February 26 incident - Knowledge (XXG)

2121:, most notably Ishiwara and Akira Mutō, began a purge of the military. Of the twelve full generals in the army, nine were removed from active service by the end of April, including Kōdō-ha members Araki, Mazaki, Kawashima and Honjō. At the same time, other Kōdō-ha officers and their supporters were either removed from active service or sent to positions away from the capital, where they would be less able to influence policy. Among these were Yamashita, Kashii, Kofuji, Hori, Hashimoto and Yanagawa. Although other, non-Kōdō-ha officers were also targeted to a limited extent, the focus of the actions was clearly on eliminating Kōdō-ha influence. Almost every high-ranking officer who had helped support the Righteous Army during the uprising was therefore affected. 1330:, with his family. Arriving at 05:45, they stationed two men outside, then entered the inn with weapons drawn, at which point policemen stationed inside opened fire, beginning a lengthy gunfight. A policeman notified Makino and his party of the attack and led them to a rear entrance. The assassins fired upon the group as they left, but did not realize that Makino had managed to escape. Kōno was wounded in the chest during the gunfire and one policeman, Yoshitaka Minagawa, was killed. As Kōno was carried from the fighting, the assassins set fire to the building. Hearing a single shot, Kōno believed Makino had shot himself inside the burning building. The men took Kōno to a nearby military hospital where all were arrested by 143: 1820:

but explained that he could do nothing until they returned to their units. He also stated that he would fight them himself if they went against the Emperor's wishes. The rebels replied that if they received a formal order to return, they would of course obey it. Following the meeting, both Mazaki and the rebel officers were relieved. Mazaki believed the rebel officers would leave without violence and the rebels were apparently convinced that a Mazaki cabinet would be formed shortly after they did so. Kashii issued orders for the troops to stay the night in the buildings they had occupied and reported to the Emperor that the situation would be resolved by the morning.

2093:. Until this point reserve and retired officers had been allowed to serve in these positions. This demand was accepted and authorized by imperial commands on 18 May. This change would have far-reaching implications for the Japanese government, as it effectively gave veto power over government policies to the military services. By asking a minister to resign and refusing to appoint a new officer to serve as his replacement, the services could cause a government to fall at their pleasure. This fate would, in fact, meet Hirota less than a year later when Terauchi resigned over Hirota's refusal to dissolve the 1454:. A group of the soldiers surrounded the policemen on guard, who surrendered. Five men, including Sakai, entered the residence and found Saitō and his wife Haruko on the second floor in their bedroom. They shot Saitō, who fell to the ground dead. His wife covered him with her body and told the soldiers, "Please kill me instead!" They pulled her off and continued to fire at Saitō. Haruko was wounded by a stray bullet. Following Saitō's death, two officers led a group of men to attack General Watanabe. The rest left to assume a position northeast of the Ministry of War. 36: 1206:

hiding by his brother-in-law, Colonel Denzō Matsuo. Matsuo, who was said to have resembled Okada, was then discovered and killed by the troops. The soldiers compared Matsuo's wounded face to a picture of the prime minister and concluded that they had succeeded in their mission. Okada escaped the next day, but this fact was kept a secret and he played no further role in the incident. After Matsuo's death, Kurihara's men assumed guard positions around the compound. They were joined by sixty men from the 3rd Imperial Guard (see below).

156: 2130: 1753:) ill and away from the capital, Vice Chief of Staff Sugiyama had full control. Sugiyama, a member of the Tōsei-ha, had from the beginning favored the forcible removal of the rebel occupation of the capital. His unwillingness to accept a new cabinet and present a united front with the SMC to the Emperor would ultimately be a major factor in the uprising's collapse. Initially concerned about the uncertainty of the situation, however, he only called in reinforcements from outside Tokyo. 1191: 803:. However, once it was clear that the officers were determined to act anyway, they moved to support them. Another barrier to be overcome was opposition to the involvement of troops from Teruzō Andō, who had sworn an oath to his commander not to involve his men in any direct action. Andō's position in the 3rd Infantry Regiment (the largest source of troops) was essential to the plot, so Muranaka and Nonaka spoke with him repeatedly, ultimately wearing down his resistance. 1437:

Nakahashi had difficulty contacting his allies, however, and by 08:00 Honma had learned of his involvement in the uprising. Nakahashi was ordered at gunpoint to leave the palace grounds. He did so, joining Kurihara at the Prime Minister's Residence. His soldiers remained at the gate until they were relieved at 13:00, at which point they returned to their barracks. For this reason, these 75 soldiers were not included in the government's official tally of rebel forces.

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the building and called for Nonaka to come outside. Shortly afterwards, Nonaka shot himself. Isobe claimed that Nonaka was forced to commit suicide in an attempt to pressure the rest of the officers to do the same. The final rebel officer to commit suicide was Kōno, still hospitalized from the failed attack on Makino, who stabbed himself with a knife a week later. The remaining officers were arrested by military police at 18:00. They were all stripped of their rank.

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to fight. Kofuji learned this at 14:00, when he finally attempted to gather the officers to read them the imperial command and they refused to return to their units (the orders had to be formally given in order to be valid). Soon after, at 16:00, Martial Law Headquarters announced that force would be used and the rebel troops were removed from Kofuji's command at 18:00. At 23:00 orders went out to begin preparations at 05:00 on 29 February for a general attack.

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especially from the Army General Staff and navy. Many within the army were pleased by the assassinations because they had removed a number of the army's opponents within the government. However, they could not accept the more radical social ideas included within a "Shōwa Restoration" and were not disposed to accept a Kōdō-ha-dominated cabinet. Others, such as Kanji Ishiwara, were infuriated at the rebel officers' use of troops without authorization.

1797:. The Emperor and Sugiyama's opposition had prevented the achievement of its primary goal: the appointment of a military-dominated cabinet centered around Mazaki. Although the Righteous Army had managed to achieve a degree of official recognition for their actions, it was obvious that they could not occupy their positions indefinitely. Their presence was their strongest bargaining chip, but even their supporters felt that it needed to end. 1572: 281: 270: 259: 248: 237: 216: 205: 1953: 1898: 1833: 1527: 1492: 1374: 1848:

day, demanding to know if the rebels had been suppressed. When Honjō spoke in defense of the officers' motives, the Emperor angrily replied "killing my ministers is tantamount to strangling me with cotton wool" and added that the rebels deserved no leniency. At one point, Hirohito became so impatient he threatened to assume personal command of the Imperial Guard and order them to attack the rebels himself.

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charged them with maintaining law and order in their area. Thus, the rebel officers were no longer acting illegally by occupying their positions. As with the earlier Minister of War's Proclamation, this order was later justified as an attempt to convince the rebel officers to end their occupation. The officers were, however, encouraged by the act and convinced that they were on the verge of success.

1433:, and he told the commander of the palace guard, Major Kentarō Honma, that he had been dispatched to reinforce the gates because of the attacks earlier that morning. Honma had been informed of the attacks, so he found Nakahashi's arrival unsurprising. Nakahashi was assigned to help secure the Sakashita Gate, the main entrance to the grounds directly in front of the Kyūden (the Emperor's residence). 1690: 126: 2038:

Major-General Isao Yoshida, protested to the Ministry of War that the charges were improper. However, the Tōsei-ha generals now dominant in the IJA had decided that the two men's influence had to be eliminated; Yoshida later wrote another judge to tell him that regardless of the lack of evidence, it had been decided that the two must die. They were sentenced to death on 14 August 1937.

1068: 574:(a graduate school for midlevel officers). The latter group formed the elite of the officer corps, while officers of the former group were effectively barred by tradition from advancement to higher-level staff positions. A number of these lesser-privileged officers formed the army's contribution to the young, highly politicized group often referred to as the "young officers" 776:, as Aizawa and the Kokutai Genri-ha leadership, in collusion with the judges, turned it into a soapbox from which their ideology could be broadcast. Aizawa's supporters in the mass media praised his "morality and patriotism", and Aizawa himself came to be seen as "a simple soldier who sought only to reform the army and the nation according to the true National Principle." 1876:

when 10:00 passed without any word of movement by the rebel officers, they approved the use of force. However, when Hori and Kofuji came to see Kashii at 10:40, the three agreed that it was too early to enact the imperial command. It has also been suggested that a lack of preparedness on the part of government forces was another factor. Either way, the action was delayed.

3649: 1399:; sources differ), marched to Takahashi's personal residence. There he split his men in half and took one group to attack the residence while having the other stand guard outside. After the men smashed their way into the compound, confused servants led Nakahashi and Lieutenant Kanji Nakajima to Takahashi's bedroom. There, Nakahashi shot the sleeping Takahashi with his 1210: 1145: 1384: 481: 2018:, the rebel officers argued that their actions had been approved by the Minister of War's Proclamation and their incorporation into the martial law forces, and that they had never been formally presented with the imperial command. The verdicts were handed down on 4 June and the sentences on 5 July: all were found guilty and seventeen were 749:(November Incident) and its consequences. In this incident, Captain Takaji Muranaka and Captain Asaichi Isobe, prominent members of the Kokutai Genri-ha, were arrested for planning a coup with a group of military cadets. Muranaka and Isobe admitted discussing such a coup, but denied having any plans to actually carry it out. The 1648:, Vice Chief of Staff. The SMC, while a prestigious part of the IJA, had little function in peacetime and had therefore become a body to which high-ranking officers could be appointed without actually granting them power. For this reason, by 1936 a number of Kōdō-ha generals, including Araki and Mazaki, had been made members. 1632:, stabilize national life, and fulfill national defense." The Emperor refused and demanded that Kawashima suppress the uprising. When the remaining members of Okada's government, unaware that he was alive, attempted to resign that afternoon, Hirohito told them he would not allow it until the uprising had been suppressed. 455:. Their supporters in the army made attempts to capitalize on their actions, but divisions within the military, combined with Imperial anger at the coup, meant they were unable to achieve a change of government. Facing overwhelming opposition as the army moved against them, the rebels surrendered on 29 February. 1932:. The broadcasts and leaflets assured soldiers it was not too late to return to their units and informed them of the imperial command. (The broadcasts would cause later problems, for they had promised all crimes would be forgiven.) These efforts, together with the hopeless odds, had a devastating effect. 1518:. Takahashi then rushed forward and stabbed Watanabe with his sword. Watanabe's nine-year-old daughter, Kazuko, witnessed his death as she hid behind a table nearby. The soldiers then boarded their trucks and left, taking their two wounded to a hospital, then assuming a position in northern Nagatachō. 2041:

The only significant military figure to be tried for involvement in the uprising was Mazaki, charged with collaborating with the rebel officers. Although his own testimony showed him to be guilty of the charge, he was found not guilty on 25 September 1937. This has been attributed to the influence of

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Not all the rebels had been prepared to commit suicide. Andō had been infuriated at the idea, yelling that "the generals want to use us as footstools and have us kill ourselves". His rejection of the idea and the Emperor's refusal led to a change of heart among the officers. By 13:30 they had decided

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and the NCOs would take the soldiers back to their barracks. Yamashita, joined by Kawashima, immediately went to the Imperial Palace, where he informed Honjō of the officers' request for the Imperial Command for their suicide, perceived to be the only honourable way out for them. Honjō, thinking this

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Yamashita visited the Ministry of War at 12:00 and told the rebel officers that the issuance of the imperial command was merely a matter of time and that they should "take responsibility". Hori joined the group at 12:30 and confirmed Yamashita's words. Shortly after, Kurihara, speaking for the group,

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The authority of this meeting was disputed; it had not been convened by the Emperor, and Sugiyama argued that it had no authority. Araki countered that the "elders of the army" had a moral obligation to resolve the situation. The Kōdō-ha members and their supporters controlled a clear majority of the

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The first four mentioned in the above list survived the attempted coup. Saionji, Saitō, Suzuki and Makino were targeted because they were the most influential Imperial advisers. Okada and Takahashi were moderate political leaders who had worked to restrain the military. Finally, Watanabe was targeted

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However, unknown to Kashii, Mazaki and the rebel officers, Sugiyama had already asked the Emperor at 08:20 to issue an imperial command authorizing the use of force against the Righteous Army. This was immediately granted and issued to Sugiyama, to be released at his discretion. Addressed to Kashii,

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and Yoshikazu Nishi), arrived at the Ministry of War at 16:00. Gathered there were all the rebel officers except Andō and Kurihara, who were in charge of the troops outside, and Kōno, who was still hospitalized. The rebels told Mazaki that they were entrusting everything to him. Mazaki thanked them,

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and member of the Kōdō-ha, at about 05:00. Honjō then contacted his subordinates and the chief of the military police and headed to the palace. The Emperor himself learned of the incident at 05:40 and met with Honjō shortly after 06:00. He told Honjō to end the incident, although he was not specific

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Captain Shirō Nonaka took nearly a third of all the rebels' troops, 500 men from the 3rd Infantry Regiment, to attack the headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, located directly south of the Imperial Palace, with the goal of securing its communication equipment and preventing the dispatch of

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with his sword, when Suzuki's wife pleaded to be allowed to do it herself. Believing Suzuki to be mortally wounded, Andō agreed. He apologized to her, explaining that it was done for the sake of the nation. He then ordered his men to salute Suzuki and they left to guard the Miyakezaka junction north

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The Kokutai Genri-ha had long supported a violent uprising against the government. The decision to finally act in February 1936 was caused by two factors. The first was the decision announced in December 1935 to transfer the 1st Division, to which most of the Kokutai Genri-ha's officers belonged, to

757:, but Muranaka and Isobe were suspended by the army. The two were convinced that the incident was a Tōsei-ha attack on the young officers and began circulating a pamphlet calling for a "housecleaning" of the IJA and naming Tetsuzan Nagata as the "chief villain". They were then expelled from the IJA. 712:

The exact nature of the relationship between the Kōdō-ha and the Kokutai Genri-ha was complicated, with historians treating the two factions either as the same entity or as two groups forming a larger whole. However, contemporary accounts and the writings of members of the two groups make clear they

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Four more trials took place for those directly involved in the attacks: one for those NCOs involved in the attacks on Saitō, Watanabe and Tokyo police headquarters; one for those NCOs involved in the attacks on Okada, Takahashi, Suzuki and the Ministry of War; one for the soldiers involved in those

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by shooting himself in the head. The rest assembled at the Ministry of War. There they met Yamashita and Ishiwara, who suggested that they commit suicide. They allowed the men to keep their sidearms and left. Colonel Nobutoki Ide, a member of the General Staff and Nonaka's former commander, came to

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A meeting of the heads of the army – including Kawashima, Kashii and Sugiyama – had been held from the early morning onward (Araki and Mazaki had attempted to attend but had been told to leave, as the SMC had no authority). Kawashima and Kashii attempted to convince the group to avoid violence, but

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Despite the above developments, the position of the Righteous Army was less secure than it seemed. Most significantly, as noted above, the Emperor and his court officials had taken a hard line towards the uprising. In addition, the rebels also faced important opposition within the military as well,

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Another point of controversy was the proclamation's wording. Although the above text notes that the rebels' "motives" were recognized, another version of the text was distributed by Kashii (possibly at Kawashima's instructions) shortly after 15:30 to military units in Tokyo. This version recognized

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Tadataka Hirohata. These officials met after learning of the attacks from Suzuki's secretary. They took a hard line, advising the Emperor that he should demand that efforts be concentrated on suppressing the uprising and that he must not accept the resignation of the current government, as doing so

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Nakahashi's plan had been to secure the Sakashita Gate, then use flashlights to signal the nearby rebel troops at police headquarters to join him. Having gained control over access to the Emperor, the rebels would then be able to prevent anyone but Honjō and others they approved of from seeing him.

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The main trial of the ringleaders of the rebellion (the nineteen surviving officers, Isobe, Muranaka and two other civilians) began on 28 April. The trial was held in secret, and the defendants did not have rights to legal representation, call witnesses or appeal. The judges were not interested in

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From 08:00 the IJA began a major propaganda push towards the rebel troops. Three planes scattered leaflets from the air, a giant ad balloon adorned with the words, "The Imperial Command has been issued, do not resist the Army colors!" was suspended nearby and a series of radio broadcasts were made

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The Emperor had, by the end of 27 February, become increasingly impatient with the failure of the Army to suppress the uprising as he had ordered on the previous day. The Navy's quick response satisfied him but the Army's hesitation was inexplicable to the Emperor. He summoned Honjō throughout the

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As the men attempted to enter the front of the residence, they were fired upon by military police stationed inside. Yasuda and another soldier were wounded. The soldiers then forced their way in through the rear entrance, where they encountered Watanabe's wife standing outside their bedroom on the

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plotters (who had hoped to make him prime minister). Minami, Muto, Nemoto and Katakura were all prominent members of the Tōsei-ha faction. Katakura was also partly responsible for reporting the Military Academy Incident. When Isobe encountered him outside the Ministry of War later that morning, he

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and forced its guards to open the gates. Upon entering the compound and attempting to find the prime minister, however, they were fired upon by four policemen. All four were killed after wounding six of the rebel soldiers, but the gunfire succeeded in warning Okada of the danger. He was taken into

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Saionji's name was ultimately removed from the list, though the reasons why are disputed. Some of the officers' allies argued that he should be left alive to be used to help convince the Emperor to appoint Mazaki as prime minister, and this is commonly given as the reason. However, Isobe testified

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It was at this time that the last Kōdō-ha officer in a prominent position, General Jinzaburō Mazaki, was forced out of office. The insidious and cantankerous Mazaki was generally disliked by his colleagues and his removal was not purely political but the young officers were enraged because, having

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At 08:00 the rebel officers' nominal superior, Major Kofuji, was told to inform the officers of the imperial command and order them to return to their units. However, Muranaka and Kōda had already heard of the command from Nakahashi. Believing the order to be a mistake, they went to see him. When

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in the 1st Division's operational area (which included the area being occupied by the rebel troops). This had the effect of formally placing the rebel troops within the chain of command under Lieutenant General Takeo Hori's 3rd Infantry Regiment. Hori placed them under Colonel Satoshi Kofuji and

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to try those involved in the uprising. All 1,483 members of the Righteous Army were interrogated, but ultimately only 124 were prosecuted: nineteen officers, 73 NCOs, nineteen soldiers and ten civilians. Of these, all of the officers, 43 NCOs, three soldiers and all of the civilians were found

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From 22 February on, the seven leaders managed to convince eighteen other officers to join the uprising with varying degrees of enthusiasm. Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were informed on the night of 25 February, hours before the attacks started. Although the officers insisted that all NCOs

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in the spring. This meant that if the officers did not strike before then, any possible action would be delayed by years. The second was Aizawa's trial. The impact of his actions had impressed the officers, and they believed that by acting while his trial was still in progress, they could take

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It was for this reason that Araki, Mazaki and most of the other members of the SMC met with Muranaka and Kurihara at the Ministry of War on the night of 26 February. There they congratulated the officers again, but asked that they return to their units and leave the rest to the SMC. The rebel

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Kita and Nishida were also charged as ringleaders of the rebellion and tried in a separate trial. Their actions during the uprising had only been indirect (primarily providing support over the telephone) and as such they did not actually meet the requirements of the charge. The chief judge,

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Despite the Emperor's order to Kawashima that the uprising be suppressed, Araki proposed that a message be drafted to the rebels. This message, which came to be known as the "Minister of War's Proclamation", has become a point of controversy (it was issued in Kawashima's name because of the

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officers refused, correctly pointing out that it was only because they had fully armed troops behind them the generals were prepared to listen, and again spoke of the need to promote the Shōwa Restoration and form a "strong cabinet centered around the military". No agreement was reached.

1812:: a new cabinet under Admiral Eisuke Yamamoto would be appointed and the rebel troops would return to their units. This compromise was rejected by both Sugiyama (who insisted the Emperor would not approve a new cabinet) and the rebel officers (who would only accept a Mazaki cabinet). 815:

The uprising was planned in a series of meetings held between 18 and 22 February by Nishida, Yasuhide Kurihara, Teruzō Andō, Hisashi Kōno, Takaji Muranaka and Asaichi Isobe. The plan decided upon was relatively simple. The officers would assassinate the most prominent enemies of the

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was a good solution for all parties concerned, asked his majesty that the request be granted, but to his surprise, the Emperor flatly refused. His fury was such that he blurted "If they want to die, do as they wish. Do it on their own. An Imperial Command is out of question".

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February 26 was chosen because the officers had been able to arrange to have themselves and their allies serve as duty officers on that date, facilitating their access to arms and ammunition. The date also allowed Mazaki to testify at Aizawa's trial as scheduled on the 25th.

1097:. Including officers, civilians and men from other units, the total size of the Righteous Army was 1,558 men. An official count of 1,483 was given at the time; this number excludes the 75 men who participated in Nakahashi's attempt to secure the Imperial Palace (see below). 1732:

concurred, and the edict was signed by the Emperor at 01:20 on the 27th. Kashii was made chief of Martial Law Headquarters. In his first order, issued later that morning, he ordered the rebel troops to enforce martial law in the Kōjimachi area (which they were occupying.)

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Once approved, Yamashita brought the message to the rebels in the Ministry of War, who were pleased but somewhat confused by its vagueness. Some of the officers later testified that Yamashita claimed that the Emperor had approved the message, but Yamashita denied this.

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By the morning of 29 February, the Righteous Army, consisting of less than 1,500, was surrounded by more than 20,000 loyal government troops and 22 tanks. The general attack was planned for 09:00. By 05:30 all civilians in the surrounding areas had been evacuated.

876:, which they wanted to be handed to the Emperor. The document was prepared by Muranaka, but written in Shirō Nonaka's name as he was the highest-ranking officer involved in the plot. The document was entirely in line with Kokutai Genri-ha ideals, blaming the 1686:

the rebels' "actions" rather than their "motives". This difference has been attributed to Kōdō-ha manipulation of the text after-the-fact. Araki, Yamashita and others claimed that what Kashii distributed was an earlier, unfinished draft of the proclamation.

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The General Staff and Martial Law Headquarters decided to release the imperial command at 05:00 on the 28th. From this point on formal documents, which had previously used "uprising", the word chosen by the rebel officers themselves, began to use the word

1360:(containing 4,000 different characters) on the floor, temporarily preventing the newspaper from publishing. Following the attack the men distributed copies of the uprising's manifesto to nearby newspapers and returned to the Prime Minister's Residence. 824:, then submit their demands (the dismissal of certain officers and the appointment of a new cabinet led by Mazaki). They had no longer-term goals, believing that those should be left to the Emperor. It is believed that they were prepared to replace 1728:. The cabinet initially opposed this measure, as it feared it would be used to impose military rule (just as the young officers hoped), but they had no choice but to approve it after Kawashima insisted it was necessary to resolve the uprising. The 1051:

later that he had rejected these suggestions and continued to make arrangements for the attack on Saionji. According to his account, the attack was only canceled after the officers assigned to carry it out (teachers at a military school in

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faction lost its influence within the army, while the military, now free from infighting, increased its control over the civilian government, which had been severely weakened by the assassination of key moderate and liberal-minded leaders.

1556:. They met no resistance and soon secured the building, possibly due to a police decision to leave the situation in the hands of the army. Nonaka's group was as large as it was because they were intended to move on to the palace itself. 1355:

newspaper. Charging into the building, the officers forced the newspaper employees to evacuate while yelling that the attack was "divine retribution for being an un-Japanese newspaper". They then overturned and scattered the newspaper's

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Now, as we are faced with great emergencies both foreign and domestic, if we do not execute the disloyal and unrighteous who threaten the kokutai, if we do not cut away the villains who obstruct the Emperor's authority, who block the

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attacks; one for the NCO and six civilians involved in the attack on Makino. A series of trials were also held for 37 men charged with indirectly supporting the rebellion. Twenty-four were found guilty, with punishments ranging from

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were actually distinct groups in a mutually beneficial alliance. The Kōdō-ha shielded the Kokutai Genri-ha and provided it with access, while they in exchange benefited from their perceived ability to restrain the radical officers.

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The decision to act was initially opposed by Nishida and Kita when they learned of it. The pair's relationship with most of the officers had become relatively distant in the years leading up to the uprising, and they were against

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and Takeo Hori. Kawashima's successor as Minister of War later remarked that if all the officers who had supported the rebels had been forced to resign, there wouldn't have been enough high-ranking officers left to replace them.

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Despite the failure of the coup, the February 26 Incident had the effect of significantly increasing the military's influence over the civilian government. The Okada cabinet resigned on 9 March and a new cabinet was formed by

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Once Takahashi was dead, Nakahashi sent the group that had participated in the attack to join the troops already at the Prime Minister's Residence. He then accompanied the remaining group of men onward to the Imperial Palace.

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Kawashima met with the Emperor at 09:30 after his meeting with the rebel officers at the Ministry of War. He read the officers' manifesto and demands aloud and then recommended the Emperor form a new cabinet to "clarify the

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Andō had visited Suzuki at his home in 1934 to suggest that Araki be appointed prime minister following Saitō's resignation. Suzuki had rejected the suggestion, but Andō had come away with a favorable impression of Suzuki.

1466:. They surrounded and disarmed the police on guard, then a group entered the building. After Suzuki was discovered in his bedroom, he was shot twice (sources differ as to who fired the shots). Andō then moved to deliver a 612:

and the state). To them, the "privileged classes" exploited the people, leading to widespread poverty in rural areas, and deceived the Emperor, usurping his power and weakening Japan. The solution, they believed, was a

2057:. The execution of Muranaka and Isobe was delayed so that they could testify at Kita and Nishida's trial. Muranaka, Isobe, Kita and Nishida were executed by firing squad at the same location on 14 August 1937. 2179:, where the ashes of the executed men had been placed. The "twenty-two" signifies the nineteen men executed, the two who committed suicide (Nonaka and Kōno) and Aizawa. Then, in 1965, they placed a statue of 1872:

they met Kofuji, he only told them to come to 1st Division Headquarters. There they met General Hori, who lied to them, telling them that no command had been issued. The relieved but skeptical officers left.

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Two other developments deepened the rebel officers' impression that their uprising had succeeded. At 15:00, shortly before the Minister of War's message was released, Kashii, acting as commander of the Tokyo

772:, Lieutenant-Colonel Saburō Aizawa, a member of the Kokutai Genri-ha and a friend of Mazaki, murdered Nagata in his office in retaliation. Aizawa's public trial, which began in late January 1936, became a 831:

The young officers believed they had at least tacit approval for their uprising from a number of important IJA officers after making a number of informal approaches. These included Araki, Minister of War

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unofficial nature of the SMC meeting). Araki and other participants argued later that it had been intended to persuade the officers to surrender. Others interpreted it as an endorsement of the uprising.

1310:. Saitō praised the young officers' spirit and urged Kawashima to accept their demands. Shortly before 09:00, Kawashima stated that he needed to speak with the Emperor and left for the Imperial Palace. 1093:'s 1st Infantry Regiment (11th and MG companies; 456 men) and 3rd Infantry Regiment (1st, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 10th, and MG companies; 937 men). The only other significant contribution was 138 men from the 727:

The years leading up to the February 26 Incident were marked by a series of outbursts of violence by the young officers and their fellow nationalists against political opponents. Most notable was the

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and disciple of Kita, Nishida had become a prominent member of the civilian nationalist societies that proliferated in Japan from the late 1920s. He referred to the army group as the Kokutai Genri-ha

900:, the Imperial plan for our nation will come to nothing To cut away the evil ministers and military factions near the Emperor and destroy their heart: that is our duty and we will complete it. 458:

Unlike earlier examples of political violence by young officers, the coup attempt had severe consequences. After a series of closed trials, nineteen of the uprising's leaders were executed for

1563:. Gotō was not home, however, and escaped the attack. This attack appears to have been the result of an independent decision by Suzuki rather than part of the officers' overall plan, however. 1587:

The Imperial Palace learned of the uprising when Captain Ichitarō Yamaguchi, a supporter of rebel officers and duty officer for the 1st Infantry Regiment, informed his father-in-law, General

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Although only Mazaki faced criminal charges, this didn't mean that the Kōdō-ha didn't suffer any consequences from the incident. Under Terauchi's auspices, "reform staff officers"

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hearing about the defendants' motives and intentions, and forced them to concentrate on their actions in their testimony. The trial was therefore far different from the ordinary

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Despite its relatively small size, the Kokutai Genri-ha faction was influential, due in no small part to the threat it posed. It had sympathizers among the general staff and the

1536: 738:. This incident is significant because it convinced the young army officers (who were aware of, but not involved in, the attack) of the need to utilize troops in any potential 4147: 4211: 1939:

Realizing the hopelessness, by noon all the officers except Andō had released their soldiers. Finally, at 13:00, Andō ordered his men to leave and unsuccessfully attempted

765:

during his time as War Minister, Mazaki had become the focus of their hopes. Muranaka and Isobe released a new pamphlet attacking Nagata for the dismissal, as did Nishida.

1502:

Following the attack on Saitō, twenty men led by 2nd Lieutenant Tarō Takahashi and 2nd Lieutenant Yutaka Yasuda boarded two trucks and headed to Watanabe's residence in

2078:, the new cabinet's Minister of War, made his displeasure with some of the selections clear. Hirota gave in to Terauchi's demands and changed his selections, choosing 1222:

Captain Kiyosada Kōda, accompanied by Muranaka, Isobe, and others, led 160 men to seize control of the Minister of War's residence, the Ministry of War itself and the

1506:, on the outskirts of Tokyo, arriving shortly after 07:00. Despite the two hours that had passed since the other attacks, no attempt had been made to warn Watanabe. 1082:, many of the NCOs argued later that they had been in no real position to refuse to participate. The soldiers themselves, 70% of whom were less than a month out of 1815:

Finally a settlement seemed to have been reached when the rebel officers asked to see Mazaki on 27 February. Mazaki, accompanied by two other members of the SMC (

1644:

The Supreme Military Council (SMC) held an unofficial meeting in the afternoon, attended by a number of other officers including Kashii, Yamashita, Kawashima and

1202: 1226:. Once this had been accomplished, they entered the residence and asked to see Minister Kawashima. When they were admitted to see him at 06:30, they read their 2183:, the Buddhist goddess of mercy, dedicated to the memories of the rebel officers and their victims at the former location of the Shibuya execution grounds. 1223: 3614: 1345:

At approximately 10:00, Kurihara and Nakahashi boarded three trucks with sixty men and traveled from the Prime Minister's Residence to the offices of the

4221: 558:

from 1931 to 1934, occupying most significant staff positions, but many of its members were replaced by Tōsei-ha officers following Araki's resignation.

1391:

1st Lieutenant Motoaki Nakahashi of the 3rd Imperial Guard assembled 135 men and, telling his commanders that they were going to pay their respects at

4226: 2074:. This transition was not without its problems, however. When the selection of Hirota was made clear and efforts began to assemble a cabinet, General 1415:

Nakahashi and his 75 men entered the palace grounds using the western Hanzō Gate at 06:00. Nakahashi's unit was the scheduled emergency relief company

1318:

Captain Hisashi Kōno commanded a team consisting of seven members, including six civilians, to attack Makino, who was staying at Kōfūsō, part of the

3636: 1749:

made up of the Chief of Staff, Vice Chief of Staff and Inspector General of Military Education. With Watanabe assassinated and the Chief of Staff (

1559:

After the occupation of the police headquarters, 2nd Lieutenant Kinjirō Suzuki led a small group to attack the nearby residence of Fumio Gotō, the

3530: 1604: 1001: 1090: 699:, the Emperor's brother (and, until 1933, his heir), who was friends with Nishida and other Kokutai Genri-ha leaders. Despite being fiercely 2137:

The parents, widows, and children of the executed rebels, who were prevented by the government from commemorating them until the end of the

2089:

This interference with cabinet selection was followed by a demand that only active-duty officers be allowed to serve as Minister of War and

1290:

As Minister of War (1924–27, 1929–31), Ugaki had overseen a reduction in size and modernization of the army. He had also failed to back the

4236: 2151:. They have established two sites in Tokyo commemorating the officers of the February 26 Incident. In 1952, shortly after the end of the 2071: 2034:

45. The most noteworthy of these were Ichitarō Yamaguchi (life imprisonment), Ryu Saitō (five years) and Sakichi Mitsui (three years).

1781: 1608: 641: 654:

The loose-knit young officers group varied in size, but is estimated to have had roughly 100 regular members, mostly officers in the

545: 4186: 1462:

Captain Teruzō Andō led 200 men of the 3rd Infantry Regiment to Suzuki's private residence just across from the Imperial Palace in

1086:, were not told anything before the coup began, though many were (according to the officers) enthusiastic once the uprising began. 4241: 1616:

would "effectively be granting victory to the rebel army". It was after hearing this advice that Hirohito hardened his position.

1152:

The night of 25 February brought heavy snowfall to Tokyo. This heartened the rebel officers because it reminded them of the 1860

742:

attempt. The ringleaders of the incident, as in the previous March and October incidents, received relatively light punishments.

860:

The young officers prepared an explanation of their intentions and grievances in a document entitled "Manifesto of the Uprising"

4191: 3713: 3821: 526:

The Kōdō-ha emphasized the importance of Japanese culture, spiritual purity over material quality, and the need to attack the

3719: 567: 2558:"内外眞ニ重大危急、今ニシテ國体破壊ノ不義不臣ヲ誅戮シテ稜威ヲ遮リ御維新ヲ阻止シ來タレル奸賊ヲ芟除スルニ非ズンバ皇模ヲ一空セン。君側ノ奸臣軍賊ヲ斬除シテ、彼ノ中樞ヲ粉砕スルハ我等ノ任トシテ能ク為スベシ。", Chaen (2001), p. 27 629:

those who exploited the people, restoring prosperity to the nation. These beliefs were strongly influenced by contemporary

4216: 2176: 4196: 3629: 2090: 2019: 1153: 1673:

All the Supreme War Councilors have agreed to unite and move forward in accordance with the principles stated above.

1298:

During this period, a number of officers sympathetic to the rebels were admitted, including General Mazaki, General

35: 4201: 4066: 3683: 2152: 1007:

Support for the London Naval Treaty, involvement in Mazaki's dismissal, establishing a court faction with Makino.

3967: 3918: 1837: 1750: 1514:

for cover. Watanabe opened fire with his pistol, whereupon one of the soldiers fired a burst at him with a light

1245: 1198:

The attack on Okada consisted of 280 men from the 1st Infantry Regiment led by 1st Lieutenant Yasuhide Kurihara.

1174: 769: 746: 722: 298: 3749: 4231: 3955: 571: 1023:

Involvement in party politics, attempting to weaken the military, continuing the existing economic structure.

3622: 1767:

The Naval Staff had taken a similarly dim view of the uprising, at least partly due to the attacks on three

973: 926: 732: 692: 608:(an amorphous term often translated as "national polity", it roughly signifies the relationship between the 440: 593:

The young officers believed that the problems facing the nation were the result of Japan straying from the

4206: 3888: 3845: 3815: 2094: 1760: 1729: 1094: 685: 492: 429: 161: 148: 3827: 1763:

Land Force of Yokosuka arriving at Shibaura, Tokyo, following the outbreak of the "February 26 Incident".

3743: 2129: 1805: 1612: 1319: 1234:

The rapid resolution of the situation by Kawashima in a way that "advanced the cause of the Restoration"

1158: 821: 452: 3767: 1495: 1450:

1st Lieutenant Naoshi Sakai led 120 men from the 3rd Infantry Regiment to Saitō's private residence in

1028: 503:. By the early 1930s, officers in the high command had become split into two main informal groups: the 318: 264: 1670:

The current state of the national polity (including its defilement) is a matter of great regret to us.

4035: 3979: 3839: 1261: 1173:

between 03:30 and 04:00. The attacks on Okada, Takahashi, Suzuki, Saito, the Ministry of War and the

986: 897: 622: 614: 555: 504: 463: 130: 100: 20: 1808:

between Ishiwara and Lieutenant Colonel Sakichi Mitsui, a supporter of the uprising. They reached a

1190: 3803: 3797: 3677: 1915:

3. Your fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters are all weeping because they will become traitors.

1327: 1265: 932: 837: 833: 512: 303: 199: 890:

through their selfishness and disrespect for the Emperor and asserting the need for direct action:

275: 221: 4085: 3912: 3876: 1377: 1357: 1323: 1299: 1012: 841: 673: 210: 3731: 1960: 1474: 1829:

the command ordered him to quickly evict "the officers and men occupying the Miyakezaka area".

1756: 625:", the officers would enable the Emperor to re-establish his authority. The Emperor would then 439:

Although the rebels succeeded in assassinating several leading officials (including two former

4091: 4060: 3924: 3906: 3894: 3833: 2075: 2027: 981: 618: 420: 4110: 4029: 3949: 3791: 3773: 3755: 3725: 3707: 2079: 1667:

We recognize that your motives are based on a sincere desire to clarify the national polity.

1588: 1307: 1280: 1230:

aloud and handed him a document in which they made numerous demands of the army, including:

1136:". Allies were also to display a three-sen postage stamp when approaching the army's lines. 1056: 1052: 1017: 948: 849: 762: 681: 609: 436:

the government and military leadership of their factional rivals and ideological opponents.

322: 1571: 688:

members of the group split and largely ended their association with civilian nationalists.

4054: 3985: 3961: 3857: 3737: 3525: 2083: 1775:

to Tokyo on 26 February. By the afternoon of 27 February forty warships were stationed in

1645: 1392: 1241: 735: 728: 700: 696: 520: 425: 308: 242: 64: 3761: 1841: 1303: 1071:

Flag used by rebel troops during the uprising: "Revere the Emperor, Destroy the Traitors"

996: 853: 313: 186: 1599:

With Saitō dead and Suzuki gravely wounded, the Emperor's chief remaining advisors were

651:, and believed that the young officers truly understood their predicaments and spirits. 4116: 3991: 3943: 3900: 3882: 3851: 3809: 3785: 3779: 3695: 3689: 3597: 2067: 2043: 1600: 1396: 1291: 1276: 1249: 1083: 964: 845: 750: 677: 280: 269: 258: 247: 236: 215: 204: 1973:

The Emperor signed an ordinance on March 4, 1936, establishing a Special Court Martial

4180: 4122: 4077: 3997: 1997: 1772: 1560: 1347: 1272: 1257: 1253: 976:

from protesting to the Emperor at the time, establishing a court faction with Saitō.

921: 800: 648: 448: 253: 1992:

guilty. The trials related to the uprising took nearly eighteen months to complete.

1952: 1897: 1832: 1526: 1491: 1373: 1047:

as a member of the Tōsei-ha and because he had been involved with Mazaki's removal.

959:

Support for the London Naval Treaty, causing the Emperor to form improper cabinets.

499:

among its high-ranking officers, originally stemming from domainal rivalries in the

2138: 2050: 2031: 1905: 1816: 1619: 1592: 773: 537: 532: 527: 500: 4102: 3935: 1689: 1463: 1132:, adopted from the Meiji Restoration-era slogan, "Revere the Emperor, Destroy the 1169:

The rebel troops, divided into six groups, assembled their troops and left their

536:), while the Tōsei-ha officers, who were strongly influenced by the ideas of the 3701: 1746: 1725: 1515: 1383: 630: 550: 508: 484: 3090:

in the 2nd clause as "approve" rather than "recognize". Shillony (1973), p. 153

761:

become disillusioned with Araki for his failures to overcome resistance in the

621:

of 70 years earlier. By rising up and destroying the "evil advisers around the

1809: 1575: 1530:

Rebel troops assembling at police headquarters during the February 26 Incident

1352: 1194:

Rebels outside the Prime Minister's Residence during the February 26 Incident.

1163: 754: 659: 516: 444: 84: 60: 4162: 4149: 1478:

Rebels occupying Nagata-cho and Akasaka area during the February 26 Incident.

4128: 4046: 3868: 1933: 1794: 1776: 1331: 1227: 1133: 1078: 1067: 791: 637: 634: 570:(an undergraduate academy) and those who had advanced on to the prestigious 541: 1471:

of the Ministry of War. Suzuki, although seriously wounded, would survive.

1209: 904:

Seven targets were chosen for assassination for "threatening the kokutai":

3551:

Crowley, James B. (1962). "Japanese Army Factionalism in the Early 1930s"

1880:

asked that an Imperial messenger be sent. He said that the officers would

1403:

while Nakajima slashed him with his sword. Takahashi died without waking.

1116:

for this force and the password "Revere the Emperor, Destroy the Traitors"

1699: 1170: 953: 878: 825: 705: 566:

IJA officers were divided between those whose education had ended at the

544:

theory), technological modernization, mechanization and expansion within

496: 292: 78: 1144: 480: 2156: 2054: 1940: 1881: 1768: 1503: 1451: 991:

Support for the London Naval Treaty, "obstructing the Imperial virtue"

936: 644: 595: 225: 190: 3585:

Revolt in Japan: The Young Officers and the February 26, 1936 Incident

1936:

began shortly after midnight; by 10:00, many of the troops were gone.

745:

The direct prelude to the February 26 Incident, however, was the 1934

3560:

Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-de-Camp: the Honjo Diary, 1933–36

2180: 1400: 820:, secure control of the administrative center of the capital and the 459: 1793:

Thus, by the evening of 26 February, the uprising had resulted in a

753:

investigating the incident found there was insufficient evidence to

1286:

The appointment of Araki as the new commander of the Kwantung Army.

3648: 2128: 2000:

that Aizawa had faced a few months earlier. Charged with rebellion

1959: 1951: 1904: 1896: 1831: 1755: 1688: 1618: 1570: 1525: 1511: 1490: 1473: 1382: 1372: 1208: 1189: 1143: 1066: 658:

area. Its informal leader was Mitsugi (Zei) Nishida. A former IJA

655: 626: 479: 433: 1785:) had been dispatched to defend naval installations in the city. 540:

general staff, supported central economic and military planning (

1033:

Mazaki's replacement as Inspector General of Military Education

739: 703:, the faction had also managed to secure irregular funding from 554:). The Kōdō-ha was dominant in the IJA during Araki's tenure as 3618: 1901:

Occupied area on February 29, 1936. The troops were surrounded.

1166:, the chief adviser to the Shōgun, in the name of the Emperor. 1929: 1268:

for being "the source of the destruction of military command".

969:

former Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, former Foreign Minister

795:

advantage of the favorable public opinion it was engendering.

2155:, they placed a gravestone entitled "Grave of the Twenty-two 1804:

This approach was followed by late-night negotiations at the

1664:

The purpose of your actions has been reported to His Majesty.

1510:

second floor. Shoving her aside, they found Watanabe using a

1237:

The prevention of the use of force against the Righteous Army

2207:

Chaen (2001), p. 146. Number does not include IJN personnel.

1283:

from the Imperial Japanese Army for promoting "factionalism"

1089:

The bulk of the Righteous Army was made up of men from the

1059:) could not agree over the use of cadets in the operation. 640:. Almost all of the young officers' subordinates were from 633:

thought, especially the political philosophy of the former

1076:

participated voluntarily and any orders given were merely

428:

on 26 February 1936. It was organized by a group of young

672:

faction. Involved at least to some extent in most of the

886:, bureaucrats and political parties for endangering the 1724:

The second positive development was the declaration of

1676:

Beyond this everything depends upon His Majesty's will.

1911:

1. It is still not too late, so return to your units.

1635: 906: 3609:

Mokugekisha ga Kataru Showa-shi (Vol. 4): 2/26 Jiken

3602:

The Double Patriots: A Study of Japanese Nationalism

731:

of 1932, in which young naval officers assassinated

4101: 4076: 4045: 4020: 4011: 3934: 3867: 3668: 3657: 1567:

Government response and suppression of the uprising

362: 337: 175: 112: 92: 71: 55: 47: 28: 1162:(political activists with ambitions) assassinated 1100:The coup leaders adopted the name "Righteous Army" 2666:Chaen (2001), pp. 113, 117, 120, 123–125, 127–129 2297:高橋正衛(1994) 『二・二六事件「昭和維新」の思想と行動』中公新書　pp. 146–150 972:Support for the London Naval Treaty, preventing 3594:(Jan 1982), Vol. 32 Issue 1, pp. 10–13. online. 2168: 2114: 2009: 1982: 1913:2. All those who resist will be shot as rebels. 1861: 1711: 1547: 1424: 1177:headquarters occurred simultaneously at 05:00. 1125: 1109: 1040:, refusal to resign despite his unsuitability. 893: 869: 583: 462:and another forty were imprisoned. The radical 407: 3083: 2162: 2144: 2108: 2003: 1976: 1855: 1705: 1541: 1418: 1271:The immediate dismissal of Lieutenant Colonel 1119: 1103: 863: 665: 601: 577: 401: 106:Increase of military influence over government 4247:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period 3630: 1840:'s name transmitting the imperial command to 1745:The General Staff was effectively ruled by a 8: 1213:Yasuhide Kurihara leading the Rebellion Army 828:with Prince Chichibu if necessary, however. 447:, they failed to assassinate Prime Minister 443:) and in occupying the government center of 1771:(Okada, Saitō and Suzuki). It summoned the 1583:Opposition of the Court faction and Emperor 77:Restore direct imperial rule under Emperor 4017: 3665: 3637: 3623: 3615: 3590:Sims, Richard. "Japanese Fascism," (1982) 519:"Control" faction identified with General 25: 2049:Fifteen of the officers were executed by 2046:, who had become prime minister in June. 3645:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Japan 1956:Rebel troops returning to their barracks 1702:, ordered a state of "wartime emergency" 882:, political leaders, military factions, 709:leaders who hoped to shield themselves. 3531:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 2191: 1636:The Minister of War's proclamation and 2333:Shillony (1973), pp. 55, 83–85, 99–102 1919:Martial Law Headquarters, February 29. 1522:Tokyo Metropolitan Police headquarters 1036:Support for the "organ theory" of the 915: 912: 909: 507:"Imperial Way" faction led by General 3279:三宅坂付近ヲ占拠シアル将校以下. Chaen (2001), p. 151 2495:Shillony (1973), pp. 110–114, 128–229 2288:Shillony (1973), pp. x, 60, 64–68, 70 1411:Attempt to secure the Imperial Palace 40:1st Lt. Nibu Masatada and his company 7: 4212:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts 1295:shot him (non-fatally) in the head. 852:and their own immediate commanders, 2585:Shillony (1973), pp. 87–88, 123–124 2053:on 15 July at a military prison in 1623:Rebel occupation of the Sannō Hotel 382:4 government officials assassinated 1609:Minister of the Imperial Household 14: 4222:Events that led to courts-martial 3541:. University of California Press. 3405:Kita (2003), pp. 181–182, 192–193 3387:Kita (2003), pp. 173–174, 178–179 3306:Kita (2003), pp. 136–137, 141–142 3180:Shillony (1973), pp. 167–168, 181 3117:Kita (2003), pp. 111–112, 115–116 3026:Shillony (1973), pp. 149–150, 174 2513:Shillony (1973), pp. 122–125, 128 2101:Personnel changes within the Army 4227:Terrorist incidents in the 1930s 3647: 2086:as Minister of Foreign Affairs. 432:(IJA) officers with the goal of 279: 268: 257: 246: 235: 214: 203: 154: 141: 124: 34: 16:Failed 1936 coup d'état in Japan 3714:Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion 3080:Shillony translates the word 認む 3720:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion 2396:Shillony (1973), pp. 46–47, 49 1737:Opposition within the military 1306:and the Vice-Minister of War, 1218:Seizure of the Ministry of War 1: 3607:Yoshii Hiroshi (ed.) (1989). 3587:. Princeton University Press. 3297:Kita (2003), pp. 136, 138–141 3198:Kita (2003), pp. 129, 160–161 3171:Shillony (1973), pp. 169, 177 2981:Kita (2003), pp. 101, 103–104 2621:Kita (2003), pp. 63–64, 71–74 2477:Kita (2003), pp. 53–55, 84–88 1964:Funeral of Korekiyo Takahashi 1002:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 916:Stated Reasons for Selection 676:of the period, following the 3828:Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion 3562:. University of Tokyo Press. 3553:The Journal of Asian Studies 3495:Shillony (1973), pp. 213–214 3441:Shillony (1973), pp. 201–202 3261:Shillony (1973), pp. 172–173 3234:Shillony (1973), pp. 181–182 3216:Shillony (1973), pp. 178–181 3189:Shillony (1973), pp. 170–171 3126:Shillony (1973), pp. 155–156 3062:Shillony (1973), pp. 153–154 2999:Shillony (1973), pp. 173–174 2954:Shillony (1973), pp. 141–142 2936:Shillony (1973), pp. 137–138 2846:Shillony (1973), pp. 142–143 2828:Shillony (1973), pp. 142–143 2801:Shillony (1973), pp. 135–136 2684:Shillony (1973), pp. 139–140 2657:Shillony (1973), pp. 133–134 2594:Shillony (1973), pp. 123–124 2522:Shillony (1973), pp. 118–119 2468:Shillony (1973), pp. 114–115 2450:Shillony (1973), pp. 110–111 2252:Crowley (1962), pp. 313–314. 1779:and the navy's land forces ( 495:(IJA) had a long history of 4237:Political violence in Japan 3569:. Harvard University Press. 2351:Shillony (1973), pp. 39, 55 2306:Crowley (1962), pp. 311–312 2270:Crowley (1962), pp. 311–312 2169: 2115: 2010: 1983: 1862: 1712: 1548: 1425: 1126: 1110: 1095:3rd Imperial Guard Regiment 870: 584: 408: 4263: 4067:Hibiya incendiary incident 3822:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion 3684:Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion 3583:Shillony, Ben-Ami (1973). 3567:The Making of Modern Japan 2855:Chaen (2001), pp. 121, 130 2720:Jansen (2002), pp. 593–594 2630:Chaen (2001), pp. 130, 145 2531:Storry (1957), pp. 183–185 2414:Shillony (1973), pp. 48–49 2315:Kita (2003), pp. 13–16, 19 2261:Storry (1957), pp. 137–143 2234:Shillony (1973), pp. 37–38 2153:Allied occupation of Japan 2133:Memorial in Shibuya, Tokyo 1789:Negotiations and stalemate 1203:Prime Minister's Residence 1201:The troops surrounded the 768:On 12 August 1935, in the 720: 18: 3968:Military Academy incident 3574:Ni Niroku Jiken Zenkenshō 3537:Brown, Delmer M. (1955). 3513:Chaen (2001), pp. 209–210 3504:Chaen (2001), pp. 207–208 3378:Chaen (2001), pp. 186–199 3333:Kita (2003), pp. 147, 150 2163: 2145: 2109: 2004: 1977: 1856: 1706: 1603:, Chief Secretary to the 1542: 1419: 1246:Governor-General of Korea 1175:Tokyo Metropolitan Police 1120: 1104: 864: 747:Military Academy Incident 666: 602: 578: 451:or secure control of the 402: 377:Several committed suicide 367: 342: 180: 117: 33: 4187:Attempted coups in Japan 3956:League of Blood Incident 3486:Kita (2003), pp. 203–205 3477:Kita (2003), pp. 206–207 3432:Kita (2003), pp. 199–200 3360:Kita (2003), pp. 152–153 3351:Kita (2003), pp. 150–151 3324:Kita (2003), pp. 145–149 3315:Kita (2003), pp. 144–145 3288:Kita (2003), pp. 131–132 3252:Kita (2003), pp. 129–131 3243:Kita (2003), pp. 127–129 3225:Kita (2003), pp. 122–127 3135:Kita (2003), pp. 121–122 3053:Kita (2003), pp. 107–108 3008:Kita (2003), pp. 104–105 2175:in Kensōji, a temple in 1693:Martial Law Headquarters 1020:, former Prime Minister 1004:, former Prime Minister 956:, former Prime Minister 384:5 police officers killed 19:Not to be confused with 4242:Assassinations in Japan 3611:. Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha. 3565:Jansen, Marius (2002). 3546:Zusetsu Ni Niroku Jiken 3468:Shillony (1973), p. 210 3423:Shillony (1973), p. 202 3396:Shillony (1973), p. 200 3369:Shillony (1973), p. 196 3342:Shillony (1973), p. 193 3270:Bix (2000), pp. 300–301 3207:Shillony (1973), p. 178 3162:Shillony (1973), p. 157 3153:Shillony (1973), p. 156 3144:Shillony (1973), p. 156 3044:Shillony (1973), p. 153 3035:Shillony (1973), p. 152 2927:Shillony (1973), p. 137 2909:Shillony (1973), p. 138 2891:Shillony (1973), p. 138 2873:Shillony (1973), p. 137 2792:Shillony (1973), p. 141 2765:Shillony (1973), p. 139 2747:Kita (2003), pp. 99–101 2738:Shillony (1973), p. 149 2711:Shillony (1973), p. 148 2639:Shillony (1973), p. 130 2612:Shillony (1973), p. 133 2540:Shillony (1973), p. 130 2432:Crowley (1962), p. 323. 2405:Crowley (1962), p. 322. 2387:Crowley (1962), p. 319. 2141:, formed the Busshinkai 1659:The proclamation read: 670:, "National Principle") 487:, leader of the Kōdō-ha 234:Yasuhide Kurihara 4192:Imperial Japanese Army 4163:35.66417°N 139.69694°E 3084: 2603:Kita (2003), pp. 74–76 2567:Kita (2003), pp. 89–90 2459:Kita (2003), pp. 40–41 2441:Shillony (1973), p. 54 2378:Kita (2003), pp. 33–35 2369:Kita (2003), pp. 20–22 2342:Crowley (1962), p. 311 2324:Shillony (1973), p. 21 2279:Shillony (1973), p. 13 2243:Crowley (1962), p. 310 2134: 1965: 1957: 1920: 1902: 1844: 1838:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 1764: 1761:Imperial Japanese Navy 1694: 1679: 1624: 1613:Vice-Grand Chamberlain 1591:, the Emperor's chief 1579: 1537:Emergency Service Unit 1531: 1499: 1479: 1388: 1380: 1214: 1195: 1149: 1148:Map of initial attacks 1072: 902: 811:Planning and manifesto 723:Statism in Shōwa Japan 684:of 1931, the army and 493:Imperial Japanese Army 488: 476:Army factional rivalry 430:Imperial Japanese Army 299:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 162:Imperial Japanese Navy 149:Imperial Japanese Army 3744:Shishigatani incident 3572:Kita Hiroaki (2003). 3558:Hane, Mikiso (1983). 3548:. Nihon Tosho Center. 3544:Chaen Yoshio (2001). 2576:Storry (1957), p. 186 2504:Jansen (2002), p. 597 2486:Storry (1957), p. 181 2225:Storry (1957), p. 137 2216:Jansen (2002), p. 598 2132: 1984:tokusetsu gunpō kaigi 1963: 1955: 1908: 1900: 1835: 1759: 1692: 1661: 1622: 1574: 1529: 1494: 1477: 1441:3rd Infantry Regiment 1386: 1376: 1212: 1193: 1181:1st Infantry Regiment 1147: 1070: 511:and his ally General 483: 363:Casualties and losses 4217:February 1936 events 3974:February 26 incident 3840:Shimonoseki Campaign 3539:Nationalism in Japan 3450:Chaen (2001), p. 200 2963:Chaen (2001), p. 127 2945:Chaen (2001), p. 125 2918:Chaen (2001), p. 125 2900:Chaen (2001), p. 123 2882:Chaen (2001), p. 124 2837:Chaen (2001), p. 121 2819:Chaen (2001), p. 120 2810:Chaen (2001), p. 120 2783:Chaen (2001), p. 129 2774:Chaen (2001), p. 129 2756:Chaen (2001), p. 128 2729:Chaen (2001), p. 117 2702:Chaen (2001), p. 118 2693:Chaen (2001), p. 113 2675:Chaen (2001), p. 113 2198:Chaen (2001), p. 130 2091:Minister of the Navy 2061:Change of government 1824:The imperial command 1224:General Staff Office 1154:Sakuradamon Incident 562:The "young officers" 412:, also known as the 397:February 26 incident 96:Uprising suppressed 42:on February 26, 1936 29:February 26 incident 21:February 28 incident 4197:Rebellions in Japan 4168:35.66417; 139.69694 4159: / 3889:Shinpūren Rebellion 3846:Tenchūgumi incident 3816:Shakushain's revolt 3804:Shimabara Rebellion 3780:Yamashiro Rebellion 3750:Siege of Hōjūjidono 3678:Kibi Clan Rebellion 3459:Kita (2003), p. 206 3414:Kita (2003), p. 188 3108:Kita (2003), p. 114 3099:Hane (1982), p. 209 3071:Kita (2003), p. 110 2864:Kita (2003), p. 164 2549:Chaen (2001), p. 27 1578:, February 26, 1936 1549:Tokubetsu Keibi-tai 1328:Kanagawa Prefecture 1266:Yoshitsugu Tatekawa 935:, support for the " 933:London Naval Treaty 834:Yoshiyuki Kawashima 538:contemporary German 304:Yoshiyuki Kawashima 51:26–28 February 1936 3919:Fukushima incident 3913:Takebashi incident 3877:Two Lords Incident 3604:. Greenwood Press. 3017:Bix (2000), p. 299 2990:Bix (2000), p. 299 2972:Kita (2003), p. 94 2648:Kita (2003), p. 57 2423:Kita (2003), p. 25 2360:Kita (2003), p. 19 2170:nijūni-shi no haka 2135: 2020:sentenced to death 1966: 1958: 1921: 1903: 1845: 1765: 1695: 1625: 1580: 1532: 1500: 1480: 1389: 1381: 1378:Korekiyo Takahashi 1369:Takahashi Korekiyo 1364:3rd Imperial Guard 1300:Tomoyuki Yamashita 1260:(commander of the 1252:(commander of the 1215: 1196: 1150: 1073: 1063:The Righteous Army 1013:Takahashi Korekiyo 842:Tomoyuki Yamashita 717:Political violence 674:political violence 489: 4202:Conflicts in 1936 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4061:Nagasaki incident 4007: 4006: 3925:Chichibu incident 3907:Satsuma Rebellion 3895:Akizuki Rebellion 3842: (1863–1864) 3834:Teradaya incident 3818: (1669–1672) 3806: (1637–1638) 3702:Jinshin Rebellion 2076:Hisaichi Terauchi 2028:life imprisonment 1607:; Kurahei Yuasa, 1387:Motoaki Nakahashi 1044: 1043: 987:Grand Chamberlain 682:October incidents 619:Meiji Restoration 617:" modeled on the 615:Shōwa Restoration 418:was an attempted 393: 392: 389: 388: 375:Dozens imprisoned 358: 357: 265:Motoaki Nakahashi 171: 170: 4254: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4111:Shibuya incident 4030:Kakitsu uprising 4018: 3998:Mishima incident 3950:October incident 3798:Rokugō Rebellion 3792:Kunohe Rebellion 3774:Kakitsu uprising 3756:Kennin Rebellion 3708:Hayato Rebellion 3666: 3652: 3651: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 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2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2139:Second World War 2120: 2118: 2116:kakushin bakuryō 2112: 2111: 2072:foreign minister 2017: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1909:To enlisted men! 1867: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1281:Tadashi Katakura 1131: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1057:Aichi Prefecture 1018:Finance Minister 949:Saionji Kinmochi 931:Support for the 907: 875: 873: 867: 866: 838:Jinzaburō Mazaki 671: 669: 668: 607: 605: 604: 589: 587: 581: 580: 572:Army War College 513:Jinzaburō Mazaki 417: 411: 409:Ni Ni-Roku Jiken 405: 404: 369: 368: 344: 343: 327: 283: 272: 261: 250: 239: 230: 218: 207: 195: 160: 158: 157: 147: 145: 144: 129: 128: 127: 119: 118: 38: 26: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4232:Fascist revolts 4177: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4097: 4072: 4055:Blood tax riots 4041: 4022: 4013: 4003: 3986:Matsue incident 3962:May 15 incident 3930: 3863: 3858:Kinmon incident 3768:Shōchō uprising 3762:Jōkyū Rebellion 3738:Heiji Rebellion 3732:Hōgen Rebellion 3728: (939–940) 3710: (720–721) 3670: 3661: 3659: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3598:Storry, Richard 3526:Bix, Herbert P. 3522: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 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564: 556:Minister of War 521:Tetsuzan Nagata 478: 473: 453:Imperial Palace 441:prime ministers 426:Empire of Japan 399: 385: 383: 378: 376: 374: 354: 349: 333: 332: 331: 323: 319:Jōtarō Watanabe 309:Hajime Sugiyama 295:(Emperor Shōwa) 287: 286: 243:Takaji Muranaka 226: 191: 167: 166: 155: 153: 142: 140: 133: 125: 123: 67: 43: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4179: 4178: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4117:Bloody May Day 4114: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4092:Kantō Massacre 4089: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4036:Jōkyō uprising 4033: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4014:civil disorder 4009: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3992:Sanmu incident 3989: 3983: 3980:Kyūjō incident 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3944:March incident 3940: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3901:Hagi Rebellion 3898: 3892: 3886: 3883:Saga Rebellion 3880: 3873: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3852:Mito Rebellion 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3810:Keian Uprising 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3786:Kaga Rebellion 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3696:Isshi incident 3693: 3690:Iwai Rebellion 3687: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 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1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1005: 999: 993: 992: 989: 984: 982:Kantarō Suzuki 978: 977: 974:Prince Fushimi 970: 967: 965:Makino Nobuaki 961: 960: 957: 951: 945: 944: 929: 927:Prime Minister 924: 918: 917: 914: 911: 846:Kanji Ishiwara 812: 809: 786: 783: 781: 778: 751:military court 733:Prime Minister 718: 715: 563: 560: 477: 474: 472: 469: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 379: 372: 365: 364: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 350: 347: 340: 339: 335: 334: 330: 329: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 289: 288: 285: 284: 273: 262: 251: 240: 232: 219: 208: 197: 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 151: 137: 136: 134: 131:Righteous Army 122: 115: 114: 110: 109: 108: 107: 104: 94: 90: 89: 88: 87: 81: 73: 69: 68: 59: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 39: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4259: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4207:1936 in Japan 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4172: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123:Shinjuku riot 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3726:Tengyō no Ran 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3592:History Today 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3578:Asahi Shimbun 3575: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3086: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2158: 2154: 2140: 2131: 2125:Commemoration 2124: 2122: 2117: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2080:Hachirō Arita 2077: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2030:to a fine of 2029: 2023: 2021: 2012: 1999: 1998:court martial 1993: 1985: 1968: 1962: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1917: 1907: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1751:Prince Kan'in 1748: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730:Privy Council 1727: 1722: 1714: 1701: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589:Shigeru Honjō 1582: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1561:Home Minister 1557: 1550: 1538: 1535:the police's 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1468:coup de grace 1465: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1348:Asahi Shimbun 1341: 1340:Asahi Shimbun 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1308:Motoo Furushō 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Kuniaki Koiso 1255: 1254:Kwantung Army 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1199: 1192: 1186:Okada Keisuke 1185: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1112: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 975: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 928: 925: 923: 922:Keisuke Okada 920: 919: 908: 905: 901: 899: 892: 889: 885: 881: 880: 872: 871:Kekki Shuisho 858: 855: 851: 850:Shigeru Honjō 847: 843: 839: 835: 829: 827: 823: 819: 810: 808: 804: 802: 801:direct action 796: 793: 784: 779: 777: 775: 771: 766: 764: 758: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 734: 730: 724: 716: 714: 710: 708: 707: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 661: 657: 652: 650: 649:working class 646: 643: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 598: 597: 591: 586: 573: 569: 561: 559: 557: 553: 552: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 486: 482: 475: 470: 468: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 449:Keisuke Okada 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 415: 414:2–26 incident 410: 398: 380: 371: 370: 366: 361: 351: 346: 345: 341: 336: 328: 326: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290: 282: 277: 274: 271: 266: 263: 260: 255: 254:Asaichi Isobe 252: 249: 244: 241: 238: 233: 231: 229: 223: 220: 217: 212: 209: 206: 201: 200:Kiyosada Kōda 198: 196: 194: 188: 185: 184: 179: 174: 163: 152: 150: 139: 138: 135: 132: 121: 120: 116: 111: 105: 102: 98: 97: 95: 91: 86: 83:Purge of the 82: 80: 76: 75: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 37: 32: 27: 22: 4144: 4131: (1970) 4125: (1968) 4119: (1952) 4113: (1946) 4094: (1923) 4088: (1918) 4069: (1905) 4063: (1886) 4057: (1873) 4038: (1686) 4032: (1441) 4000: (1970) 3994: (1961) 3988: (1945) 3982: (1945) 3976: (1936) 3973: 3970: (1934) 3964: (1932) 3958: (1932) 3952: (1931) 3946: (1931) 3927: (1884) 3921: (1882) 3915: (1878) 3909: (1877) 3903: (1876) 3897: (1876) 3891: (1876) 3885: (1874) 3879: (1868) 3860: (1864) 3854: (1864) 3848: (1863) 3836:(1862, 1866) 3830: (1837) 3824: (1789) 3812: (1651) 3800: (1603) 3776: (1441) 3770: (1428) 3764: (1221) 3758: (1201) 3752: (1184) 3746: (1177) 3740: (1160) 3734: (1156) 3608: 3601: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3534:. Perennial. 3529: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2136: 2104: 2088: 2064: 2051:firing squad 2048: 2040: 2036: 2024: 1994: 1972: 1938: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1850: 1846: 1842:Kōhei Kashii 1827: 1817:Nobuyuki Abe 1814: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1780: 1766: 1744: 1740: 1723: 1696: 1684: 1680: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1629: 1626: 1598: 1593:aide-de-camp 1586: 1558: 1533: 1508: 1501: 1498:'s dead body 1481: 1467: 1461: 1449: 1446:Saitō Makoto 1435: 1414: 1405: 1390: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1317: 1297: 1289: 1279:, and Major 1221: 1200: 1197: 1168: 1157: 1151: 1099: 1091:1st Division 1088: 1077: 1074: 1049: 1045: 1037: 997:Saitō Makoto 940: 937:organ theory 903: 894: 887: 883: 877: 859: 854:Kōhei Kashii 830: 817: 814: 805: 797: 788: 780:Preparations 767: 759: 744: 726: 711: 704: 690: 653: 594: 592: 585:seinen shōkō 568:Army Academy 565: 549: 533:Hokushin-ron 531: 528:Soviet Union 525: 501:Meiji period 497:factionalism 490: 457: 438: 419: 413: 396: 394: 324: 314:Kōhei Kashii 276:Naoshi Sakai 227: 222:Hisashi Kōno 192: 187:Shirō Nonaka 176:Lead figures 4166: / 4154:139°41′49″E 3788:(1487–1488) 3782:(1485–1493) 3722: (764) 3716: (740) 3704: (672) 3698: (645) 3692: (527) 3686: (479) 3680: (463) 2177:Azabu-Jūban 2068:Kōki Hirota 1893:Final hours 1852:"rebellion" 1747:triumvirate 1726:martial law 1713:senji keibi 1640:recognition 1605:Lord Keeper 1601:Kōichi Kido 1596:as to how. 1516:machine gun 1397:Meiji Jingū 1262:Korean Army 1250:Jirō Minami 1127:Sonnō Tōkan 898:Restoration 631:nationalist 551:Nanshin-ron 509:Sadao Araki 485:Sadao Araki 421:coup d'état 373:19 executed 348:1,483–1,558 211:Teruzō Andō 93:Resulted in 4181:Categories 4151:35°39′51″N 4086:Rice riots 4078:Taishō era 4021:Pre-Modern 3669:Pre-Modern 3662:rebellions 3520:References 2070:, Okada's 2011:hanran-zai 1934:Desertions 1810:compromise 1782:rikusentai 1358:type trays 1302:, General 1275:, Colonel 1273:Akira Mutō 1164:Ii Naosuke 721:See also: 660:lieutenant 647:family or 515:, and the 471:Background 4129:Koza riot 4103:Shōwa era 4047:Meiji era 4012:Riots and 3936:Shōwa era 3869:Meiji era 3660:coups and 3658:Attempted 1948:Aftermath 1868:instead. 1836:Order in 1795:stalemate 1777:Tokyo Bay 1773:1st Fleet 1652:council. 1464:Kōjimachi 1322:Itōya in 1304:Ryū Saitō 1228:manifesto 1156:in which 1134:Shogunate 1079:pro forma 1053:Toyohashi 939:" of the 913:Position 792:Manchuria 638:Ikki Kita 635:socialist 542:total war 103:influence 3600:(1957). 3528:(2000). 1769:admirals 1700:garrison 1638:de facto 1576:Hanzōmon 1324:Yugawara 1171:barracks 1140:Uprising 884:zaibatsu 826:Hirohito 706:zaibatsu 517:Tōsei-ha 293:Hirohito 99:Loss of 85:Tōsei-ha 79:Hirohito 56:Location 3555:(21:3). 2157:Samurai 2055:Shibuya 1941:suicide 1630:kokutai 1504:Ogikubo 1452:Yotsuya 1426:fuentai 1353:liberal 1264:), and 1038:kokutai 941:kokutai 888:kokutai 818:kokutai 763:cabinet 645:peasant 610:Emperor 596:kokutai 505:Kōdō-ha 464:Kōdō-ha 434:purging 424:in the 325:† 228:† 193:† 113:Parties 101:Kōdō-ha 3794:(1591) 3085:mitomu 2181:Kannon 2164:二十二士之墓 1978:特設軍法会議 1969:Trials 1863:hanran 1611:; and 1401:pistol 1320:ryokan 1159:shishi 755:indict 623:Throne 460:mutiny 403:二・二六事件 353:23,841 338:Number 321: 278: 267: 256: 245: 224: 213: 202: 189: 159: 146: 4023:Japan 3671:Japan 2187:Notes 2082:over 1928:over 1543:特別警備隊 1512:futon 1111:gigun 954:Genrō 910:Name 879:genrō 865:蹶起趣意書 678:March 667:国体原理派 656:Tokyo 627:purge 546:China 445:Tokyo 72:Goals 65:Japan 61:Tokyo 2110:革新幕僚 2095:Diet 1707:戦時警備 1395:(or 1121:尊皇討奸 740:coup 686:navy 680:and 642:poor 579:青年将校 491:The 395:The 48:Date 2146:佛心会 2032:JP¥ 2005:反乱罪 1930:NHK 1420:赴援隊 1256:), 1248:), 4183:: 3576:. 2167:, 2113:, 2097:. 2022:. 2008:, 1981:, 1860:, 1857:叛乱 1710:, 1546:, 1423:, 1334:. 1326:, 1124:, 1108:, 1105:義軍 1055:, 943:. 868:, 848:, 844:, 840:, 836:, 603:国体 590:. 582:, 523:. 406:, 63:, 3638:e 3631:t 3624:v 3580:. 3088:) 3082:( 2173:) 2161:( 2159:" 2149:) 2143:( 2119:) 2107:( 2015:) 2002:( 1988:) 1975:( 1866:) 1854:( 1717:) 1704:( 1553:) 1540:( 1430:) 1417:( 1244:( 1130:) 1118:( 1114:) 1102:( 874:) 862:( 664:( 613:" 606:) 600:( 588:) 576:( 548:( 530:( 416:) 400:( 23:.

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