240:
of girls. We have heard that this obtains in
Southern Nigeria and among one tribe in Uganda, but we understand that it exists in its worst form among the Kikuyu tribe in Kenya. ... Our Committee has been assured by medical men, and by missionaries who have attended these women in hospital and in their homes, that the rite is nothing short of mutilation. It consists of the actual wholesale removal of parts connected with the organs of reproduction. The operation is performed publicly before one or two thousand people by an old woman of the tribe armed with an iron knife. No anesthetic is given, and no antiseptics are used.
30:
127:
moral and religious implications, quite apart from the operation itself. For the present it is impossible for a member of the tribe to imagine an initiation without clitoridectomy. Therefore the abolition of the surgical element in this custom means to the Gikuyu the abolition of the whole institution.
239:
e have been terribly impressed by what we have learned on a subject on which I put a question to-day to the Under-Secretary of State for the
Colonies, namely, the existence of a pre-marriage rite among young girls, among many African tribes, a rite which is frequently referred to as the circumcision
187:
announced that it would contest elections to the Native
Council, with the defence of Kikuyu culture, including FGM, as its main platform. The following month the church at Tumutumu announced that all baptised members must offer a declaration of loyalty by swearing their opposition to FGM. Several
126:
The real argument lies not in the defence of the surgical operation or its details, but in the understanding of a very important fact in the tribal psychology of the Gikuyu—namely, that this operation is still regarded as the very essence of an institution which has enormous educational, social,
215:
reported that "he medical evidence ... inclined to the view that certain unusual wounds were due to the deliberate mutilation such as might have been caused by the use of a knife employed by native in the form of tribal operation." In
November 1930, the Supreme Court in
1087:
244:
Rathbone asked that the words "or sex" be added to the motion before the House: "Native self-governing institutions should be fostered; and franchise and legal rights should be based upon the principle of equality for all without regard to race, colour, or sex."
65:, the country's largest tribe. According to American historian Lynn M. Thomas, female genital mutilation became a focal point of the movement campaigning for independence from British rule, and a test of loyalty, either to the Christian churches or to the
1092:
1236:
1107:
1231:
1072:
1082:
325:
Strobel, Margaret; Bingham, Marjorie (2004). "Appendix A. World
Studies as an Approach to World History: Female Genital Cutting and Kenyan/Gikuyu Nationalism", in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.).
307:
Thomas, Lynn M. (2000). "'Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from
Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya". In Shell-Duncan, Bettina; Hernlund, Ylva (eds.).
1257:
754:
696:
658:
678:
888:
188:
other church missions followed suit. Robert
Strayer and Jocelyn Murray write that the stage was set for a major conflict, with neither side willing to compromise.
893:
1278:
900:
1221:
654:
228:
878:
843:
195:, a Scottish missionary, began referring to the procedures as the "sexual mutilation of women", rather than "female circumcision/initiation", and the
1318:
868:
848:
838:
747:
278:
Lynn M. Thomas (2000): "The years 1929 to 1931 mark what has been termed within Kenyan historiography as the 'female circumcision controversy'."
863:
196:
873:
1313:
1283:
1252:
1226:
883:
853:
740:
395:
259:
287:
Margaret
Strobel and Marjorie Bingham (2004): "The 'female circumcision controversy' played a critical role in Gikuyu nationalism."
517:
114:
Uncut Kikuyu women were outcasts, and the idea of abandoning the practice was unthinkable to the vast majority of
Kikuyus.
367:
The Kikuyu Female
Circumcision Controversy, with special reference to the Church Missionary Society's sphere of influence
1151:
812:
925:
608:
184:
66:
17:
975:
763:
718:
Murray, Jocelyn (1976). "The Church Missionary Society and the 'Female Circumcision' Issue in Kenya, 1929–1932".
137:
54:
1143:
220:, acquitting a man of Stumpf's murder, found no evidence that she had been killed because of the FGM campaign.
180:
91:
between childhood and adulthood. "Irua" consisted largely of three procedures: removal of the clitoral glans (
49:, was a period within Kenyan historiography known for efforts by British missionaries, particularly from the
119:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1102:
1288:
822:
204:
37:, photographed in 1966. Kenyatta was a prominent opponent of efforts to ban female genital mutilation.
1186:
817:
611:(December 1991). "National Bodies, Unspeakable Acts: The Sexual Politics of Colonial Policy-making".
203:, an American missionary who had taken a strong stand against FGM, was murdered in her home near the
1135:
955:
344:
723:
672:
636:
628:
400:
50:
1046:
950:
488:
472:
464:
435:
312:
569:
535:
330:
1194:
980:
970:
965:
692:
620:
547:
232:
224:
192:
1088:
Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children
405:
1026:
1016:
792:
88:
29:
1041:
1011:
945:
797:
777:
448:
254:
92:
1272:
1216:
1159:
1051:
995:
940:
640:
391:
179:
The campaign against female genital mutilation had been led since around 1906 by Dr.
115:
62:
34:
1077:
1056:
1036:
990:
985:
930:
802:
782:
427:
200:
108:
104:
78:
58:
566:
The Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church
1178:
1031:
1021:
960:
787:
100:
96:
935:
732:
518:"Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960"
345:"Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960"
183:
of the Church of Scotland. In March 1928, the issue came to a head when the
103:); and removal of all the external genitalia and the suturing of the wound (
551:
727:
701:
663:
632:
217:
1097:
807:
208:
624:
1237:
Children Act 1989 (Amendment) (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 2019
28:
404:. East African Educational Publishers. p. 92. Archived from
83:
The Kikuyu regarded female genital mutilation, which they called
736:
99:); removal of the clitoral glans and inner labia (excision or
138:
Female genital mutilation § Colonial opposition in Kenya
43:
campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya
536:"Some Observations on Jomo Kenyatta in Britain, 1929–1930"
1073:
Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies
111:). The Kikuyu practised Type II and sometimes Type III.
467:; for Type III, see pp. 235, 359, n. 54. Also see
401:
Facing Mount Kenya: The Traditional Life of the Gikuyu
432:
Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan
369:, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
1245:
1209:
1170:
1127:
1120:
1065:
1004:
916:
909:
831:
770:
493:
The Making of Missionary Communities in East Africa
174:
Kikuyu dance-songs against church opposition to FGM
18:Female circumcision controversy (Kenya, 1929–1932)
434:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p.
69:, the largest association of the Kikuyu people.
697:"Colonial Policy In Relation To Coloured Races"
659:"Colonial Policy In Relation To Coloured Races"
237:
147:
124:
61:. The campaign was met with resistance by the
748:
8:
677:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
655:Stewart-Murray, Katherine, Duchess of Atholl
495:, Heinemann Educational Books, p. 36ff.
1258:Activists against female genital mutilation
1222:Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
451:, World Health Organization, February 2013.
229:Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl
1124:
913:
755:
741:
733:
483:
481:
487:Strayer, Robert; Murray, Jocelyn (1978).
522:International Review of Scottish Studies
504:
349:International Review of Scottish Studies
329:. University of Illinois Press, p.
235:. The Duchess of Atholl told the House:
162:And you will have to cook him his food.
568:. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, p.
299:
271:
670:
468:
378:
460:
327:Women's History in Global Perspective
7:
1279:Female genital mutilation by country
152:That they may fight with the church,
594:"Murder of a Missionary in Kenya,"
223:The issue of FGM was raised in the
1227:Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
260:Presbyterian Church of East Africa
25:
489:"The CMS and Female Circumcision"
160:You will be given women's clothes
87:or circumcision, as an important
581:"Murdered Missionary in Kenya,"
1319:Violence against women in Kenya
702:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
664:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
309:Female "Circumcision" in Africa
47:female circumcision controversy
45:(1929–1932), also known as the
396:"Initiation of Boys and Girls"
150:Little knives in their sheaths
1:
720:Journal of Religion in Africa
705:. Commons. col. 606–607.
667:. Commons. col. 600–603.
613:The Journal of Modern History
1152:Possessing the Secret of Joy
813:Pelvic inflammatory disease
540:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
491:, in Robert Strayer (ed.),
449:"Female genital mutilation"
118:, who became Kenya's first
33:African nationalist leader
1335:
926:Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla
185:Kikuyu Central Association
135:
76:
67:Kikuyu Central Association
53:, to stop the practice of
1284:History of women in Kenya
1253:Female genital mutilation
976:Lilian Passmore Sanderson
764:Female genital mutilation
619:(4): (647–680), 656–657.
197:Kenyan Missionary Council
55:female genital mutilation
365:Murray, Joceyln (1974).
343:Mufaka, Kenneth (2003).
122:in 1963, wrote in 1938:
1314:Women's rights in Kenya
1144:Woman, Why Do You Weep?
564:Karanja, James (2009).
227:on 11 December 1929 by
1103:Tahirih Justice Center
981:Marion Scott Stevenson
901:Religious views on FGM
546:(22): (308–329), 312.
242:
165:
156:Elders (of the church)
129:
38:
839:Prevalence by country
823:Vesicovaginal fistula
552:10.3406/cea.1966.3068
205:Africa Inland Mission
136:Further information:
77:Further information:
32:
818:Rectovaginal fistula
695:(11 December 1929).
657:(11 December 1929).
1232:2005 (Scotland) Act
1136:Woman at Point Zero
956:Rose Oldfield Hayes
598:, 27 November 1930.
585:, 18 February 1930.
158:When Kenyatta comes
1108:Zero Tolerance Day
534:Beck, Ann (1966).
154:The time has come.
51:Church of Scotland
39:
1266:
1265:
1217:Matter of Kasinga
1205:
1204:
1116:
1115:
1047:Layli Miller-Muro
849:FGM in the Gambia
693:Rathbone, Eleanor
311:. Lynne. p.
211:in January 1930.
16:(Redirected from
1326:
1195:My Body My Rules
1125:
971:Nawal El Saadawi
966:Edna Adan Ismail
914:
757:
750:
743:
734:
707:
706:
689:
683:
682:
676:
668:
651:
645:
644:
605:
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592:
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579:
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562:
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555:
531:
525:
516:Kenneth Mufuka,
514:
508:
502:
496:
485:
476:
458:
452:
446:
440:
439:
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418:
417:
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408:on 8 August 2017
388:
382:
381:, p. 129ff.
376:
370:
363:
357:
356:
340:
334:
323:
317:
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304:
288:
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233:Eleanor Rathbone
225:House of Commons
193:Marion Stevenson
175:
21:
1334:
1333:
1329:
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1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1269:
1268:
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1241:
1201:
1166:
1112:
1061:
1027:Ellen Gruenbaum
1017:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
1000:
918:
905:
844:Laws by country
827:
793:Gishiri cutting
766:
761:
715:
713:Further reading
710:
691:
690:
686:
669:
653:
652:
648:
609:Pedersen, Susan
607:
606:
602:
593:
589:
580:
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533:
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524:, 28, 2003, 55.
515:
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505:Kenyatta (2015)
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89:rite of passage
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12:
11:
5:
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1042:Molly Melching
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1012:Fuambai Ahmadu
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951:Benoîte Groult
948:
946:Asma El Dareer
943:
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933:
928:
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920:
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910:Writers/groups
907:
906:
904:
903:
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889:United Kingdom
886:
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876:
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859:colonial Kenya
856:
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833:
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798:Husband stitch
795:
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778:Clitoridectomy
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731:
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625:10.1086/244384
600:
587:
574:
572:, n. 631.
557:
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509:
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477:
453:
441:
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392:Kenyatta, Jomo
383:
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255:Women in Kenya
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133:
130:
120:prime minister
93:clitoridectomy
74:
71:
59:colonial Kenya
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:1932 in Kenya
1307:
1305:
1304:1931 in Kenya
1302:
1300:
1299:1930 in Kenya
1297:
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1294:1929 in Kenya
1292:
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1187:Desert Flower
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1160:Desert Flower
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1052:Comfort Momoh
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1038:
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996:Amina Warsame
994:
992:
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952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Efua Dorkenoo
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
919:and activists
917:Early writers
915:
912:
908:
902:
899:
895:
894:United States
892:
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771:Health issues
769:
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746:
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739:
738:
735:
729:
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721:
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703:
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578:
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567:
561:
558:
553:
549:
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541:
537:
530:
527:
523:
519:
513:
510:
507:, p. 91.
506:
501:
498:
494:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Thomas (2000)
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
445:
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437:
433:
429:
428:Boddy, Janice
423:
420:
407:
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387:
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380:
379:Thomas (2000)
375:
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116:Jomo Kenyatta
112:
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80:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
35:Jomo Kenyatta
31:
27:
19:
1289:Kenya Colony
1193:
1185:
1177:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1078:Equality Now
1057:Alice Walker
1037:Gerry Mackie
991:Nahid Toubia
986:Hulda Stumpf
931:Janice Boddy
879:Sierra Leone
858:
808:Keloid scars
803:Infibulation
783:Dysmenorrhea
719:
700:
687:
662:
649:
616:
612:
603:
595:
590:
582:
577:
565:
560:
543:
539:
529:
521:
512:
500:
492:
461:Boddy (2007)
456:
444:
431:
422:
410:. Retrieved
406:the original
399:
386:
374:
366:
361:
352:
348:
338:
326:
321:
308:
302:
283:
274:
243:
238:
222:
212:
201:Hulda Stumpf
190:
178:
169:
166:
149:
143:
125:
113:
105:infibulation
84:
82:
79:Kenya Colony
46:
42:
40:
26:
1210:Legislation
1032:Asha Ismail
1022:Waris Dirie
961:Fran Hosken
869:New Zealand
788:Dyspareunia
207:station in
181:John Arthur
168:— from the
1273:Categories
1246:Categories
832:By country
471:, p.
463:, p.
412:14 January
295:References
73:Background
936:Mary Daly
864:Kurdistan
673:cite book
641:154785842
596:The Times
583:The Times
394:(2015) .
213:The Times
170:Muthirigu
144:Muthirigu
1179:Moolaadé
722:. 3(2).
430:(2007).
355:: 47–58.
249:See also
191:In 1929
132:Campaign
109:Type III
1083:FORWARD
874:Nigeria
728:1594780
633:2938584
218:Nairobi
172:(1929),
101:Type II
1198:(2015)
1190:(2009)
1182:(2004)
1163:(1998)
1155:(1992)
1147:(1982)
1139:(1975)
1098:Tostan
1093:RAINBO
1066:Groups
1005:Others
726:
639:
631:
209:Kijabe
97:Type I
63:Kikuyu
1171:Films
1128:Books
1121:Media
884:Sudan
854:India
724:JSTOR
637:S2CID
629:JSTOR
266:Notes
679:link
414:2019
231:and
85:irua
41:The
621:doi
548:doi
473:132
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