584:- identified the Black Hand with the FTRE with a dual purpose, according to Clara Lida: "firstly, to drastically stop the growing force of the International in Spain. The second objective was more local: it was about making it impossible for the farm workers to organize and preventing an agrarian strike from making it difficult to harvest the crops." The Federal Committee of the FTRE, which had already reiterated that the propaganda could not be carried out "neither because of the robbery, nor because of the kidnapping, nor because of the murder," replied that it had no connection with the Black Hand, "nor with any secret association that has for its own sake an objective to perpetrate crimes of common law, refusing all solidarity with those who have committed or may commit criminal acts." It also condemned
123:
535:. On November 21, a group of 90 civil guards arrived in Jerez under the command of Captain José Oliver y Vidal who immediately, with the help of the head of the Jerez municipal guard, Tomás Pérez Monforte, proceeded to arrest hundreds of day laborers and affiliates of the FRTE, supposed members of the mysterious Black Hand. In a few weeks there were more than 3,000 day laborers and anarchists imprisoned — Josep Termes gives a much higher figure: 2,000 in Cádiz and 3,000 in Jerez. As Avilés Farré has pointed out, "in most cases the reason why they were detained was not for belonging to the Black Hand, but to the FTRE". The body of the FRTE
648:
640:
543:
577:", who later became known to have been assassinated the same day as the innkeepers. It was known as the crime of the Parrilla. At that time, it transpired that the death of the young ranch guard named Fernando Olivera, which occurred in August 1882, had not been an accident, but had been caused by the strong blows he had received in the belly. In February 1883 the government sent a special judge to Jerez to investigate the facts. And the matter also reached the Courts where it was debated on February 28.
675:", whose purpose was "to bring together in a common action the resistant force of the Spanish proletariat to direct it against the prevailing capitalism...". To this end, "unconditional support for any strike promoted by workers to safeguard their outraged dignity or to improve their working conditions" was approved, although it was recommended that strikes only be carried out "under favorable conditions." The new organization, according to Tuñón de Lara, "was halfway between
348:
408:, far from disappearing, had resurfaced with such force, going from 30,000 affiliates in 1873 to 60,000 in 1882. Lida also stressed that the "profile" of the new FTRE was very different from that of the eight-year-old FRE-AIT before. "Unlike in 1873, when the manufacturing, industrial and urban areas of Barcelona, Valencia (including Alicante) and Madrid predominated, the profile of the new militants in 1882 was strongly
704:
232:
683:". However, according to Josep Termes, was rather contrary to societarism, as the following statement would prove: "Understand well, we are talking about spontaneous and natural resistance, not that which presupposes a universal, patient and calculated organization, to get a few more cents in wages or an hour less work... This kind of resistance is as ineffective and impractical as cooperation."
627:
protested the confusion of "our public, legal and revolutionary organization, with other factions with objectionable objectives" and once again rejected any solidarity with those who organize "the perpetration of common crimes", also agreeing "to dissolve the
Federation if it cannot act calmly in the law." The Manifesto of Congress concluded: "In order to redeem itself, the
531:" that he had found and by which "the Socialists" in the region, which according to the report was proof that this secret organization was behind the "fires, felling of mountains and trees, injuries or murders" that were taking place in those months of agrarian crisis. Two weeks after receiving the documents, the government decided to send reinforcements to the
619:
conspiracy, which would be behind all the acts of violence that had been taking place in the fields of western
Andalusia. The ominous name of the Black Hand came to specify in something specific a diffuse fear and had an undoubted journalistic appeal, although ultimately in no process was any activity attributable to that mysterious organization ever proven."
731:" tendency advocated the strengthening of the organization so that, through strikes and other forms of struggle, it could wrest improvements in wages and working conditions from the employers. The brutal repression unleashed by the government on the Andalusian anarchists as a result of the murders and robberies attributed to the
564:
The press, both in Cádiz and in Madrid, dealt with the matter without questioning the existence of the Black Hand and creating an atmosphere of fear based on sensational articles on the "abominable association", "abortion of dementia and crime." It focused on the three crimes of which the Black Hand
467:
In the manifesto approved in
Congress, the moderate anarcho-collectivist and legalist theses triumphed - it was proclaimed, for example, that strikes "when we cannot necessarily avoid them, we will do them regulatory and solidarity". However, "unanimity" within the FTRE was not such, as demonstrated
618:
affirms that it was "a police setup", although he acknowledges that "it is undeniable that violence was present in agrarian
Andalusia." According to Avilés Farré, "the regulations of the Black Hand and the People's Court were understood by some Civil Guard commanders as proof of a vast clandestine
514:
to investigate the affiliates' meetings. For this reason, the newspaper demanded that the "public powers" not resort to "reprobate and illegal means" to repress the workers - "take us to the courts of justice, and they, that they acquit us or condemn us; but do not inhibit the workers' spirits, do
323:
On July 10, some fifty workers 'societies in
Catalonia - which had held a previous assembly in March - made public a manifesto, probably written by Farga Pellicer, in which they called a workers' congress of the Spanish Region in Barcelona for the end of September. Soon the "collectivist workers"
605:
on June 14, 1884, in Jerez - among them the school teacher Juan Ruiz. Regarding the crime of the landlords, four people were sentenced to death, but they were not executed. For the third crime, that of
Fernando Oliveira, two people were tried, and one of them was sentenced to a long prison term.
655:
The social impact that the Black Hand affair had and the fear that it would cause the FTRE to be outlawed, caused the
Federal Committee, based in Barcelona, to distance itself from the Andalusian movement, accepting the version given by the government and by the press. The angry response of the
501:
reported that in some places members of the organization were not hired or forced to leave if they wanted to be hired, and many others had lost their job for that reason. The newspaper also denounced that "to the demonstrations that the workers en masse make before the municipalities asking for
670:
Between May 18 and 20, 1888, an "expanded" Congress was held in
Barcelona, which was not attended by the Andalusian federations already opting for anarcho-communism and "illegalism." The delegates, the vast majority Catalan, and the Federal Committee decided to create the Spanish Federation of
626:
from
October 4 to October 1883, accused the impact of the "Black Hand" affair as fewer delegates and federations attended than the previous one held in Seville (152 delegates representing 88 local Federations; no the data of the total affiliates were given). On the "Black Hand", the Congress
667:" held another in Seville three months later, attended by 34 entities, of which 25 were from Andalusia. The Congress held the following year was a complete failure, as was the one held in Madrid between May 15 and 17, 1887, in which only 16 delegates attended.
364:
We are adversaries of all parliamentary politics and determined champions of the economic struggle, of the destructive politics of all privileges and all monopolies of this unjust organization of present society. The workers' Congress declares itself
596:
For the crime of La
Parrilla, on June 18, 1883, the Jerez court sentenced seven people to death and another eight to seventeen years and four months in prison. Two of the accused were acquitted. But the prosecutor appealed the sentence to the
609:
Regarding the existence or not of the "Black Hand", Tuñón de Lara affirms that "nothing allows, in short, to speak of the "Black Hand" as an organization. This is not an obstacle to the existence of small "maffias" (groups influenced by
588:
again, thus deepening "even more the differences between the Catalan anarcho-syndicalist nucleus and the Andalusian illegalists, as well as those who were beginning to be born in and around Barcelona, especially in GrĂ cia, also prone to
614:), on the frontiers of secular rebellion and common crime that, skillfully exploited by the organs of Power, served to justify a repression and a campaign that, despite their protests, would in some way break the FTRE." For his part,
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was founded, "which was the least organization possible; the commission created had no other function than to act as a liaison. There were no statutes or disciplinary rules." But the new organization disappeared the following year.
331:
had been held, agreed to found the new Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region conforming to legality by suppressing the word "international", one of the reasons that had motivated the prohibition of its predecessor the
412:, with great weight from the agrarian organizations that for a decade they had united in the Union of Rural Workers (UTC), specifically aimed at organizing the agricultural proletariat within the Spanish Federation."
277:—which would put an end to the period of secrecy—, they proposed to change the policy of the Federal Commission, which "had moved away from the idea of large labor movements, in favor of secret groups, supporters of
740:
Although the anarchist movement continued to be present through publications and educational initiatives, with the dissolution of the FRTE, "the way was opened for the predominance of individual actions of a
723:" — since any type of organization limited individual autonomy and could "distract" its components from the basic objective, the revolution, in addition to promoting their "gentrification" - and the "
452:, led by the Andalusian Miguel Rubio. The debate focused on maintaining the Federation in legality. "While some, especially the Catalan trade unionists, wanted a public movement that would structure a
656:
Andalusian federations was immediate, opening an ever larger and insurmountable gap within the FTRE that led to the gradual decrease in the number of affiliates and its dissolution five years later.
737:, a mysterious and supposed underground anarchist organization that had nothing to do with the FTRE, contributed to the triumph of the "spontaneist" and "insurrectionalist" tendency in 1883.
686:
In October 1888 the "Pact" held a Congress in Valencia in which it was decided to dissolve the FTRE, and separate union activity, which would be reserved for the newly created
304:. "The history of the Spanish Regional Federation of the AIT ended here, to give way to the reconstruction of a powerful union movement, something that the same men of the
506:", especially in Andalusia that was going through a serious agrarian crisis, they responded "by arresting the most determined and sending forces of the Army to maintain
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And on the other hand, it was not clear that the authorities and employers were going to tolerate the existence of an anarchist organization that advocated the
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who were not very inclined to public union action." Almost simultaneously with the celebration of the Extraordinary Conference, the liberal government of
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was accused. On December 4, two days after the first wave of arrests ordered by Captain Oliver, a couple of innkeepers were assassinated on the road to
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sector prevailed, which criticized the existence of a public, legal organization with a union dimension and which, on the contrary, defended the "
573:. Two months later, on February 4, the corpse, buried in the open field, of a young peasant named Bartolomé Gago, better known as "El Blanco de
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The Congress, which was held between September 24 and 25, 1881 at the Teatro Circo de Barcelona on Montserrat Street, the same place where the
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The Federal Commission was established on October 7 with the Barcelona internationalist group that had taken the initiative to end the FRE -
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which in April 1884 sentenced all but one to capital punishment. Nine had the death sentence commuted to prison but seven were executed by
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not outrage them, do not threaten them, do not raid their homes, do not apprehend them, do not take them to jail like common criminals."
1374:(2010). "La Primera Internacional en España, entre la organización pública y la clandestinidad (1868-1889)". In Casanova, Julián (ed.).
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led to its dissolution in 1881 as soon as the possibility of acting legally again was glimpsed. The initiative came from the
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464:. The conflict in the Andalusian countryside would put the tensions and differences between the two models to the test."
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Only 64 delegates attended the "Cosmopolitan Congress" meeting in Barcelona in September 1884, while the Andalusian
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For this purpose, they convened an Extraordinary Regional Conference that was held from February 6 to 9, 1881 in
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which was attended by one delegate per "region" and during which the dismissal of the Commission —integrated by
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The government supported by the owners and by the press - although there were exceptions such as the newspaper
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The Seville Congress of September 1882: anarcho-collectivism vs. anarcho-communism; legalism vs. illegalism
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in Western Andalusia sent the government a copy of the "regulations" of a secret organization called the "
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has highlighted, is still surprising since after almost ten years of persecution and in hiding the
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who, tried taking advantage of the opportunity offered by the new liberal government chaired by
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they denounced years later that the Federal Commission had not published the agreement of the
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as massive as possible and legal, others, especially in Andalusia, wanted it to maintain its
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did, the anarcho-syndicalists from Barcelona, ex-officio workers, imposed themselves on the
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727:" path - the workers' uprising would put an end to capitalist society. Faced with it, the "
336:. In the "Manifesto to the workers of the Spanish Region" approved in Congress reaffirmed
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shortly after the Seville Congress constituted a new federation under the name of
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One year after its founding, the FTRE already had about 60,000 members, which, as
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needs to be, in addition to being intelligent, honest, and honest to all tests."
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According to historian Carlos Dardé, the FTRE was dissolved in 1888 when the
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Anarquismo y sindicalismo en España. La Primera Internacional (1864-1881)
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La RestauraciĂłn, 1875-1902. Alfonso XII y la regencia de MarĂa Cristina
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440:- who was elected a member of the Federal Commission— and the Galician
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The episode of the "Black Hand" and the crisis of the FTRE (1882-1883)
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La daga y la dinamita. Los anarquistas y el nacimiento del terrorismo
539:
protested the indiscriminate arrests of members of the organization.
359:, the federations that grouped Andalusian day laborers predominated.
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324:
from twenty-two towns in the rest of Spain joined the proposal.
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The ideological and strategic differences that arose within the
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At the beginning of November 1882, the chief colonel of the
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El movimiento obrero en la historia de España. I.1832-1899
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The decline and final dissolution of the FTRE (1883-1888)
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Resistance to Capital, better known by the name of the "
171:) was a Spanish anarchist organization founded in the
1376:
Tierra y Libertad. Cien años de anarquismo en España
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The dissolution of the FRE and the birth of the FTRE
707:Illustration from a periodical newspaper about the
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751:that would proliferate in the following decade."
436:" clashed for the first time, led by the Catalan
164:Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española
23:Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española
495:. Thus, at the end of 1882, the FTRE newspaper
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210:was key, opened a new stage in the history of
1428:Historia del anarquismo en España (1870-1980)
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17:Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region
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1482:FundaciĂł Ferrer i Guardia: Llunas y FTRE
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355:. In the FTRE, unlike its predecessor
200:International Workingmen's Association
41:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
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622:The 3rd Congress of the FTRE held in
273:that had promised the recognition of
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643:Workers of a Catalan textile factory
688:Federation of Resistance to Capital
329:Barcelona Workers' Congress of 1870
204:Barcelona Workers' Congress of 1870
173:Barcelona Workers' Congress of 1881
458:secret and revolutionary character
14:
1522:Anarchist organisations in Spain
377:in terms of social organization.
296:, Trinidad Soriano, Nacher, and
175:by the initiative of a group of
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1507:1888 disestablishments in Spain
194:, after the dissolution of the
460:, and was willing to practice
1:
1502:1881 establishments in Spain
1456:(in Spanish) (2ÂŞ ed.).
1356:: Historia 16-Temas de Hoy.
90:; 135 years ago
1382:: CrĂtica. pp. 33–59.
651:Workers of the same factory
267:Eudald Canivell i Masbernat
244:Spanish Regional Federation
196:Spanish Regional Federation
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406:Spanish anarchist movement
310:insurrectionary anarchists
673:Union and Solidarity Pact
391:Antoni Pellicer i Paraire
263:Antoni Pellicer i Paraire
51:Union and Solidarity Pact
21:
1512:Syndicalist trade unions
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482:London Congress of 1881
476:. In their press organ
62:; 142 years ago
60:September 25, 1881
1348:Dardé, Carlos (1996).
748:propaganda of the deed
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546:Trial held in 1883 in
486:propaganda of the deed
462:propaganda of the deed
395:Francisco Tomás Oliver
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369:in terms of property,
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318:freedom of association
314:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
302:Francisco Tomás Oliver
275:freedom of association
271:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
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216:propaganda of the deed
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1450:Tuñón de Lara, Manuel
1333:: Tusquets Editores.
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510:", or by sending the
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468:by the fact that the
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383:Josep Llunas i Pujals
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255:Josep Llunas i Pujals
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188:Rafael Farga Pellicer
184:Josep Llunas i Pujals
571:Jerez de la Frontera
548:Jerez de la Frontera
430:anarcho-collectivist
353:Jerez de la Frontera
342:anarcho-collectivism
180:anarcho-syndicalists
745:character, for the
251:anarcho-syndicalist
107:Anarcho-syndicalism
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1323:Avilés Farré, Juan
1272:Tuñón de Lara 1977
1236:Tuñón de Lara 1977
1226:, pp. 252–253
1224:Tuñón de Lara 1977
1178:, pp. 251–252
1176:Tuñón de Lara 1977
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1140:Tuñón de Lara 1977
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900:Tuñón de Lara 1977
866:, pp. 133–134
852:Tuñón de Lara 1977
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806:, pp. 241–242
804:Tuñón de Lara 1977
713:
711:(Barcelona, 1893).
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552:Blanco de Benaocaz
550:for the murder of
450:insurrectionalists
446:anarcho-communists
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212:anarchism in Spain
1441:978-84-9006-017-9
1389:978-84-9892-119-9
1340:978-84-8383-753-5
1164:Avilés Farré 2013
1128:Avilés Farré 2013
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840:Avilés Farré 2013
780:Avilés Farré 2013
725:insurrectionalist
661:anarcho-communist
612:anarcho-communism
537:La Revista Social
533:province of Cádiz
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422:2nd FTRE Congress
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1476:External links
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1473:
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1372:Lida, Clara E.
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1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
759:
758:
756:
753:
729:trade unionist
700:
697:
636:
633:
520:
517:
504:bread and work
417:
414:
338:antipoliticism
228:
225:
223:
220:
149:
148:
145:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
116:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:84-7222-331-0
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Termes, Josep
1421:
1417:
1415:84-7423-023-3
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Termes, Josep
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:84-7679-317-0
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1274:, p. 301
1273:
1268:
1265:
1262:, p. 107
1261:
1256:
1253:
1250:, p. 108
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:, p. 301
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1142:, p. 251
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1106:, p. 157
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 144
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 152
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:, p. 151
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:, p. 148
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
938:, p. 136
937:
932:
929:
926:, p. 135
925:
920:
917:
913:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
854:, p. 246
853:
848:
845:
842:, p. 132
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
782:, p. 132
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
754:
752:
750:
749:
744:
738:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
705:
698:
696:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
668:
666:
662:
657:
649:
641:
634:
632:
630:
625:
620:
617:
613:
607:
604:
600:
599:Supreme Court
594:
592:
591:direct action
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
559:
558:
557:La Mano Negra
553:
549:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
513:
509:
505:
500:
499:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Ricardo Mella
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
358:
354:
351:Vineyards in
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
279:direct action
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:group led by
252:
249:
245:
237:
233:
226:
221:
219:
217:
214:dominated by
213:
209:
208:La Mano Negra
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
161:
156:
146:
137:
130:
118:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
20:
1453:
1427:
1401:
1375:
1349:
1326:
1316:Bibliography
1302:
1291:
1286:, p. 58
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1214:, p. 88
1207:
1202:, p. 58
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
998:, p. 92
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
914:, p. 80
907:
895:
883:
878:, p. 79
871:
859:
847:
835:
830:, p. 78
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
770:, p. 74
763:
746:
739:
732:
714:
685:
669:
658:
654:
621:
616:Josep Termes
608:
595:
581:
579:
563:
555:
551:
536:
522:
507:
503:
496:
490:
477:
466:
438:Josep Llunas
424:was held in
419:
399:
380:
367:collectivist
363:
326:
322:
283:
241:
168:
158:
154:
152:
29:Abbreviation
1408:: CrĂtica.
1260:Termes 2011
1248:Termes 2011
1212:Termes 2011
1188:Termes 2011
1152:Termes 2011
1092:Termes 2011
996:Termes 2011
912:Termes 2011
876:Termes 2011
828:Termes 2011
816:Termes 1977
792:Termes 2011
768:Termes 2011
721:spontaneism
681:societarism
629:proletariat
525:Civil Guard
512:Civil Guard
470:illegalists
140:Membership
37:Predecessor
1496:Categories
1307:Dardé 1996
1296:Dardé 1996
755:References
734:Black Hand
699:Evaluation
663:group of "
586:illegalism
582:El Liberal
529:Black Hand
444:, and the
410:Andalusian
402:Clara Lida
375:autonomist
75:Founded at
67:1881-09-25
1458:Barcelona
1452:(1977) .
1432:Barcelona
1406:Barcelona
1380:Barcelona
1331:Barcelona
1284:Lida 2010
1200:Lida 2010
1080:Lida 2010
984:Lida 2010
888:Lida 2010
743:terrorist
717:anarchist
677:anarchism
567:Trebujena
434:legalists
432:and the "
371:anarchist
316:approved
85:Dissolved
79:Barcelona
57:Formation
47:Successor
1460:: Laia.
1426:(2011).
1400:(1977).
1325:(2013).
624:Valencia
575:Benaocaz
306:Alliance
113:Location
1486:Catalan
1434:: RBA.
603:garrote
569:, near
426:Seville
393:- with
357:FRE-AIT
334:FRE-AIT
248:Catalan
222:History
198:of the
182:headed
177:Catalan
160:Spanish
103:Purpose
95:1888-10
93: (
65: (
1464:
1438:
1412:
1386:
1360:
1354:Madrid
1337:
286:GrĂ cia
147:60,000
142:(1882)
126:
508:order
129:Spain
1484:(In
1462:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1335:ISBN
679:and
484:on "
448:and
389:and
340:and
265:and
190:and
169:FTRE
153:The
32:FTRE
593:".
488:".
373:or
281:."
1498::
397:.
385:,
344::
320:.
292:,
261:,
257:,
218:.
186:,
167:,
162::
1488:)
1470:.
1444:.
1418:.
1392:.
1366:.
1343:.
560:.
157:(
97:)
69:)
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