89:, which, when missing or defective, lead to such males producing little to no sperm in their testicles. An analogy, then, is that XX cells have complete Y chromosome deficiency. While many genes on the Y chromosome have backups (homologues) on other chromosomes, a few genes such as RBMY on the Y chromosome do not have such backups, and their effects must be compensated to convert a female's cells from into sperm. In 2007, a patent application was filed on methods for creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation. Key to successful creation of female sperm (and
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Creating female sperm was first raised as a possibility in a patent filed in 1991 by injecting a female's cells into a male's testicles, though the patent focused mostly on injecting altered male cells into a male's testes to correct genetic diseases. In 1997, Japanese scientists partially confirmed
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One potential roadblock to injecting a female's cells into a male's testicles is that the male's immune system might attack and destroy the female's cells. In usual circumstances, when foreign cells (such as cells or organs from other people, or infectious bacteria) are put into a human body, the
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206:"Repopulation of testicular Seminiferous tubules with foreign cells, corresponding resultant germ cells, and corresponding resultant animals and progeny"
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to alter imprinted regions of DNA. Experts noted that there was little chance of these techniques being applied to humans in the near future.
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In 2018, Chinese research scientists produced 29 viable mice offspring from two female mice by creating sperm-like structures from haploid
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However, there are more serious challenges. Biologists have well established that male sperm production relies on certain genes on the
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Li, Zhi-Kun; Wang, Le-Yun; Wang, Li-Bin; Feng, Gui-Hai; Yuan, Xue-Wei; Liu, Chao; Xu, Kai; Li, Yu-Huan; Wan, Hai-Feng (2018-10-01).
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markings for female cells that initially have female markings, with techniques for doing so disclosed in the patent application.
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Since the late 1980s, scientists have explored how to produce sperm where all of the chromosomes come from a female donor.
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349:"Generation of Bimaternal and Bipaternal Mice from Hypomethylated Haploid ESCs with Imprinting Region Deletions"
70:." These simple transplantation methods follow from earlier observations by developmental biologists that germ
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immune system will reject such cells or organs. However, a special property of testicles is that they are
268:"Methods for Female Mammalian Spermatogenesis and Male Mammalian Oogenesis Using Synthetic Nanobiology"
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such techniques by creating chicken female sperm in a similar manner. "However, the ratio of produced
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are autonomous in the sense that they can begin the processes to become both sperm and eggs.
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fell substantially below expectations. It is therefore concluded that most of the W-bearing
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228:"Differentiation of female chicken primordial germ cells into spermatozoa in male gonads"
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143:"Groundbreaking new sperm sorting method could let parents chose sex of their baby"
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Tagami, Takahiro; Matsubara, Yuko; Hanada, Hirofumi; Naito, Mitsuru (June 1997).
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could not differentiate into spermatozoa because of restricted
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16:Sperm containing genetic material from a female
292:"EPIGENETICS: the key to healthy female sperm"
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232:Development, Growth and Differentiation
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245:10.1046/j.1440-169X.1997.t01-2-00002.x
194:. Human Samesex Reproduction Project.
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294:. Human Samesex Reproduction Project
173:. Human Samesex Reproduction Project
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312:Blakely, Rhys (2018-10-12).
192:"BIBLIOGRAPHY and TIMELINE"
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366:10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.004
171:"How to make female sperm"
93:) will be inducing male
413:Biological engineering
58:-bearing (W-bearing)
22:can refer to either:
208:. U.S. Patent Office
102:embryonic stem cells
423:Genetic engineering
273:. Gregory Aharonian
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106:gene editing
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87:Y chromosome
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56:W chromosome
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32:X chromosome
20:Female sperm
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60:spermatozoa
397:Categories
333:2018-10-12
298:2013-11-09
277:2013-11-09
212:2013-11-09
177:2024-08-16
153:2022-03-20
129:References
95:epigenetic
72:stem cells
375:1934-5909
328:0140-0460
320:The Times
91:male eggs
36:testicles
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123:Male egg
112:See also
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