

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies

7023: 7003: 5310:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 123–149. 5182:

Roth KS (September 1981). "Biotin in clinical medicine—a review".

4645:"Packed full of questions: Who benefits from dietary supplements?" 4151: 4146:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 150–195. 3162: 2316: 2273:. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others. 2206: 2139: 2010: 1813: 1766: 1643: 1626: 1555: 1155: 815: 6926: 6244: 7962: 7784: 7739: 4169: 3907:

Food Fortification Initiative, Enhancing Grains for Better Lives

2374: 2217: 2213: 1764: – that are necessary for the functions of the human body. 1749: 1437: 7477: 7038: 7034: 6930: 6248: 4782:"The discovery of vitamin D: the contribution of Adolf Windaus" 4676:"Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis" 3767:

Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition 2nd Edition

2311:

stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B

2168:

is a protein in raw egg whites that inhibits the absorption of

2005:, and other media outlets. Marketers enthusiastically promoted 5984: 1684: 5969:. Fda.gov (15 September 2009). Retrieved on 12 November 2010. 4239:

The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction

2233:

process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required for

165: 159: 117: 96: 5632:

Comparison of Vitamin Levels in Raw Foods vs. Cooked Foods

4280:

Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center

4064:

Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

1253:

many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and seed oils

1250:

possible increased incidence of congestive heart failure.

5287:"Pieces of the Puzzle: Aging Research Today and Tomorrow" 4744:

The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health

4364:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 25. pp. 1–16. 4088:"Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements" 3875:

Vitamania: Our obsessive quest for nutritional perfection

2388:

Is substance susceptible to losses under given condition?

1756:

that was the equivalent of beriberi. The following year,

171: 102: 90: 4295:

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

1860:, the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other 824:

meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts

5526:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

1872:

and made significant contributions to the chemistry of

5382:

Bailey RL, Fulgoni VL, Keast DR, Dwyer JT (May 2012).

4516:

Terrors of the table: the curious history of nutrition

4199:

Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B12

2066:

Robert W. Yoder is credited with first using the term

1829:

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry for 1928 was awarded to

1621:, severe pain, and death. In 1753, Lind published his 1356:

The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources

5612:"USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6" 4112:

Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B6

2380: 955:

raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables

649:-retinol: fish in general, liver and dairy products; 183: 174: 129: 105: 6168:. Medical News Today. Retrieved on 30 November 2015. 4403:

Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie

1348:

deficiency. The advance of ocean voyages during the

162: 156: 120: 114: 93: 87: 7981: 7793: 7582: 7511: 7440: 7405: 7303: 7234: 7111: 7102: 7072: 6871: 6844: 6616: 6607: 6522: 6452: 6329: 6296: 6287: 6032:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved on 12 November 2010. 5678: 5676: 986:and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with 553: 550: 547: 537: 527: 282:Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins: 194: 168: 153: 111: 99: 84: 69: 43: 4595:"Vitamine – vitamin. The early years of discovery" 4551:"Vitamin A as "anti-infective" therapy, 1920–1940" 3704: 2094:The term "vitamin" was derived from "vitamine", a 5896:Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L (December 2017). 5552:National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Japan 5388:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 3252:have been established. In the United States, the 2315:are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the 1748:, who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished 4928:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967" 4012:"Vitamin A: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" 1720:was the common staple food of the middle class, 770:dairy products, bananas, green beans, asparagus 27:Nutrients required by organisms in small amounts 5073:Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 4898:"The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins" 4826:"The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins" 3580:. There are also lettered B substances (e.g., B 1840:for 1929 was awarded to Christiaan Eijkman and 7688:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) 6221:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Fact Sheets 4045:"Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements" 2362:American Association of Poison Control Centers 1868:confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of 1008:leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver 215:(or a set of closely related molecules called 7489: 7050: 6942: 6260: 5825:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5550:Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2010) 4733: 4731: 3930: 3928: 3842:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3682:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1899:suspected that "hexuronic acid" was actually 8: 5646:. Beyondveg.com. Retrieved on 3 August 2013. 5634:. Beyondveg.com. Retrieved on 3 August 2013. 5433:"Nutritional therapies for mental disorders" 4819: 4817: 4588: 4586: 4464:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 3941:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 3897: 3895: 3229:, a dietary supplement is defined under the 1945:for direct and indirect studies of vitamin B 1816:, the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920, 917:, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day) 6080: 6078: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5043:"Wonder Bread: The Most Famous White Bread" 5016:Journal of the American Medical Association 4989:Journal of the American Medical Association 4066:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 992. 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3231:Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 263:does not include the three other groups of 7496: 7482: 7474: 7108: 7057: 7043: 7035: 6949: 6935: 6927: 6613: 6386:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) 6293: 6267: 6253: 6245: 6040: 6038: 6008:CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 5773: 5771: 5219:"Uptake of pyrithiamine by tissue of rats" 5184:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4770:. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company. 4505: 4503: 4342:"The Past, Present and Future of Vitamins" 4336: 4334: 4332: 3552:and five of the folates are in the range B 3398:Catechol nonessential; flavin reclassified 3267: 1736:, a British-trained medical doctor of the 1354: 521: 58: 6145:"Vitamins and minerals – names and facts" 5921: 5836: 5795: 5751: 5579: 5458: 5448: 5407: 5355: 5242: 5084: 4797: 4691: 4610: 4566: 4483: 4220:(3 March 2017). Retrieved on 2 June 2020. 4062:Hardman, J.G.; et al., eds. (2001). 3952: 2195:On fetal growth and childhood development 1709:in 1905, but it was not widely reported. 1344:, an illness now known to be caused by a 1082:stomach pain, diarrhoea, and flatulence. 869:diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn. 5753:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729 4951: 4949: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4257:Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 3840:Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins 3833: 3831: 3816:. Harvard Health Publishing. 9 June 2009 3679:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 3518:Protein metabolite; synthesized in body 2672: 651:from plant origin as provitamin A / all- 6190:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 6180: 5980:"Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)" 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5285:Gavrilov, Leonid A. (10 February 2003) 4958:"The healing power of compressed yeast" 4705: 4703: 4006: 4004: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3711:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 3653: 3272: 2104:Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 1706:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 1359: 1294:leafy green vegetables such as spinach 482:for them. Vitamins C and E function as 5943: 5941: 5644:Effects of Cooking on Vitamins (Table) 5532:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006 5377: 5375: 3596:was at one point lettered as vitamin B 3343:not fit the definition of a vitamin). 3269:Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins 645:from animal origin as vitamin A / all- 502:such as flour or milk, referred to as 40: 5948:Use and Safety of Dietary Supplements 5431:Lakhan SE, Vieira KF (January 2008). 5344:International Journal of Epidemiology 5141:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 5067:Fukuwatari T, Shibata K (June 2008). 3796:"EUR-Lex - 32006R1925 - EN - EUR-Lex" 3592:. The controversial cancer treatment 3539:Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins 3473:Many compounds, not proven essential 1876:, which led to the identification of 1856:elucidated the correct structure for 1838:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1675:studied the effects of scurvy at the 920:meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas 558: 524: 7: 6103:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 5696:from the original on 28 August 2017. 4934:from the original on 4 December 2013 4908:from the original on 16 January 2018 3438:RNA metabolite; synthesized in body 3312:DNA metabolite; synthesized in body 3296:DNA metabolite; synthesized in body 2670:All values are consumption per day: 1287:decreased anticoagulation effect of 6023:EUR-Lex – 32002L0046 – EN 6006:U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5269:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 4873:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938" 4518:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3118:US Estimated Average Requirements. 1637:, which was adopted by the British 462:Some sources include a fourteenth, 64:A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills 6582:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K 6166:Vitamins: What Vitamins Do I Need? 5957:NIH office of Dietary Supplements. 5669:from the original on 15 June 2016. 4766:Funk, C. and Dubin, H. E. (1922). 4674:Suzuki, U.; Shimamura, T. (1911). 2126:Vitamins are classified as either 2102:Casimir Funk while working at the 1703:appeared in Dutch medical journal 1652:. In the early 20th century, when 1103:mixture of molecular compounds of 1085:many fruits and vegetables, liver 25: 5267:Handbook of Vitamins and Hormones 4362:Three eras of vitamin C discovery 1825:Nobel Prizes for vitamin research 710:drowsiness and muscle relaxation 6054:All Vitamins and Pseudo-Vitamins 5496:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00155.x 5028:10.1001/jama.1942.02830100053014 5001:10.1001/jama.1942.02830100049011 3989:Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 3617: 3341:Needed in large quantities (does 3155:EARs have not been established. 1989:History of promotional marketing 1724:resulting from lack of vitamin B 1656:made his two expeditions to the 1056:meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk 901:1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg 301:-retinyl-esters, as well as all- 149: 80: 4019:: Office of Dietary Supplements 3903:"Food Fortification Initiative" 3607:as a pain-relieving treatment. 3143:Tolerable upper intake levels. 1154:sunlight-exposed mushrooms and 818:damage (doses > 2g/day) and 223:in small quantities for proper 7009:"Minerals" (Chemical elements) 6591:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K 6573:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K 5217:Rindi G, Perri V (July 1961). 3149:ULs have not been determined. 1941:Five people have been awarded 1243:deficiency is very rare; mild 997:may mask symptoms of vitamin B 540:recommended dietary allowances 1: 6010:. Retrieved 16 February 2014. 5581:10.1080/15563650.2017.1388087 5014:"Niacin and Nicotinic Acid". 4445:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)59026-6 4415:10.1515/bchm2.1936.242.1-2.43 4021:. 5 June 2013. Archived from 3954:10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30230-9 2354:Tolerable upper intake levels 2106:. Funk created the name from 1701:Cornelis Adrianus Pekelharing 6211:USDA RDA chart in PDF format 6086:Anthranilic Acid (Vitamin L) 6084:Davidson, Michael W. (2004) 5153:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283136787 4824:Carpenter K (22 June 2004). 4512:"9. The quarry run to earth" 4307:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328011c46c 4017:National Institute of Health 3235:Food and Drug Administration 3190:tolerable upper intake level 2019:American Medical Association 1923:and its chemical structure. 1279:AI: 110 μg/120 μg 474:vitamins function as enzyme 7132:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 5784:Annals of Internal Medicine 5740:Annals of Internal Medicine 5041:Kelly K (27 October 2021). 4987:"Niacin and Niacin Amide". 4370:10.1007/978-1-4613-0325-1_1 4276:"Vitamin E recommendations" 3745:National Institute on Aging 3242:Code of Federal Regulations 2228:On adult health maintenance 2078:television show, with host 1641:. This led to the nickname 1539:Meat, dairy products, Eggs 741:flavin adenine dinucleotide 706:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 551:Overdose syndrome/symptoms 219:) that are essential to an 8066: 7808:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate 7698:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) 5838:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020 5662:. 2009. pp. 283–295. 5400:10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.026 4848:"Paul Karrer-Biographical" 4593:Rosenfeld L (April 1997). 4476:10.1177/003591577206500116 3254:United States Pharmacopeia 3246:Food Supplements Directive 3209: 2345: 2300: 2198: 2157: 1625:, which recommended using 1340:to a person may help with 1242: 941:AI: 30 μg/30 μg 31: 7683:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 7137:Wernicke's encephalopathy 6964: 6887: 6381:25-hydroxycholecalciferol 6226:16 September 2008 at the 5338:Pemberton J (June 2006). 5114:Colorado State University 5022:(10): 823. 7 March 1942. 4995:(10): 819. 7 March 1942. 4716:Journal of State Medicine 4693:10.1246/nikkashi1880.32.4 4686:: 4–7, 144–146, 335–358. 4612:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680 4458:Lewis HE (January 1972). 4204:23 September 2009 at the 4117:23 September 2009 at the 3994:11 September 2018 at the 2694: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2386: 2383: 1884:, they both received the 1842:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 1463:unrefined vegetable oils 1405:Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 1286: 1281: 1278: 1257: 1222: 1128: 1119: 1116: 1089: 1060: 872:meat, broccoli, avocados 828: 774: 717: 665: 660: 532: 199: 57: 48: 6089:Florida State University 5110:"Water-Soluble Vitamins" 4786:The Journal of Nutrition 4555:The Journal of Nutrition 4347:30 November 2005 at the 3707:Human Biology and Health 3250:pharmacopoeial standards 2266:is synthesized from the 2023:Food and Nutrition Board 1895:and a fellow researcher 1886:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1192:22-dihydroergocalciferol 1041:2.4 μg/2.4 μg 980:400 μg/400 μg 752:1.3 mg/1.1 mg 698:1.2 mg/1.1 mg 624:900 μg/700 μg 34:Vitamin (disambiguation) 7519:Bodybuilding supplement 6234:"Vitamins and minerals" 5914:10.1001/jama.2017.19344 5778:Moyer VA (April 2014). 5223:The Biochemical Journal 4740:"Discovery of Vitamins" 4439:(4970): 735–738. 1918. 3741:"Vitamins and Minerals" 3280:Reason for name change 3217:Governmental regulation 2201:Nutrition and pregnancy 1903:, and gave a sample to 510:reduced risk of infant 7693:Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 5875:10.1001/jama.297.8.842 5621:. USDA. December 2007. 5196:10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1967 4962:Distillations Magazine 4649:Distillations Magazine 3434:5′-Methylthioadenosine 3258:European Pharmacopoeia 3194:over-the-counter drugs 3168: 2136:gastrointestinal tract 2098:coined in 1912 by the 2074:company sponsored the 1982:Haldan Keffer Hartline 1775: 1738:Imperial Japanese Navy 1699:. A similar result by 1623:Treatise on the Scurvy 1455:Vitamin E (Tocopherol) 1419:Vitamin D (Calciferol) 1321:, beef, pork, or fish 1240:15 mg/15 mg 1117:15 μg/15 μg 1074:90 mg/75 mg 807:16 mg/14 mg 688:thiamine pyrophosphate 683:thiamine monophosphate 548:Deficiency disease(s) 7313:Electrolyte imbalance 7181:Pyridoxine deficiency 7155:Riboflavin deficiency 6989:Essential fatty acids 6404:Dihydroergocalciferol 6115:10.1353/pbm.1983.0006 6091:. Retrieved 20-02-07. 5953:27 March 2019 at the 5450:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2 5300:Institute of Medicine 5265:Kutsky, R.J. (1973). 4956:Price C (Fall 2015). 4799:10.1093/jn/134.6.1299 4263:on 10 September 2016. 4218:Vitamins and minerals 4132:Institute of Medicine 3814:"Listing of vitamins" 3337:Essential fatty acids 3166: 2187:Biochemical functions 1913:Edward Adelbert Doisy 1779:"Vitamine" to vitamin 1770: 1520:Meat, dairy products 909:peripheral neuropathy 797:nicotinamide riboside 735:flavin mononucleotide 277:essential amino acids 273:essential fatty acids 7893:Japanese honeysuckle 7291:Vitamin K deficiency 7285:Vitamin E deficiency 7262:Vitamin D deficiency 7243:Vitamin A deficiency 7142:Korsakoff's syndrome 6859:Dehydroascorbic acid 6363:7-Dehydrocholesterol 6149:pubquizhelp.34sp.com 6047:"Every Vitamin Page" 5490:(Suppl 1): S24–S30. 5120:on 25 September 2015 5108:Bellows L, Moore R. 4930:. Nobel Foundation. 4780:Wolf G (June 2004). 4568:10.1093/jn/129.4.783 4340:Jack Challem (1997). 4025:on 23 September 2009 3784:on 12 December 2012. 3572:practitioners call B 3328:Synthesized in body 2235:cellular respiration 1893:Albert Szent-Györgyi 984:megaloblastic anemia 861:5 mg/5 mg 32:For other uses, see 8045:Essential nutrients 7818:Chondroitin sulfate 7636:Pantothenic acid (B 7599:Retinol (Vitamin A) 7569:Protein supplements 7505:Dietary supplements 6753:Pyridoxal phosphate 5568:Clinical Toxicology 5086:10.3177/jnsv.54.223 5047:America Comes Alive 4680:Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi 3270: 3212:Megavitamin therapy 3204:Scientific evidence 3200:Dietary supplements 2556:Pantothenic Acid (B 2183:that use thiamine. 2179:, and inhibits the 1818:Jack Cecil Drummond 1677:University of Tartu 1654:Robert Falcon Scott 1650:deficiency diseases 1411:, most fresh foods 1375:Vitamin A (Retinol) 1357: 1247:in newborn infants 512:neural tube defects 492:vitamin supplements 478:(coenzymes) or the 265:essential nutrients 229:Essential nutrients 18:Fat-soluble vitamin 7989:Codex Alimentarius 7878:Grape seed extract 7539:Herbal supplements 7305:Mineral deficiency 7104:Vitamin deficiency 6914:Never to phase III 6427:Dihydrotachysterol 6240:. 23 October 2017. 6063:on 24 October 2019 6028:9 May 2013 at the 5357:10.1093/ije/dyl020 4902:www.nobelprize.org 4599:Clinical Chemistry 4510:Gratzer W (2006). 3838:Bender DA (2003). 3633:Vitamin deficiency 3560:. Others, such as 3514:S-Methylmethionine 3268: 3169: 2662:Recommended levels 2420:relatively stable 2369:Effects of cooking 2303:Vitamin deficiency 2057: 2049: 2045: 1776: 1746:Christiaan Eijkman 1496:(Pantothenic acid) 1355: 1336:knew that feeding 1315:poultry and eggs, 1283:bleeding diathesis 1130:hypervitaminosis D 764:angular stomatitis 641:hypervitaminosis A 504:food fortification 8027: 8026: 7672:Cyanocobalamin (B 7589:chemical elements 7471: 7470: 7420:Failure to thrive 7415:Delayed milestone 7299: 7298: 7277:Harrison's groove 7207:Folate deficiency 7194:Biotin deficiency 7032: 7031: 6924: 6923: 6867: 6866: 6819:Adenosylcobalamin 6794:Dihydrofolic acid 6603: 6602: 5908:(24): 2466–2482. 5831:(22): 2570–2584. 5574:(10): 1072–1252. 5484:Nutrition Reviews 5437:Nutrition Journal 5394:(5): 657–663.e4. 5317:978-0-309-06554-2 5235:10.1042/bj0800214 4379:978-1-4613-7998-0 4274:Higdon J (2011). 4161:978-0-309-06554-2 3878:. Penguin Press. 3849:978-0-521-80388-5 3800:eur-lex.europa.eu 3718:978-0-13-981176-0 3689:978-0-521-15255-6 3522: 3521: 3141:UL or Upper Limit 3113: 3112: 2659: 2658: 2592:< 160 °C 2509:> 100 °C 2394:Soluble in Water 2358:vitamin poisoning 2138:with the help of 2080:Buffalo Bob Smith 2055: 2047: 2043: 2041:was derived from 2002:Good Housekeeping 1963:Alexander R. Todd 1959:William P. Murphy 1905:Charles Glen King 1758:Frederick Hopkins 1716:, where polished 1597: 1596: 1361:Year of discovery 1334:ancient Egyptians 1325: 1324: 1049:deficiency anemia 1034:adenosylcobalamin 213:organic molecules 206: 205: 16:(Redirected from 8057: 7982:Related articles 7888:Iron supplements 7828:Copper gluconate 7498: 7491: 7484: 7475: 7109: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7036: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6928: 6829:Hydroxocobalamin 6804:Levomefolic acid 6724:Pantothenic acid 6614: 6537:Phylloquinone (K 6294: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6246: 6241: 6198: 6197: 6185: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6151:. Archived from 6141: 6135: 6134: 6098: 6092: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6062: 6056:. Archived from 6051: 6042: 6033: 6017: 6011: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5988:. 20 August 2009 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5797:10.7326/M14-0198 5775: 5766: 5765: 5755: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5711:. Archived from 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5583: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5521: 5508: 5507: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5296: 5290: 5289:. fightaging.org 5283: 5277: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5190:(9): 1967–1974. 5179: 5173: 5172: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5116:. Archived from 5105: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4828:. Nobelprize.org 4821: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4792:(6): 1299–1302. 4777: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4738:Combs G (2008). 4735: 4726: 4723: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4643:Wendt D (2015). 4640: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4487: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4327: 4326: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4259:. Archived from 4251:Gaby AR (2005). 4248: 4242: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4128: 4122: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4008: 3999: 3986: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3909:. Archived from 3899: 3890: 3889: 3872:Price C (2015). 3869: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3780:. Archived from 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3658: 3638:Hypervitaminosis 3627: 3622: 3621: 3486:Reclassified as 3454:Reclassified as 3418:Anthranilic acid 3375:Reclassified as 3356:Reclassified as 3271: 3240:In 2007, the US 2952:Pantothenic acid 2692:Upper limit (UL) 2673: 2381: 2348:Hypervitaminosis 2297:Deficient intake 2144:hypervitaminosis 2021:approved of the 1697:Gustav von Bunge 1609:discovered that 1572:Leaf vegetables 1358: 1350:Age of Discovery 1245:hemolytic anemia 1026:hydroxocobalamin 841:pantothenic acid 522: 518:List of vitamins 355:pantothenic acid 186: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 148: 136: 132: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 86: 79: 62: 41: 21: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8023: 7977: 7795: 7789: 7675: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7639: 7630: 7621: 7612: 7590: 7587: 7578: 7563:Bifidobacterium 7507: 7502: 7472: 7467: 7436: 7401: 7295: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7203: 7190: 7177: 7164: 7151: 7123: 7098: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7033: 7028: 6960: 6955: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6904:Clinical trials 6883: 6863: 6840: 6834:Methylcobalamin 6814: 6785: 6772: 6744: 6720: 6701: 6687: 6642: 6628: 6609: 6599: 6594: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6546:Menaquinones (K 6540: 6518: 6448: 6414: 6400: 6391:Calcitroic acid 6376:Cholecalciferol 6371: 6359: 6341: 6325: 6289: 6283: 6273: 6232: 6228:Wayback Machine 6207: 6202: 6201: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6155:on 4 July 2007. 6143: 6142: 6138: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6083: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6036: 6030:Wayback Machine 6018: 6014: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5955:Wayback Machine 5946: 5939: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5746:(12): 824–834. 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5537: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5280: 5264: 5260: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4710:Funk C (1912). 4709: 4708: 4701: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4642: 4641: 4628: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4380: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4349:Wayback Machine 4339: 4330: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4206:Wayback Machine 4197: 4193: 4162: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4119:Wayback Machine 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3996:Wayback Machine 3987: 3970: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3913:on 4 April 2017 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3871: 3870: 3857: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3778: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3719: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3643:Human nutrition 3623: 3616: 3613: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3491: 3459: 3446: 3430: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3380: 3361: 3342: 3320: 3304: 3288: 3266: 3219: 3214: 3161: 3159:Supplementation 3087: 3054: 3021: 2988: 2957: 2924: 2891: 2858: 2688: 2683: 2664: 2642: 2621: 2600: 2580: 2559: 2538: 2517: 2496: 2400:Light Exposure 2371: 2350: 2344: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2248: 2243: 2230: 2203: 2197: 2189: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2148:cystic fibrosis 2124: 2092: 2084:added nutrients 2061:processed foods 1991: 1967:Dorothy Hodgkin 1948: 1937: 1933: 1897:Joseph Svirbely 1883: 1848: 1827: 1809:Max Nierenstein 1806: 1802: 1781: 1734:Takaki Kanehiro 1727: 1671:medical doctor 1584: 1568: 1550: 1531: 1516: 1504: 1495: 1483:Leaf vegetables 1474: 1462: 1433: 1391: 1342:night blindness 1330: 1303: 1267: 1207: 1187: 1171:cholecalciferol 1166: 1142: 1099: 1048: 1030:methylcobalamin 1017: 1000: 964: 929: 881: 855: 833: 801: 779: 756:ariboflavinosis 746: 722: 692: 670: 628:night blindness 618: 544: 542: 520: 400: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 239:. For example, 184: 152: 143: 142: 141: 134: 130: 110: 83: 74: 73: 65: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7973:Zinc gluconate 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7948:St John's wort 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7928:Red yeast rice 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7610: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7390:Keshan disease 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7309: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7074:Protein-energy 7070: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6958:Food chemistry 6956: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6824:Cyanocobalamin 6821: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6532:Naphthoquinone 6528: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6350:Ergocalciferol 6347: 6339: 6335: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6205:External links 6203: 6200: 6199: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6158: 6136: 6093: 6074: 6034: 6012: 5999: 5971: 5959: 5937: 5888: 5869:(8): 842–857. 5852: 5811: 5790:(8): 558–564. 5767: 5726: 5715:on 5 July 2014 5699: 5672: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5603: 5554: 5535: 5509: 5474: 5423: 5371: 5350:(3): 556–558. 5330: 5316: 5291: 5278: 5258: 5229:(1): 214–216. 5209: 5174: 5147:(6): 574–581. 5131: 5100: 5079:(3): 223–229. 5059: 5033: 5006: 4979: 4945: 4919: 4889: 4877:Nobelprize.org 4864: 4852:Nobelprize.org 4839: 4813: 4772: 4759: 4752: 4727: 4699: 4666: 4626: 4605:(4): 680–685. 4582: 4561:(4): 783–791. 4549:(April 1999). 4538: 4525:978-0199205639 4524: 4499: 4450: 4420: 4409:(1–2): 43–73. 4393: 4378: 4352: 4328: 4301:(1): 120–124. 4285: 4266: 4243: 4222: 4210: 4191: 4160: 4137: 4123: 4104: 4079: 4073:978-0071354691 4072: 4054: 4036: 4000: 3968: 3947:(6): 534–552. 3924: 3891: 3885:978-1594205040 3884: 3855: 3848: 3827: 3805: 3787: 3776: 3757: 3732: 3717: 3695: 3688: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3612: 3609: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3501:Salicylic acid 3498: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3443:Vitamin M or B 3440: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277:Chemical name 3275: 3274:Previous name 3265: 3262: 3218: 3215: 3160: 3157: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082:Cyanocobalamin 3078: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934:1.6 mg/MJ 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868:0.1 mg/MJ 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2428:very unstable 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2403:Heat Exposure 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2370: 2367: 2343: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2229: 2226: 2199:Main article: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2175: 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2123: 2122:Classification 2120: 2091: 2088: 1990: 1987: 1951:George Whipple 1946: 1935: 1931: 1881: 1866:Norman Haworth 1846: 1826: 1823: 1804: 1800: 1785:Umetaro Suzuki 1780: 1777: 1725: 1595: 1594: 1589:Meat, organs ( 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505:in many foods 1497: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459:Wheat germ oil 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1442:dairy products 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1422:Cod liver oil 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212:sitocalciferol 1209: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1147:ergocalciferol 1144: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1105:ergocalciferol 1101: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1022:cyanocobalamin 1019: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1006: 998: 995: 981: 978: 975: 966: 962: 957: 956: 953: 951: 942: 939: 936: 931: 927: 922: 921: 918: 915:proprioception 913:impairment of 911: 902: 899: 896: 883: 879: 874: 873: 870: 867: 862: 859: 856: 854: 853: 848: 843: 837: 835: 831: 826: 825: 822: 820:other problems 813: 808: 805: 802: 800: 799: 794: 789: 787:nicotinic acid 783: 781: 777: 772: 771: 768: 766: 753: 750: 747: 745: 744: 738: 732: 726: 724: 720: 715: 714: 711: 708: 699: 696: 693: 691: 690: 685: 680: 674: 672: 668: 664: 658: 657: 643: 638: 632:hyperkeratosis 625: 622: 619: 617: 616: 607: 604:gamma-carotene 596:alpha-carotene 588: 564: 562: 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 536: 531: 526: 519: 516: 460: 459: 448:phylloquinones 441: 427: 417: 406: 398: 395: 383: 380: 372: 369: 361: 358: 350: 347: 339: 336: 328: 325: 317: 314: 313:A carotenoids) 204: 203: 197: 196: 192: 191: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8062: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8009:Nutraceutical 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7838:Dietary fiber 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7823:Cod liver oil 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7794:Other common 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7668: 7663:Folic acid (B 7661: 7659: 7652: 7650: 7645:Pyridoxine (B 7643: 7641: 7634: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7618:Riboflavin (B 7616: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7558:Lactobacillus 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425:Short stature 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7292: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7248:Bitot's spots 7246: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Fortification 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6974:Carbohydrates 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6879:Multivitamins 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:Ascorbic acid 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Prosultiamine 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663:Fursultiamine 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:Acefurtiamine 6646: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6606: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6571: 6569: 6562: 6560: 6553: 6551: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5727: 5714: 5710: 5709:"DRI Reports" 5703: 5700: 5692: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5331: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5275:0-442-24549-1 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5132: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4980: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4768:The Vitamines 4763: 4760: 4755: 4753:9780121834937 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152:10.17226/6015 4149: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662:Jones, Daniel 3657: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3571: 3563: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3505:Nonessential 3504: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3422:Nonessential 3421: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3308:Adenylic acid 3306: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227:United States 3224: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3177:heart disease 3174: 3165: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2638: 2637: 2634:at high temp 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2618:Folic Acid (B 2617: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2563:quite stable 2562: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2514:Riboflavin (B 2513: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397:Air Exposure 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2342:Excess intake 2341: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2310: 2304: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:beta carotene 2257: 2253: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2154:Anti-vitamins 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128:water-soluble 2121: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025:'s new names 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:cod-liver oil 2004: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978:Ragnar Granit 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:ascorbic acid 1867: 1864:. Karrer and 1863: 1859: 1858:beta-carotene 1855: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1831:Adolf Windaus 1824: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1772:Jack Drummond 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:carbohydrates 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Nikolai Lunin 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599:In 1747, the 1592: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477:Phylloquinone 1470: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379:Cod liver oil 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1272:phylloquinone 1270: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1067:ascorbic acid 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003:other effects 996: 993: 989: 988:birth defects 985: 982: 979: 976: 974: 970: 967: 965: 959: 958: 954: 952: 950: 946: 943: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 924: 923: 919: 916: 912: 910: 906: 903: 900: 897: 895: 891: 887: 884: 882: 876: 875: 871: 868: 866: 863: 860: 857: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 836: 834: 827: 823: 821: 817: 814: 812: 809: 806: 803: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 782: 780: 773: 769: 767: 765: 761: 757: 754: 751: 748: 742: 739: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 725: 723: 716: 712: 709: 707: 703: 700: 697: 694: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 673: 671: 663: 659: 656: 654: 648: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636:keratomalacia 633: 629: 626: 623: 620: 615: 614:cryptoxanthin 611: 608: 605: 601: 600:beta-carotene 597: 593: 590:provitamin A 589: 586: 582: 581:retinoic acid 578: 574: 570: 566: 565: 563: 561: 557: 554:Food sources 541: 535: 530: 523: 517: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:multivitamins 493: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 467: 465: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442: 439: 435: 431: 428: 425: 421: 418: 415: 411: 410:ascorbic acid 407: 404: 396: 393: 389: 381: 378: 370: 367: 359: 356: 348: 345: 337: 334: 326: 323: 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 285: 284: 283: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 202: 198: 193: 189: 188: 179: 146: 139: 138: 125: 77: 72: 70:Pronunciation 68: 61: 56: 53: 52: 47: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 8014:Multivitamin 7938:Saw palmetto 7918:Milk thistle 7591:("minerals") 7583: 7573: 7524:Energy drink 7272:Osteomalacia 7076:malnutrition 7066:Malnutrition 7018: 6872:Combinations 6799:Folinic acid 6758:Pyridoxamine 6729:Dexpanthenol 6678:Sulbutiamine 6658:Benfotiamine 6653:Allithiamine 6555:Menadione (K 6514:Tocofersolan 6442:Paricalcitol 6432:Calcipotriol 6422:Alfacalcidol 6418:D analogues 6368:Previtamin D 6275: 6237: 6193: 6192:(in Dutch). 6189: 6183: 6161: 6153:the original 6148: 6139: 6109:(1): 64–75. 6106: 6102: 6096: 6065:. Retrieved 6058:the original 6053: 6020: 6015: 6002: 5990:. Retrieved 5983: 5974: 5962: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5787: 5783: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5717:. Retrieved 5713:the original 5702: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5618: 5606: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5525: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5391: 5387: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5307: 5294: 5281: 5266: 5261: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5122:. Retrieved 5118:the original 5113: 5103: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5050:. Retrieved 5046: 5036: 5019: 5015: 5009: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4970:. Retrieved 4965: 4961: 4936:. Retrieved 4922: 4910:. Retrieved 4901: 4892: 4880:. Retrieved 4876: 4867: 4855:. Retrieved 4851: 4842: 4830:. Retrieved 4789: 4785: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4746:. Elsevier. 4743: 4719: 4715: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4657:. Retrieved 4652: 4648: 4602: 4598: 4558: 4554: 4541: 4529:. 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Retrieved 3744: 3735: 3706: 3698: 3677: 3674:Esling, John 3670:Setter, Jane 3666:Roach, Peter 3656: 3602: 3584:) listed at 3543: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3523: 3239: 3222: 3220: 3198: 3186: 3170: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3114: 2824:α-tocopherol 2682:Highest U.S. 2669: 2665: 2639:Cobalamin (B 2527:in solution 2387: 2372: 2351: 2333: 2329: 2306: 2249: 2231: 2204: 2190: 2163: 2160:Antinutrient 2125: 2111: 2107: 2093: 2072:Wonder Bread 2067: 2065: 2053: 2042: 2038: 2031:niacin amide 2030: 2026: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1971: 1965:(1957), and 1955:George Minot 1943:Nobel Prizes 1940: 1928:Richard Kuhn 1925: 1890: 1851: 1849:, thiamine. 1835: 1828: 1797:Casimir Funk 1792: 1782: 1761: 1754:polyneuritis 1711: 1704: 1666: 1642: 1622: 1598: 1586:(Cobalamins) 1569:(Folic acid) 1517:(Pyridoxine) 1501:whole grains 1434:(Riboflavin) 1367:Food source 1331: 1316: 1233:tocotrienols 1125:osteomalacia 1053:none proven 1001:deficiency; 890:pyridoxamine 652: 650: 646: 568: 545:ages 19–70) 500:staple foods 494:, including 488: 484:antioxidants 468: 461: 452:menaquinones 438:tocotrienols 302: 298: 290: 281: 260: 258: 254:tocotrienols 208: 207: 195:Legal status 49: 38: 29: 7933:Royal jelly 7913:Lipoic acid 7908:Linseed oil 7868:Glucosamine 7796:ingredients 7609:Thiamine (B 7534:Fatty acids 7463:Underweight 7453:Weight loss 7094:Catabolysis 7084:Kwashiorkor 6900:from market 6711:Niacinamide 6668:Octotiamine 6489:Tocotrienol 6045:Bennett D. 5992:12 November 5967:Legislation 5052:26 February 4912:15 February 4092:MedlinePlus 3625:Food portal 3564:(formerly B 3535:Koagulation 3478:Vitamin PP 2826:(Vitamin E) 2493:Thiamine (B 2132:fat-soluble 2096:portmanteau 2076:Howdy Doody 1974:George Wald 1878:lactoflavin 1862:carotenoids 1854:Paul Karrer 1789:aberic acid 1742:battleships 1732:. 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