3028:, abolitionist feminism seeks to separate deviant behavior from the established criminal justice system, a system that they believe does little to address the roots of crime in society. Abolitionism is described as challenging "conventional definitions of crime and the law, while defying official views of the meanings and effects of punishment". Abolitionists assert that "crime" as it is understood, only exists within the laws that define it, and those laws are created to imprison and isolate members of the "unproductive" population. Penal abolitionists look to the elimination of prisons to solve this problem, though other abolitionists warn that when crime is only viewed as a product of prisons or institutions, "they stunt abolitionist understandings in manners akin to pushing against a 500 year old tree from its trunk and expecting it to topple over without any account for the roots that hold it firmly in the ground." Abolitionist feminist
2989:, which asserts that one's perspectives are formed based on their experiences. Research of this nature sought to understand female criminality by examining the lives and histories of women caught up in the criminal justice system. Common themes emerged in many of these women's narratives, including poverty, addiction, homelessness, and sexual abuse. This overarching presence of abuse led to countless studies on the link between victimization and criminalization and the ultimate theory that women's deviant behaviors could be understood as a way of coping with this abuse.
40:
4290:
2048:
2105:
2869:. Though this field of study had its origins in the late 19th century, it was not until the late 1960s and 1970s that the feminist school of criminology emerged. A response to the then-current mainstream criminology's focus on male offenders and victims, feminist criminologists sought to bring an understanding of women offenders, women victims, and women working in the
2953:(1975), which linked female criminality to the ongoing feminist liberation movement, theorizing that with more opportunities outside of the home, women were also given more opportunities to participate in deviant behaviors. This theory is sometimes known as the "Emancipation Theory". Rita J. Simon's book "
3015:
is a feminist that relies on the criminal justice system to address social problems and gender inequalities, such as violence against women and sentencing for sexual offenders. Carceral feminists, mainly consisting of radical, liberal, and/or white feminists, believe that a significant impact can be
2922:
attempted to understand the difference between men's and women's crime rates through
General Strain theory. He theorized that men and women experienced different types of strain (pressure or stress, be it physical, financial, emotional, etc.) and responded accordingly. While men seemed more prone to
2881:
The earliest theories about women's criminality focused mainly on psychological and physiological traits, rather than social or economic ones. These theories, most advanced by male scholars and criminologists, have been heavily criticized for drawing on assumptions on "the nature of women", and many
2992:
Standpoint epistemologies have been criticized for overgeneralizing women, accepting the above results as true for all women. Other feminist works take issue with the hyperfocus on the role of abuse in women's lives, arguing that these theories put women responsible for how they react to abuse, as
2969:
Nevertheless, Adler and Simon's concept of the "new female criminal" inspired further research by feminist and non-feminist researchers alike. Most tests by non-feminist criminologist discredited the theory, while others found economic marginalization to be a stronger link to female crime. These
2943:" (1968) is credited as the first critique of mainstream criminology's failure to include women in their studies, stating that "the deviance of women is one of the areas of human behavior most notably ignored in sociological literature" and called for more research to be done on female deviance.
2845:
developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. It is the view of the feminist school of criminology that a majority of criminological theories were developed through studies on male subjects and
2849:
Feminist criminology focuses on women offenders, women victims, and women in the criminal justice system in order to understand the causes, trends, and results of female criminality. Key issues within the feminist school of criminology include the role of sex and sexism in sentencing and
2997:
adds that standpoint theory "sidesteps the question of why the state responds to abused women with punishment". Regardless of the criticisms, standpoint theory-rooted research is credited as an instrumental tool in shifting feminist criminology away from the mainstream criminology.
3056:, and in this case refers to the haunting of society by policies meant to dehumanize, ostracize, and punish populations of people, specifically the Black community. Systems that sought to criminalize and punish Black bodies, such as
235:
147:
2965:
for bringing about a "moral panic" and fear regarding women's liberation by, in
Chesney-Lind's words, "threatening those who aspire for equality with the images of the witch, the bitch, and the whore."
2894:
to his theorizing on female crime, separating the "normal woman" from the "criminal woman", the latter of whom was seen as less feminine and therefore more likely to be criminal. American sociologist
230:
162:
2957:", also published in 1975, echoed this theory. While both influential works in the field, Adler and Simon's theoretical linkage has been criticized by many feminists, including
3016:
made on violence against women through increased and strengthened legislation, more police presence, and expansion of the penal system, especially in regards to sex offenders.
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focused on male criminality, and that criminologists often would "add women and stir" rather than develop separate theories on female criminality.
4132:
2817:
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79:
2850:
imprisonment, the role of victimization in women's lives, and the increase in the number of incarcerated women despite declining crime rates.
3983:
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2025:
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74:
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1994:
1924:
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2004:
1999:
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3619:
3507:
3123:
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2030:
1944:
1912:
727:
2985:
In order to subvert the gender-blind criminological theory of the time, feminists in the late 1970's and early 1980's utilized the
2009:
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4100:
1349:
916:
187:
2923:
react with violent or property crimes, women were viewed to respond with more self-destructive criminality, such as drug abuse.
4520:
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2385:
197:
142:
4222:
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2179:
2069:
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1482:
869:
182:
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2786:
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2635:
1974:
1964:
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1214:
212:
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called attention to the lack of economic and social factors considered in feminist criminological research of the time.
2919:
2436:
1954:
1929:
1754:
1023:
978:
971:
257:
207:
202:
4142:
4120:
4004:"An abolitionist theory on crime: ending the abusive relationship with Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy [R.I.P.]"
2891:
2693:
1959:
1949:
1919:
1801:
1786:
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1364:
1229:
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499:
89:
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well as justify imprisoning women who may have a greater need for treatment to deal with abuse. Activist and scholar
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84:
3246:. Ferrero, Guglielmo, 1871-1942., Rafter, Nicole Hahn, 1939-, Gibson, Mary, 1950-. Durham: Duke University Press.
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2199:
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2149:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1936:
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1374:
1028:
830:
706:
679:
592:
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2939:
are among those acknowledged by most as pioneers in the school of feminist criminology. Heidensohn's article "
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119:
109:
64:
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3052:. Hauntology refers to the return or persistence of elements from the past, as in the manner of a
4358:
4254:
4157:
4147:
4031:
3907:
3854:
3806:
3760:
3733:"Criminogenic needs and the transformative risk subject: Hybridizations of risk/need in penality"
3672:
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3440:
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3179:
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69:
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3513:
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387:
289:
23:
3372:"Chronicling the Shifts: Using the Body Lens to Analyze Policy for High Need Women Offenders"
4468:
4162:
4127:
4015:
3971:
3938:
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3744:
3582:
3470:
3408:
3345:
3163:
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2971:
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365:
311:
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59:
3732:
3068:
are seen in this theory as an ever-returning "ghost" of the Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy.
39:
4453:
4317:
4295:
4207:
4076:
2910:", acting out aggressively and rebelliously in their longing for their penis and manhood.
2883:
2753:
2395:
2335:
2330:
2315:
2247:
2242:
2164:
2144:
2052:
1460:
1269:
1257:
1063:
1008:
988:
946:
811:
701:
647:
605:
543:
538:
504:
416:
370:
4473:
4443:
4423:
4413:
4393:
3693:
3586:
3151:
2512:
2139:
1831:
1274:
1239:
1048:
864:
816:
610:
570:
453:
4504:
4438:
4418:
4398:
4373:
4035:
3911:
3764:
3611:
Women in trouble : connecting women's law violations to their histories of abuse
3482:
3371:
3357:
3183:
3061:
2903:
2668:
2500:
2410:
2308:
1133:
1093:
1088:
1003:
750:
713:
338:
333:
3444:
4458:
4408:
4105:
3048:). Saleh-Hanna developed this theory with the implementation of her Black Feminist
2899:
2895:
2663:
2237:
1354:
1284:
1148:
1083:
1078:
1038:
993:
755:
674:
652:
553:
428:
301:
4019:
3926:
3895:
3313:
Klein, Dorie (1973). "The
Etiology of Female Crime: A Review of the Literature".
3197:
4388:
4363:
4353:
4312:
4003:
3879:
3349:
3037:
3032:
furthers this theory by theorizing that crime exists within the intersection of
2958:
2947:
2858:
2842:
2708:
2495:
2400:
2347:
2214:
2169:
2092:
767:
684:
558:
404:
3970:. Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3783:. Shaw, Margaret., Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, 1967-. Halifax, N.S.: Fernwood. 2000.
3474:
2104:
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4285:
3296:
3098:
3049:
3045:
2907:
2887:
2728:
2723:
2529:
1314:
1299:
998:
4027:
3975:
3950:
3903:
3880:"Carceral feminisms: the abolitionist project and undoing dominant feminisms"
3846:
3756:
3748:
3594:
3555:
3420:
3261:
3221:
Tripathi, Bibha (January 1, 2014). "Feminist
Criminology: Some Reflections".
3175:
3942:
3798:
3717:
3664:
3629:
2367:
2303:
1294:
1289:
377:
3517:
3276:
3167:
3133:
2898:
advanced the idea that delinquent women engage in sexual deviance (such as
3826:
3535:
3436:
3241:
3780:
An ideal prison? : critical essays on women's imprisonment in Canada
3778:
3697:
3644:
3609:
3115:
The double standard : a feminist critique of feminist social science
2866:
2507:
2454:
2096:
1068:
941:
509:
31:
3497:
3113:
2902:) to manipulate men's sexual desires in order to get what they want. To
3646:
Compelled to crime : the gender entrapment of battered Black women
3085:
Daly, Kathleen; Chesney-Lind, Meda (1988). "Feminism and
Criminology".
3057:
2568:
2538:
740:
3828:
Global lockdown : race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex
3428:
3396:
3540:. Pasko, Lisa. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3463:
International
Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
3041:
3033:
2861:
is the scientific study of the causes, correction, and prevention of
2485:
2119:
3412:
4045:
3053:
2862:
2480:
2261:
3044:– which Saleh-Hanna refers to as the R.I.P. (Racist-Imperialist-
4049:
3499:
Women, crime, and criminology : a feminist critique
3459:"Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal"
3334:"Gender and Crime: A General Strain Theory Perspective"
2946:
Early works of feminist criminological theory included
2951:
Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female
Criminal
2906:, female criminals were experiencing what he called "
3243:
Criminal woman, the prostitute, and the normal woman
3156:
Canadian
Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice
4482:
4341:
4305:
4083:
3878:Whalley, Elizabeth; Hackett, Colleen (2017-10-02).
3831:. Oparah, Julia Chinyere. New York. 18 March 2014.
2882:have since been discredited. Italian criminologist
3537:The female offender : girls, women, and crime
3397:"The Deviance of Women: A Critique and an Enquiry"
2941:The Deviance of Women: A Critique and An Enquiry
4061:
2818:
2070:
8:
3338:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
4068:
4054:
4046:
3859:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3677:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3332:BROIDY, LISA; AGNEW, ROBERT (2016-08-19).
2825:
2811:
2459:
2088:
2077:
2063:
1890:
1262:
1192:
962:African-American women's suffrage movement
294:
52:
18:
3702:. Milton Keynes : Open University Press.
3614:. Halifax, Canada: Fernwood Publishing.
3223:VIDHIGYA: The Journal of Legal Awareness
907:Discrimination against transgender women
3077:
2537:
2091:
2017:
1893:
1330:
437:
354:
170:
133:
100:
30:
3852:
3804:
3670:
3571:"Feminist Theory, Crime, and Justice*"
3997:
3995:
3529:
3527:
3152:"Re-imagining a Feminist Criminology"
7:
3699:Feminist perspectives in criminology
3308:
3306:
3145:
3143:
2927:Early feminist criminological theory
4002:Saleh-Hanna, Viviane (2017-10-02).
3502:. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
2970:results, however, came years after
3587:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01048.x
14:
3925:Ruggiero, Vincenzo (2015-03-23).
2877:Early theories on female deviancy
4288:
3401:The British Journal of Sociology
3118:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2180:Risk & actuarial criminology
2103:
2046:
1578:Democratic Republic of the Congo
917:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
38:
3275:THOMAS, WILLIAM ISAAC. (2019).
3229:(1): 1–6 – via EbscoHost.
3150:Balfour, Gillian (June 2006).
2931:French-Canadian criminologist
2839:feminist school of criminology
2010:Women's suffrage organizations
1:
4020:10.1080/10282580.2017.1377056
3896:10.1080/10282580.2017.1383762
3731:Hannah-Moffat, Kelly (2005).
3927:"The Legacy of Abolitionism"
3395:Heidensohn, Frances (1968).
3321:(2): 3–30 – via JSTOR.
3024:Considered an antithesis to
1995:Suffragists and suffragettes
1925:American feminist literature
4008:Contemporary Justice Review
3884:Contemporary Justice Review
3534:Chesney-Lind, Meda (2004).
3350:10.1177/0022427897034003001
2892:anthropological criminology
1235:Views on transgender topics
1225:Views on sexual orientation
4537:
3964:Scott, David, ed. (2013).
3608:Comack, Elizabeth (1996).
3569:Simpson, Sally S. (1989).
3475:10.1177/0306624X7702100305
3469:(3): 233–234. 2016-07-27.
3002:Feminist theories on crime
2160:Expressive function of law
4283:
3240:Lombroso, Cesare (2004).
3112:Eichler, Margrit (1979).
3099:10.1080/07418828800089871
2026:Women's rights by country
937:Female genital mutilation
4490:Women's studies journals
3976:10.1017/cbo9781139344258
3749:10.1177/1462474505048132
3737:Punishment & Society
2935:and British sociologist
2150:Differential association
2031:Feminists by nationality
2005:Women's studies journals
2000:Women's rights activists
728:Movements and ideologies
4168:International relations
3943:10.4000/champpenal.9080
3931:Champ pénal/Penal field
3202:Encyclopedia Britannica
2981:Standpoint epistemology
2937:Frances Mary Heidensohn
2871:criminal justice system
2210:Symbolic interactionism
1419:International relations
290:Intersectional variants
4521:Feminism and education
4449:Catharine A. MacKinnon
3811:: CS1 maint: others (
3168:10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735
2190:Social disorganization
1945:Conservative feminisms
1200:Bicycling and feminism
1176:Women in the workforce
1144:Violence against women
1119:Sexual objectification
1079:Opposition to feminism
346:Vegetarian ecofeminism
4429:Patricia Hill Collins
4323:Hegemonic masculinity
3863:) CS1 maint: others (
3692:Gelsthorpe, Loraine;
3643:Richie, Beth (1996).
3496:Smart, Carol (1976).
3315:Issues in Criminology
3020:Abolitionist feminism
2995:Julia Chinyere Oparah
2933:Marie-Andrée Bertrand
2914:General Strain Theory
2699:Biosocial criminology
2406:Uniform Crime Reports
2125:Biosocial criminology
1975:Feminist rhetoricians
1965:Feminist philosophers
1517:Revisionist mythology
1220:Views on prostitution
1205:Criticism of marriage
900:Children's literature
16:School of criminology
4516:Feminism and history
2574:Solitary confinement
1955:Feminist art critics
1930:Feminist comic books
1887:Lists and categories
1566:By continent/country
1397:Pathways perspective
1280:Gender mainstreaming
1215:Views on pornography
1124:Substantive equality
1104:Reproductive justice
1054:Matriarchal religion
912:Diversity (politics)
853:Political lesbianism
163:Other women's rights
4464:Diana E. H. Russell
4133:Composition studies
3030:Viviane Saleh-Hanna
2867:those who commit it
2764:Radical criminology
2135:Collective efficacy
2053:Feminism portal
1960:Feminist economists
1950:Ecofeminist authors
1755:Trinidad and Tobago
1695:Republic of Ireland
1387:Composition studies
1154:Women's empowerment
1109:Sex workers' rights
1034:Feminist capitalism
1014:Internalized sexism
952:Feminism in culture
65:History of feminism
4359:Simone de Beauvoir
4349:Elizabeth Anderson
4342:Feminist theorists
4143:Digital humanities
4121:Literary criticism
3281:. : ECHO LIBRARY.
3066:mass incarceration
1365:Literary criticism
1230:Views on sexuality
922:Effects on society
890:Complementarianism
870:Women's liberation
625:Religious variants
599:trans-exclusionary
317:Radical lesbianism
4498:
4497:
4379:Kimberlé Crenshaw
4230:Political ecology
3985:978-1-107-03074-9
3838:978-1-317-79366-3
3547:978-1-4522-6687-9
3288:978-1-4068-2244-1
3253:978-0-8223-8559-2
3087:Justice Quarterly
3026:carceral feminism
3013:carceral feminist
3007:Carceral feminism
2987:standpoint theory
2963:Meda Chesney-Lind
2835:
2834:
2581:
2580:
2518:Prisoners' rights
2422:Positivist school
2087:
2086:
2038:
2037:
1557:
1556:
1547:womanist theology
1490:Political ecology
1321:Écriture féminine
1248:
1247:
1139:Triple oppression
1129:Toxic masculinity
1114:Sexual harassment
979:Feminist stripper
957:Feminist movement
518:
517:
449:Africana womanism
280:
279:
4528:
4469:Dorothy E. Smith
4306:Related subjects
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4235:Political theory
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3916:
3915:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3850:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3082:
2972:Marxist-feminist
2827:
2820:
2813:
2460:
2417:Crime statistics
2343:
2107:
2089:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2051:
2050:
2049:
1990:Feminist parties
1985:Muslim feminists
1980:Jewish feminists
1891:
1872:History of women
1495:Political theory
1263:
1193:
1166:
1159:Women-only space
1044:Likeability trap
932:Female education
746:Anti-pornography
601:
600:
596:
312:Lesbian of color
295:
172:Women's suffrage
148:Muslim countries
143:Women's suffrage
60:Feminist history
53:
42:
19:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4478:
4454:Martha Nussbaum
4337:
4333:Women's studies
4328:Women's history
4318:Feminist method
4301:
4296:Feminism portal
4294:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4084:Academic fields
4079:
4077:Feminist theory
4074:
4044:
4043:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3851:
3839:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3803:
3791:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3710:
3694:Morris, Allison
3691:
3690:
3686:
3669:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3622:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3548:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3510:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3289:
3278:UNADJUSTED GIRL
3274:
3273:
3269:
3254:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3126:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3022:
3009:
3004:
2983:
2955:Women and Crime
2929:
2916:
2884:Cesare Lombroso
2879:
2856:
2841:is a school of
2831:
2802:
2801:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2694:Anthropological
2684:
2676:
2675:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2396:Critical theory
2381:
2373:
2372:
2353:State-corporate
2341:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2248:Archibald Reiss
2243:Cesare Lombroso
2228:
2227:Major theorists
2220:
2219:
2195:Social learning
2175:Rational choice
2165:Labeling theory
2145:Criminalization
2115:
2083:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
1941:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1787:Northern Cyprus
1567:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1375:Science fiction
1326:
1305:Women's studies
1270:Feminist method
1260:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1074:Oedipus complex
1064:Men in feminism
1029:Language reform
1009:Ideal womanhood
989:Gender equality
984:Formal equality
947:Feminationalism
884:
876:
875:
874:
831:Post-structural
730:
720:
719:
718:
627:
617:
616:
615:
598:
595:Gender-critical
594:
593:
544:Femonationalism
528:
520:
519:
514:
493:Native American
433:
388:Critical theory
350:
292:
282:
281:
276:
231:Second Republic
159:
129:
96:
70:Women's history
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4534:
4532:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4474:Marilyn Waring
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:Julia Kristeva
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Sandra Harding
4421:
4416:
4414:Germaine Greer
4411:
4406:
4404:Martha Fineman
4401:
4396:
4394:Andrea Dworkin
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:Existentialism
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4172:Constructivism
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4014:(4): 419–441.
3991:
3984:
3956:
3917:
3890:(4): 456–473.
3870:
3837:
3818:
3789:
3770:
3723:
3708:
3684:
3655:
3635:
3620:
3600:
3581:(4): 605–632.
3561:
3546:
3523:
3508:
3488:
3450:
3413:10.2307/588692
3407:(2): 160–175.
3387:
3363:
3344:(3): 275–306.
3324:
3302:
3287:
3267:
3252:
3232:
3213:
3189:
3162:(5): 735–752.
3139:
3124:
3104:
3093:(4): 497–538.
3076:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3021:
3018:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2982:
2979:
2928:
2925:
2918:Criminologist
2915:
2912:
2878:
2875:
2855:
2852:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Organizational
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Transformative
2556:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2525:Rehabilitation
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:Prisoner abuse
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2476:Incapacitation
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Émile Durkheim
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Social control
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Crime analysis
2137:
2132:
2130:Broken windows
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Feminist poets
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1937:Feminist songs
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:by nationality
1905:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1862:United Kingdom
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Existentialism
1470:
1469:
1468:
1466:Justice ethics
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:Constructivism
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:Areas of study
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Gender studies
1272:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1240:SCUM Manifesto
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1171:Women's rights
1168:
1165:Women's health
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Male privilege
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1018:International
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
975:
974:
969:
964:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
903:
902:
892:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
867:
865:Technofeminism
862:
861:
860:
855:
850:
840:
839:
838:
828:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
809:
804:
794:
793:
792:
791:
790:
775:
770:
765:
764:
763:
758:
748:
743:
738:
732:
731:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
710:
709:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
640:
635:
629:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
608:
603:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
568:
563:
562:
561:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
529:
527:Other variants
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
496:
495:
485:
484:
483:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
451:
445:
442:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:
419:
409:
408:
407:
397:
396:
395:
390:
380:
375:
374:
373:
362:
359:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
342:
341:
331:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
304:
298:
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
262:
261:
260:
255:
253:Cayman Islands
248:United Kingdom
245:
240:
239:
238:
233:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
179:
176:
175:
168:
167:
166:
165:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
106:
103:
102:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
67:
62:
56:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Luce Irigaray
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Donna Haraway
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Cynthia Enloe
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Hélène Cixous
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Judith Butler
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4286:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Technoscience
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Postmodernism
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Art criticism
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3790:1-55266-024-9
3786:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3709:0-335-09933-5
3705:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:0-415-91145-1
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3621:1-895686-61-X
3617:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:0-7100-8449-8
3505:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3320:
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3198:"Criminology"
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2016:
2011:
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1537:Technoscience
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1360:Art criticism
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1310:Men's studies
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1211:
1210:Views on BDSM
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1134:Transmisogyny
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1120:
1117:
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1110:
1107:
1105:
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1097:
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1094:Purplewashing
1092:
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1089:Protofeminism
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1004:Honor killing
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778:Individualist
776:
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762:
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757:
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751:Cyberfeminism
749:
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734:
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729:
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534:Anti-abortion
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439:Multicultural
436:
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422:Transnational
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369:
368:
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364:
363:
361:
360:
357:
353:
347:
344:
340:
339:Postgenderism
337:
336:
335:
334:Transfeminism
332:
330:
327:
323:
320:
318:
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309:
308:
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265:United States
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218:Liechtenstein
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58:
57:
55:
54:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4459:Val Plumwood
4409:Nancy Fraser
4203:Epistemology
4178:Legal theory
4137:
4101:Architecture
4091:Anthropology
4011:
4007:
3966:
3959:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3827:
3821:
3779:
3773:
3743:(1): 29–51.
3740:
3736:
3726:
3698:
3687:
3649:. New York.
3645:
3638:
3610:
3603:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3536:
3498:
3491:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3379:. Retrieved
3376:ResearchGate
3375:
3366:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3277:
3270:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:
3192:
3159:
3155:
3114:
3107:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3023:
3010:
2991:
2984:
2968:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2920:Robert Agnew
2917:
2900:prostitution
2880:
2857:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2744:Experimental
2625:
2466:Denunciation
2432:Quantitative
2342:Public-order
2297:White-collar
2238:Hans Eysenck
1817:Saudi Arabia
1613:South Africa
1456:Epistemology
1431:Legal theory
1391:
1350:Architecture
1340:Anthropology
1319:
1285:Gynocentrism
1149:War on women
1084:Pro-feminism
1039:Gender-blind
994:Gender quota
967:Art movement
741:Anti-fascist
675:Dianic Wicca
554:Postfeminism
429:Xenofeminism
412:Postcolonial
329:Sex-positive
4511:Criminology
4389:Alice Crary
4369:Nancy Bauer
4364:Wendy Brown
4354:Karen Barad
4313:Ecofeminism
4218:Metaphysics
4138:Criminology
4116:Film theory
4096:Archaeology
3967:Why Prison?
3575:Criminology
3038:imperialism
2975:Dorie Klein
2959:Carol Smart
2896:W.I. Thomas
2859:Criminology
2843:criminology
2734:Development
2709:Criminology
2631:Integrative
2569:Utilitarian
2564:Retributive
2554:Restorative
2541:in penology
2427:Qualitative
2401:Ethnography
2386:Comparative
2292:Blue-collar
2215:Victimology
2170:Psychopathy
2093:Criminology
1822:South Korea
1802:Philippines
1782:New Zealand
1777:Netherlands
1500:Pornography
1478:Metaphysics
1392:Criminology
1370:Film theory
1345:Archaeology
1024:Women's Day
826:Libertarian
768:Ecofeminism
685:Ecofeminist
566:Reactionary
559:Neofeminism
500:Multiracial
405:Ecofeminist
400:Materialist
243:Switzerland
223:New Zealand
4505:Categories
4434:bell hooks
4245:Psychology
4198:Empiricism
4193:Aesthetics
4188:Philosophy
3381:2020-11-25
3297:1119753669
3207:2020-11-25
3064:laws, and
3050:Hauntology
3046:Patriarchy
2908:penis envy
2888:phrenology
2729:Demography
2651:Positivist
2530:Recidivism
2471:Deterrence
2363:Victimless
2205:Subculture
2018:Categories
1920:Literature
1630:Bangladesh
1505:Psychology
1451:Empiricism
1446:Aesthetics
1441:Philosophy
1315:Patriarchy
1300:Matriarchy
1020:Girl's Day
999:Girl power
972:In hip hop
895:Literature
858:Separatist
836:Postmodern
802:Difference
736:Analytical
680:Reclaiming
488:Indigenous
393:Standpoint
322:Separatist
174:by country
4255:Sociology
4158:Geography
4148:Economics
4036:149031253
4028:1028-2580
3951:1777-5272
3912:148874479
3904:1028-2580
3855:cite book
3847:877868120
3807:cite book
3765:145337631
3757:1462-4745
3673:cite book
3595:1745-9125
3556:808344315
3483:220642429
3421:0007-1315
3358:145144331
3262:652280246
3184:145415229
3176:1707-7753
2754:Political
2683:Subfields
2606:Classical
2596:Anarchist
2491:abolition
2391:Profiling
2336:Political
2331:Organized
2316:Corporate
2304:Cold case
2260:Types of
1908:Feminists
1720:Argentina
1680:Indonesia
1670:Hong Kong
1625:Australia
1532:Sociology
1414:Geography
1404:Economics
1295:Male gaze
1290:Kyriarchy
761:Networked
643:Christian
378:Jineology
366:Anarchist
356:Socialist
236:Francoist
188:Australia
134:Timelines
4270:Womanist
4265:Theology
4250:Sexology
4183:Pedagogy
3799:43507647
3718:21231470
3696:(1990).
3665:32510587
3630:35124149
3445:35310824
3062:Jim Crow
2886:applied
2787:Journals
2714:Critical
2704:Conflict
2689:American
2660:Realism
2626:Feminist
2616:Critical
2611:Conflict
2508:Prisoner
2455:Penology
2321:Juvenile
2272:Humanity
2268:Against
2155:Deviance
2097:penology
1903:Articles
1842:Thailand
1797:Pakistan
1767:Malaysia
1750:Paraguay
1740:Honduras
1588:Ethiopia
1542:Theology
1527:Sexology
1522:Sex wars
1436:Pedagogy
1189:Outlooks
1069:Misogyny
942:Femicide
927:Equality
883:Concepts
848:Cultural
807:Equality
788:Stiletto
783:Lipstick
707:Orthodox
670:Neopagan
658:Womanist
638:Buddhist
586:Embedded
581:Imperial
576:Carceral
549:Maternal
510:Womanism
198:Colombia
85:Canadian
75:American
32:Feminism
24:a series
22:Part of
4223:Science
4163:History
4128:Biology
3518:2686753
3437:5659807
3134:5171135
3058:slavery
2854:History
2719:Culture
2641:Marxist
2636:Italian
2601:Chicago
2590:Schools
2539:Justice
2380:Methods
2309:Perfect
1857:Ukraine
1852:Vietnam
1762:Lebanon
1660:Germany
1650:Finland
1645:Denmark
1620:Albania
1608:Senegal
1603:Nigeria
1510:Therapy
1483:science
1382:Biology
843:Radical
797:Liberal
773:Eugenic
697:Islamic
633:Atheist
481:Lesbian
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