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fructifier, mais à la dépenser en des œuvres pies; c'est pourquoi elle décida d'acheter un terrain boisé qui se trouvait encore libre de constructions et d'y faire élever la mosquée qui reçut par la suite le nom de Mosquée des
Kairouanais (Jama' el-Karawiyin). Selon d'autres auteurs, Mohammed el-Fihri avait deux filles, Fatima et Mariam, auxquelles il laissa en mourant une grande fortune. Prises d'une sainte émulation, les deux sœurs firent bâtir chacune une mosquée, Fatima la Mosquée des Kairouanais, Mariam la Mosquée des Andalous; cette dernière fut d'ailleurs aidée dans son entreprise par les Andalous établis dans ce quartier. Nous n'avons aucune raison valable de nous prononcer en faveur de l'un de ces récits plutôt que de l'autre. Tout au plus pourrait-on dire que le second, avec son parallélisme si parfait entre les deux sœurs et les deux mosquées, paraît trop beau pour être vrai.
362:, TED, and Quartz that claimed that the library was the world's oldest continuously operating library, and that it was founded by Fatima herself. According to Ian D. Morris, a historian of early Islamic societies, there is no empirical evidence to support claims that Fatima founded the library. The lack of historical sources and consultation with historians by commentators, including think-tanks, NGOs, social scientists, journalists, and bloggers, has resulted in numerous "sourceless, baseless" iterations of the Fatima story. As the story is useful to present-day discourses about women and sciences in Islamic history, Morris concludes that the speculation repeated by modern writers "says more about the current value of Fatima as a political symbol than about the historical person herself."
330:). Deverdun suggested the inscription may have come from another unidentified mosque and was moved here at a later period (probably 15th or 16th century) when the veneration of the Idrisids was resurgent in Fes and such relics would have held enough religious significance to be reused in this way. However, scholar Chafik Benchekroun argued more recently that a more likely explanation is that this inscription is the original foundation inscription of the Qarawiyyin Mosque itself and that it might have been covered up in the 12th century just before the arrival of the
228:
262:(859 CE). All the materials for the mosque are said to have been quarried on-site during construction and water was drawn from a well also dug directly on the site, so that no doubt could be cast on the legitimate origins of the resources used for the project. Fatima fasted until the project's completion, after which she went inside and prayed to God, thanking him for his blessings.
338:
281:
The historicity of this story has been questioned by some modern historians who see the symmetry of two sisters founding the two most famous mosques of Fes as too convenient and likely originating from legend. Ibn Abi Zar is also judged by contemporary historians to be a relatively unreliable source.
1028:
756:
La tradition, à ce sujet, est édifiante mais un peu incertaine. Les uns rapportent qu'une femme originaire de
Kairouan, Fatima, fille de Mohammed el-Fihri, vint s'installer à Fès. Coup sur coup, son mari et sa sœur moururent, lui laissant une fortune considérable. Fatima ne chercha pas à la faire
253:
According to the story reported by Ibn Abi Zar', Fatima did not participate in commerce herself and wished to devote the fortune she inherited from her father to a pious act. She therefore purchased a property in the center of Fez at high cost, where she laid the foundations for the mosque on the
353:
According to the widely circulated narrative, the school linked with al-Qarawiyyin ultimately became the focal point of the present-day
University of al-Qarawiyyin. The assertion that the university was founded by Fatima al-Fihri alongside the mosque is shrouded in myth rather than reality. The
282:
Historian Roger Le
Tourneau doubts the truth of the traditional account of Fatima building the Qarawiyyin mosque and her sister Maryam building the Andalusiyyin Mosque. He notes that the perfect parallelism of two sisters and two mosques is too good to be true, and likely a pious legend.
289:
One of the biggest challenges to the traditional story is a foundation inscription that was rediscovered during renovations to the mosque in the 20th century, previously hidden under layers of plaster for centuries. This inscription, carved onto cedar wood panels and written in a
286:, a scholar of Islamic architecture, also notes the unlikelihood of the parallelisms. He states that the traditional story of the founding of the mosque belongs more to myth than to academic history and points out that no part of the mosque today is older than the tenth century.
1036:
997:
966:
Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi
Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)
201:"al-Qurashiyya", 'the Qurayshi one'. She is said to have been the daughter of a wealthy merchant. According to Ibn Abi Zar', the father was named Muhammad al-Fihri al-Qayrawani and he came to
334:
in the city. Based on this evidence and on the many doubts about Ibn Abi Zar's narrative, he argues that Fatima al-Fihriya is quite possibly a legendary figure rather than a historical one.
213:("Mother of the Two Sons"). Although her family did not start out wealthy, her father became a successful merchant. When Muhammad al-Fihri died, his daughter Fatima inherited his wealth.
1217:
1207:
158:
as founder of the mosque. Since she was first mentioned many centuries after her death, her story has been hard to substantiate and some modern historians doubt her existence.
587:
Fatima, al-Fihri (d. 880), founder of the
University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, the oldest operating university in the world, was also known as "Fatima al-Fihriya" and
505:
Fatima, al-Fihri (d. 880), founder of the
University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, the oldest operating university in the world, was also known as "Fatima al-Fihriya" and
424:
Fatima, al-Fihri (d. 880), founder of the
University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, the oldest operating university in the world, was also known as "Fatima al-Fihriya" and
265:
According to the same tradition, Fatima's sister, Mariam, also founded a similar mosque in the district across the river around the same time (859–60), with help from local
1222:
148:
The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque subsequently developed into a teaching institution, which became the modern
University of al-Qarawiyyin in 1963. Her story is told by
1005:
304:(prior to the building's later expansions). The inscription, recorded and deciphered by Gaston Deverdun, proclaims the foundation of "this mosque" (
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university library, linked to Fatima's story, was restored and reopened in 2016, gaining attention from influential sources such as
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209:
period. With him were his wife, his sister, and his daughter. Ibn Abi Zar' mentions that the latter, Fatima, was also known as
1150:
538:
458:"The Mosaic Culture: Elements of Family, Education, Religion, and Hospitality, with their Contributions to Peace in Morocco"
380:
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671:
457:
436:
231:
222:
198:
125:
831:
La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston
Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée
922:
Higher Education and Scientific Research in the Arabian Gulf States: Opportunities, Aspirations, and Challenges
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359:
777:
270:
570:
488:
407:
540:
Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa: Exploring Regional and Country Specific Potentials
382:
Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa: Exploring Regional and Country Specific Potentials
243:
239:
166:
Little is known about Fatima's personal life, except for what was recorded by 14th century historian
93:
815:
Roudh el-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès
1197:
313:
1108:
Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman - Tome II - Hommage à Georges Marçais
977:
725:
246:
in Fez and one of the foremost intellectual centers in Islamic North Africa. Some scholars and
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717:
259:
227:
1124:
Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History
1111:(in French). Imprimerie officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 129–146.
305:
206:
105:
850:
A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis
752:
Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
283:
154:
818:(in French). Translated by Beaumier, A. Paris: L'Imprimerie impériale. pp. 65–68.
754:(in French). Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. pp. 48–49.
1176:
883:(in French). Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. p. 137.
729:
569:
Glacier, Osire (2012). Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).
487:
Glacier, Osire (2012). Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).
406:
Glacier, Osire (2012). Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).
878:
355:
318:
202:
129:
80:
779:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
610:
1154:
1106:
1105:
Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Une nouvelle inscription idrisite (265 H = 877 J.C.)".
1059:
721:
708:
Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire".
655:
628:
517:
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have claimed it to be the oldest continuously existing university in the world.
167:
149:
17:
327:
323:
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as part of a larger migration of families from Kairouan during the early
183:
65:
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298:, was found on a wall above the probable site of the mosque's original
295:
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in Fez, in 857 or 859. The mosque went on to become the most important
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187:
133:
943:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
873:
For examples of this claim being made or repeated, see among others:
300:
247:
1151:"Fatima al-Fihri: modern legends, medieval sources – Ian D. Morris"
1064:(in French). Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. pp. 7–8.
438:
Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa
346:
336:
291:
226:
170:, which forms the basis of the traditional narrative about her.
1075:
Kahera, Akel; Abdulmalik, Latif; Anz, Craig (October 26, 2009).
611:"Meet Fatima al-Fihri: The founder of the world's first Library"
191:
121:
27:
Founder of the al-Qarawiyyin mosque in Fez, Morocco (c. 800–880)
672:"Al-Qarawiyyin University in Fes: Brainchild of a Muslim Woman"
919:
Sellami, Abdellatif; Arar, Khalid; Sawalhi, Rania (2022).
537:
Lai, Yew Meng; Ahmad, Abdul Razak; Wan, Chang Da (2016).
379:
Lai, Yew Meng; Ahmad, Abdul Razak; Wan, Chang Da (2016).
833:(in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. p. 9.
462:
Managing Cultural Diversity in the Mediterranean Region
294:
very similar to foundation inscriptions in 9th-century
627:
Kenney, Jeffrey T.; Moosa, Ebrahim (August 15, 2013).
516:
Kenney, Jeffrey T.; Moosa, Ebrahim (August 15, 2013).
456:
Martin, Keith W.; Martin Erickson, Deborah A. (2020).
960:
For an example of this claim being criticized, see:
605:
603:
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who governed this region of Morocco at the time) in
137:
1029:"فاطمة الفهرية أم البنين مؤسسة أول جامعة في العالم"
901:
Pedagogy in Islamic Education: The Madrasah Context
88:
73:
52:
34:
812:ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī (1860) .
1058:Terrasse, Henri; Colin, Georges Séraphin (1942).
654:ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ al-Fāsī (1964).
1078:Design Criteria for Mosques and Islamic Centres
853:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 70–72.
745:
743:
741:
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464:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 107.
1218:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
964:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). "Reviewed Work:
898:Hardaker, Glenn; Sabki, Aishah Ahmad (2018).
703:
701:
699:
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102:Fatima bint Muhammad al-Fihriya al-Qurashiyya
8:
1208:9th-century women from the Abbasid Caliphate
43:
1100:
1098:
238:Fatima is attributed as the founder of the
31:
946:. University of Texas Press. p. 70.
782:. Yale University Press. pp. 41–42.
441:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106.
1223:Women heads of universities and colleges
904:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 16.
771:
769:
767:
765:
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575:. Oxford University Press. p. 357.
493:. Oxford University Press. p. 357.
412:. Oxford University Press. p. 357.
124:woman who is credited with founding the
880:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique
371:
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1143:
1122:Goucher, Candice (January 24, 2022).
842:
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269:families, which became known as the
155:The Garden of Pages (Rawd al-Qirtas)
309:
232:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University
109:
44:
660:(in Spanish). Valencia: J. Nácher.
341:Depiction of Fatima al-Fihriya at
25:
1000:[Famous Tunisian Women].
1153:. August 4, 2021. Archived from
1027:التحرير, هيئة (April 9, 2019).
591:("the mother of the children").
572:Dictionary of African Biography
509:("the mother of the children").
490:Dictionary of African Biography
428:("the mother of the children").
409:Dictionary of African Biography
312:) by Dawud ibn Idris (a son of
92:Sponsoring construction of the
1033:Ejadidanews.com - الجديدة نيوز
435:Talhami, Ghada Hashem (2013).
152:(d. between 1310 and 1320) in
145:Al-Fihriya died around 880 CE.
110:فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية
1:
1061:La mosquée des Andalous à Fès
273:(Mosque of the Andalusians).
56:
722:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063
112:), known in shorter form as
1203:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1035:(in Arabic). Archived from
1004:(in Arabic). Archived from
940:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015).
776:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
750:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
223:University of al-Qarawiyyin
178:Fatima was born around 800
142:("Mother of the Children").
138:
1244:
633:. Routledge. p. 128.
543:. Springer. pp. vii.
522:. Routledge. p. 128.
385:. Springer. pp. vii.
220:
1081:. Routledge. p. 81.
998:"كتاب - شهيرات التونسيات"
630:Islam in the Modern World
519:Islam in the Modern World
460:. In Ennaji, Moha (ed.).
217:Founding of al-Qarawiyyin
41:
1188:People from Fez, Morocco
1126:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43.
877:Gaudio, Attilio (1982).
847:Lulat, Y. G.-M. (2005).
829:Terrasse, Henri (1968).
512:See also usage in e.g.:
431:See also usage in e.g.:
1183:9th-century Arab people
258:in the year 245 of the
136:. She is also known as
970:Arab Studies Quarterly
350:
271:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque
235:
340:
244:congregational mosque
234:, as it appears today
230:
221:Further information:
83:(present-day Morocco)
68:(present-day Tunisia)
1193:People from Kairouan
678:. September 15, 2019
326:(July–August of 877
240:al-Qarawiyyin Mosque
126:al-Qarawiyyin Mosque
94:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque
1039:on November 1, 2020
613:. January 26, 2017.
197:descent, hence the
1008:on January 1, 2020
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1157:on August 4, 2021
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471:978-1-5275-4997-5
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392:978-981-10-1056-9
343:The Jordan Museum
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128:in 857–859 CE in
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