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495:
379:(Timbuctoo: the mysterious). He admitted that Timbuktu lacked impressive buildings, but put this down to lack of suitable materials. He went on, "Unable, therefore, to develop the sensuous arts, Timbuctoo reserved all her strength for the intellectual, and here her dominion was supreme." He described a "University of Sankore" in Timbuktu. Talking of an earlier period in the history of the town, he says,
414:
329:
150:. His experiences were described in a popular book in 1896. He was sent to report on another expedition in West Africa in 1897, but left in disgust due to the brutality of the commander, who was killed shortly after. In 1898 Dubois conceived the idea of launching the first general freight company to use trucks, avoiding the need for porters in the
582:(1911) celebrated the social and economic benefits that the French colonial rule had brought to West Africa. In his view, the French had done better than other colonialists in Africa because they were averse to color prejudice. Dubois felt that the railway and benefits of French administration would help the Sudan recover its former glory.
316:
circle in
Senegal. He admired Noirot's approach to administering Sine-Saloum, and particularly his schools, providing elementary French education, introducing new crops (maize, vegetables and European berries), introducing the students and their parents to the use of the plow. Dubois described Noirot
566:
of southern
Algeria near Tamanrasset. These included the first known drawing of a chariot in the region, funerary monuments and rock art. He did not publish the work, which was unknown until recently. He was fascinated by his findings of traces of ancient civilization, and dreamed of returning with
444:
Trials showed that the state of the roads was the key factor in making a success of the enterprise. With agreement from
Trentinian that the roads could be maintained, Dubois returned to France to raise further support and funds. He founded the SOUDAUTO company with 100,000 francs of his own and with
359:
A wonderful impulse was imparted to this country in the sixteenth century, and a marvellous civilisation appeared in the very heart of the black continent. This civilisation was not imposed by circumstances and force, as is so often the case, even in our own countries, but was spontaneously desired,
383:
The scholars of
Timbuctoo yielded in nothing, to the saints and their miracles. During their sojourns in the foreign universities of Fez, Tunis and Cairo, 'they astonished the most learned men of Islam by their erudition.' That these negroes were on a level with the Arabian savants is proved by the
481:
Sand from the unpaved road penetrated the working parts, which soon ground to a halt. The company collapsed. Its property in the Sudan was seized and court cases dragged out while the vehicles stood idle. The failure was finally resolved in
December 1913. Dubois lost all his money but retained his
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in place of porters. A private company with good connections with the colonial authorities could make a profit while helping the people of the region. He obtained financial backing to explore the concept further and launched "Dubois et Cie" for this purpose. On 16 December 1898 the first truck was
457:
When he returned to Sudan with the first vehicles, Dubois found many problems. Trentinian had been removed from office, the local authorities were hostile to the enterprise, the
European staff and Chinese drivers were incompetent and became ill, the roads had deteriorated from overuse and poor
360:
evoked, and propagated by a man of the negro races. Unfortunately, its fairest promises were never fulfilled, owing, not so much to the native successors, as to the civilised (some say white) peoples who ruthlessly destroyed all this good seed, and caused the tares of barbarism to sprout anew.
453:
at its own expense, while the company would provide 85 trucks. The total distance between Kayes and Bamako was 400 kilometres (250 mi). The service would commence no later than March 1900. Dubois promised that the investors would receive a good return.
169:, but was unable to take the time to explore them properly. After marrying an heiress with whom he had five children, he embarked on unsuccessful business ventures in Siberia, the Altai and Alberta, Canada. He wrote several books about his travels.
486:. His father died in 1901. Dubois inherited some of the royalty rights to his father's books, and made fairly profitable investments with the capital. For the next few years he was able to live comfortably and take part in the social life of Paris.
510:
In 1907, at the age of 45, Dubois was assigned another official mission in Africa, to cross the Sahara without escort from
Algeria to the Sudan. The expedition was supported by various government departments as well as the
606:(1819–1899). They were to have five children. His wife's dowry allowed Dubois to pursue further ventures. In January 1913 he launched a company with a capital of 6 million gold roubles to exploit the resources of the
392:
to reach Chad before the
British. In his race against time Cazamajou drove the porters ruthlessly and shot those who tried to escape. Dubois fell out with Cazamajou over these methods and left the expedition at
523:. Dubois was to study the people of the Sahara, the conditions of the region and the possibility of establishing regular commercial contacts between Algeria and Sudan. His camel party left
860:
There was no formal "University of
Sankore". Many scholars lived in the Sankore quarter, but teaching was done mostly in the homes of the shaykhs, or to a lesser extent in the mosques.
347:
quite different ethnically from others in the region. They told him they had originally come from the east, and Dubois decided from his research that they might have come from
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on 1 January 1900 that was widely reported in the international press. This enterprise was the first in which trucks were used to haul general freight. His vehicles were
146:
to report on an exploratory expedition. He later wrote reports on
Palestine and on anarchism. In 1894 he was one of the reporters sent to the newly occupied city of
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fact that they were installed as professors in Morocco and Egypt. In contrast to this, we find that the Arabs were not always equal to the requirements of Sankoré.
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1560:
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134:
Dubois was the son of a well-known chef who had written a number of popular cookery books. He began his career as the European correspondent in
1550:
127:(16 September 1862 – 1 June 1945) was a French journalist, explorer and entrepreneur who is best known for his books about his travels in
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a better equipped expedition to undertake a more careful and focused study of the topography, archaeology and ethnography of the region.
351:. Dubois found similarities between the houses in Djenné and the tombs of Ancient Egypt, and visual similarities between the Songhai and
428:
In the fall of 1898 Dubois attended an exhibition of cars and bicycles which gave him the idea of introducing motorized wagons into the
355:, and speculated that the town could also have originally been an Upper Egyptian colony. On the other hand, he wrote of these people:
209:
His father's connections made him welcome in Berlin and Vienna, where he became correspondent for several French journals, including
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from 1873 to 1880, and then at the School of Commerce in Paris from 1880 to 1882. Felix then spent one year of military service at
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was perhaps over-enthusiastic, designed to raise interest in the colony within France. His account of his travel in the desert,
1349:
483:
217:
211:
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Le Péril anarchiste. L'organisation secrète du parti anarchiste. Origines et historique. La propagande anarchiste, etc
532:
375:
Dubois spent several weeks in Timbuktu making notes and taking photographs. These formed the basis for his 1897 book
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His wife died in 1933. Félix Dubois died on 1 June 1945 at the age of 83. He was cremated in a private ceremony at
240:
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In 1897 Dubois was recruited by the French colonial authorities to accompany a military expedition under Captain
1284:
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was built in 1906–1907 on the ruins of an earlier mosque. This view shows the north east corner. From Dubois's
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462:. Despite all this, Dubois managed to deploy 55 vehicles with fuel drums, and made a symbolic journey from
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Dubois spent several years in Paris before embarking on another expedition in 1907, this time crossing the
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On his return to France, on 24 March 1908 Dubois married Louise Tribert, 30-year-old daughter of Senator
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528:
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704:
673:
The Anarchist Peril ... Translated, Edited and Enlarged with a Supplementary Chapter by R. Derechef
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in October 1894, and traveled by railway, then by steam boat, by land, and by boat on the Niger to
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oilfields, and continued to invest in this area until at least 1925, again losing his money.
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swept the Tsars from power, Dubois entertained hopes of recovering these investments. During
574:, then west to Timbuktu, which was now a quiet colonial town, and from there up the Niger to
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162:
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and also turning a profit. The venture ran into many difficulties and collapsed in 1900.
41:
1309:
A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis
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Félix Dubois: 1862–1945 : grand reporter et explorateur, de Panama à Tamanrasset
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started in 1870. Felix and his younger brother Ernest studied at the college of
185:, was a famous chef from Provence. His mother, Marie Virginie Boder, was from
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total capital of 1,200,000 francs. The colony would maintain the road between
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328:
223:
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reputation, and in 1900 was special commissioner for the French Sudan at the
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269:
17:
1467:. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: 163–166.
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in March 1890 to illustrate an account of the 1887–1889 voyage of Captain
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325:, to the north, by the Moors, who had in turn been driven from Spain.
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from north to south. He found relics of ancient civilizations in the
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247:. The expedition established the route of a railway line from the
198:
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88:
1356:. Paris: L'Académie des sciences d'outre-mer. pp. 179–185.
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281:(The Anarchist Peril), a work that was not entirely serious.
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in Siberia. He also became involved in diamond mines in the
1330:
Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time
1075:
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1071:
654:(in French). Riou, Édouard (illustrator). Paris: J. Hetzel.
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From the Hoggar Mountains Dubois's route took him south to
239:
asked him to accompany and report on the expedition led by
368:
The Grand Mosque or Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu, from
622:
he traveled to Canada, where he became interested in the
706:
Notre Beau Niger: Quinze années de Colonisation Français
317:
as a modest secular missionary. Dubois thought that the
189:
in Switzerland. His father returned to France when the
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9.5 horsepower wagons with gasoline engines, built at
267:
in 1892. He then undertook a journey to Palestine for
723:"Noël en Terre-Sainte: Illustrations de F. de Haenen"
562:
Dubois made a series of archaeological finds in the
255:, and defined the border between the new colony of
112:
104:
96:
77:
55:
32:
1285:"L'exploration saharienne de Félix Dubois en 1907"
1025:
142:for several French newspapers. In 1890 he went to
551:oasis on 29 July. In October 1907 he met Father
687:. White, Diana (translator). New York: Longmans.
437:in a ceremony attended by the governor Colonel
381:
357:
277:(Christmas in Bethlehem). In 1894 he published
1241:(3). American Geographical Society: 212–215.
1235:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
8:
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1204:
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913:
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882:
397:. A few weeks later Cazamajou was killed at
308:, the port for Timbuktu. On the way, he met
1517:"Le voyage de M. Félix Dubois à Tombouctou"
1262:Hunwick, J. O.; O'Fahey, R. Rex S. (2003).
973:
1141:
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578:and then by train to Kayes. His last book
458:maintenance, and there was an epidemic of
40:
29:
1508:Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique française
1491:"Traversée du Sahara par M. Félix Dubois"
1079:
822:Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique française
809:Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique française
243:to explore Guinea and the sources of the
1464:The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races
1233:Brown, R.M. (1912). "Notre Beau Niger".
961:
949:
937:
590:, was advertised as due to appear after
493:
412:
363:
327:
177:Dubois was born on 16 September 1862 in
872:
853:
670:Dubois, Félix; Derechef, Ralph (1894).
417:Map of French West Africa published in
1165:
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1037:
1009:
985:
296:sent two senior reporters, Dubois and
273:, which he described in an article on
1442:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 246.
1177:
997:
831:"Le Livre du Jour: Notre Beaux Niger"
7:
527:on 9 April 1907 and traveled to the
1283:Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc (May 2008).
829:Dubois, Félix (11 February 1911).
736:Dubois, Félix (13 February 1893).
698:(in French). Paris: E. Flammarion.
665:(in French). Paris: E. Flammarion.
25:
1415:Shillington, Kevin (2005-02-14).
1327:Robertson, Patrick (2011-11-11).
777:Dubois, Félix (13 January 1894).
721:Dubois, Félix (3 December 1892).
547:on 11 June 1907, and reached the
521:Société de Géographie commerciale
1457:Wright, Virginia (August 1911).
1394:Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean (1999).
835:Le Figaro, Supplément Littéraire
783:Le Figaro, Supplément Littéraire
321:of Senegal had been driven from
1561:French male non-fiction writers
1556:19th-century French journalists
1418:Encyclopedia of African history
709:(in French). Paris: Flammarion.
339:Further east, Dubois found the
1515:Valbert, G. (1 January 1897).
1489:Regelsperger, Gustave (1911).
1348:Saint-Martin, Yves T. (1984).
796:Le Figaro, Supplément Illustré
790:Dubois, Félix (27 July 1895).
751:Dubois, Félix (2 March 1893).
263:. Dubois's report appeared in
201:before becoming a journalist.
27:French journalist and explorer
1:
1551:19th-century French explorers
1306:Lulat, G-M G-M (2005-08-30).
764:Dubois, Félix (7 June 1893).
757:Le Figaro, Supplément Spécial
513:Comité de l’Afrique française
1571:French expatriates in Canada
1566:People of French West Africa
1436:Williams, Joseph J. (1930).
401:. Dubois travelled home via
1379:The text is also available
1354:Hommes et Destins, Volume 5
1265:Arabic Literature of Africa
405:, reaching France in 1898.
312:, the administrator of the
1587:
1421:. CRC Press. p. 963.
1350:"Félix Dubois (1862–1945)"
1026:Hunwick & O'Fahey 2003
594:. It was never published.
259:and the British colony of
241:Henri Brosselard-Faidherbe
1504:"La Mission Félix Dubois"
1502:Terrier, Auguste (1907).
1439:Hebrewisms of West Africa
1333:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
695:Tombouctou la Mystérieuse
684:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
651:La Vie au Continent Noire
377:Tombouctou la Mystérieuse
370:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
334:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
117:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
39:
1400:. Editions L'Harmattan.
533:François-Henry Laperrine
490:Trans-Saharan expedition
390:Marius Gabriel Cazemajou
837:(in French). p. 4.
772:(in French). p. 3.
766:"Les Anglais en Égypte"
746:(in French). p. 1.
332:Houses in Djenné, from
1495:La Quinzaine Coloniale
816:Dubois, Félix (1898).
803:Dubois, Félix (1898).
703:Dubois, Félix (1911).
692:Dubois, Félix (1897).
681:Dubois, Félix (1896).
676:. London: T. F. Unwin.
659:Dubois, Félix (1894).
648:Dubois, Félix (1893).
631:Père Lachaise Cemetery
507:
500:Great Mosque of Djenné
484:Exposition Universelle
425:
386:
372:
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181:, Saxony. His father,
1525:(in French): 205–216.
1522:Revue des deux Mondes
1510:(in French): 425–426.
1497:(in French): 125–126.
824:(in French): 177–178.
818:"Vocabulaire songhoï"
811:(in French): 174–177.
792:"Figaro à Tombouctou"
779:"Le Péril Anarchiste"
559:in southern Algeria.
517:Société de Géographie
497:
416:
367:
331:
292:on 12 February 1894.
284:French forces led by
529:Grand Erg Occidental
439:Edgard de Trentinian
423:Louis Gustave Binger
230:Le Petit Marseillais
108:Journalist, explorer
1459:"The Congo Express"
1192:, pp. 182–183.
1144:, pp. 187–188.
1094:, pp. 181–182.
731:(in French) (2592).
553:Charles de Foucauld
279:Le péril anarchiste
191:Franco-Prussian War
125:Albert Félix Dubois
34:Albert Félix Dubois
1386:2016-03-03 at the
897:, p. 179-180.
616:revolution of 1917
588:L'enigme du Sahara
508:
426:
373:
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129:French West Africa
1449:978-0-7661-5734-7
1428:978-1-57958-245-6
1407:978-2-7384-8715-5
1363:978-2-900098-05-9
1340:978-1-60819-738-5
1319:978-0-313-06866-9
1292:Cahiers de l'AARS
1275:978-90-04-12444-8
1217:Saint-Martin 1984
1205:Saint-Martin 1984
1190:Saint-Martin 1984
1113:Saint-Martin 1984
1092:Saint-Martin 1984
1063:Saint-Martin 1984
926:Saint-Martin 1999
914:Saint-Martin 1984
895:Saint-Martin 1984
883:Saint-Martin 1984
805:"Retour du Niger"
753:"Figaro à Panama"
738:"Figaro à Panama"
614:. Long after the
531:. He met General
300:. Dubois reached
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66:16 September 1862
16:(Redirected from
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504:Notre beau Niger
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1370:on 2016-03-04
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1000:, p. 72.
999:
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982:
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962:Williams 1930
958:
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950:Williams 1930
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938:Williams 1930
934:
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928:, p. 58.
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604:Louis Tribert
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353:Nubian people
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335:
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310:Ernest Noirot
307:
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286:Joseph Joffre
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257:French Guinea
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183:Urbain Dubois
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105:Occupation(s)
103:
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58:
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49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1520:
1507:
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1396:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1353:
1329:
1312:. ABC-CLIO.
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
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1234:
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1212:
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1087:
1033:
1028:, p. 2.
1021:
1005:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
890:
867:
866:
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847:
846:
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821:
808:
798:(in French).
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785:(in French).
782:
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759:(in French).
756:
741:
726:
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713:
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694:
683:
672:
661:
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641:
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628:
601:
598:Later career
591:
587:
583:
579:
569:
561:
520:
516:
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480:
460:yellow fever
456:
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430:French Sudan
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409:Entrepreneur
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261:Sierra Leone
234:
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165:of southern
156:
152:French Sudan
133:
124:
123:
116:
83:(1945-06-01)
18:Felix Dubois
1546:1945 deaths
1541:1862 births
1166:Wright 1911
1154:Wright 1911
1038:Dubois 1896
1012:, pp.
1010:Dubois 1896
986:Dubois 1896
620:World War I
557:Tamanrasset
472:De Dietrich
319:Fula people
314:Sine-Saloum
298:Jules Huret
245:Niger River
173:Early years
97:Nationality
81:1 June 1945
1535:Categories
1374:2013-04-27
1298:2013-04-27
1178:Brown 1912
1040:, p.
998:Lulat 2005
843:References
633:in Paris.
539:, reached
478:, France.
433:landed at
233:. In 1890
224:Le Gaulois
205:Journalist
62:1862-09-16
1473:0011-1422
1268:. BRILL.
868:Citations
770:Le Figaro
743:Le Figaro
576:Koulikoro
476:Lunéville
270:Le Figaro
218:La France
212:Le Soleil
187:Neuchâtel
1384:Archived
715:Articles
549:In Salah
537:Taghouzi
519:and the
419:Le Temps
290:Timbuktu
288:entered
148:Timbuktu
91:, France
72:, Saxony
48:Timbuktu
1226:Sources
1014:275–276
624:Alberta
447:Toukoto
403:Dahomey
179:Dresden
70:Dresden
50:in 1907
1471:
1446:
1425:
1404:
1360:
1337:
1316:
1272:
1255:200682
1253:
525:Biskra
515:, the
506:(1911)
468:Bamako
451:Bamako
399:Zinder
345:Djenné
306:Kabara
253:Kankan
159:Sahara
144:Guinea
140:Vienna
136:Berlin
100:French
1288:(PDF)
1251:JSTOR
848:Notes
642:Books
637:Works
612:Altai
541:Adrar
435:Kayes
349:Yemen
343:near
323:Adrar
302:Dakar
199:Dreux
195:Melun
89:Paris
1469:ISSN
1444:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1381:here
1358:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1294:(12)
1270:ISBN
545:Tuat
498:The
464:Kati
449:and
227:and
138:and
78:Died
56:Born
1243:doi
1042:285
572:Gao
555:at
543:in
535:in
466:to
395:Say
251:to
1537::
1519:.
1506:.
1493:.
1461:.
1352:.
1290:.
1249:.
1239:44
1237:.
1197:^
1120:^
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820:.
807:.
794:.
781:.
768:.
755:.
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1245::
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1016:.
64:)
60:(
20:)
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