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457:. Qing emperor instructed him to develop, assimilate, and bring the Kham regions under strong Qing central control. Feng Quan began initiating land reforms among traditional autonomous polities of kingdoms governed by warrior chiefs, and initiating a reduction to the number of monks, whose monasteries were among the autonomous polities. Feng Quan recruited Chinese soldiers and
1185:
426:, operating under Qing China's protectorate and ushered into Kham's frontier region, were "riven back from the frontier and forced to withdraw to the Western confines of the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan," where they "vegetated for a century within small Christian communities," until expelled by Communist China in 1952.
540:
Monasteries continued to be targeted by Zhao's forces, as did all autonomous polities in Kham as the raids spread and Zhao appointed Qing
Chinese officials to positions of authority. Zhao's retaliatory invasion in Kham lasted through Qing China's larger invasion of Lhasa in 1910, and on to 1911, when
536:
in Kham is well documented, including the German origin of the army's rifles, and he was later called "the
Butcher of Kham" for his work. Monks and Khampas were subjected to execution, beheadings, and dousings with fire. The monks at Batang reportedly withstood the invasion until 1906, but afterwards
552:
Tibetan guerrilla named Aten gave his account of the war, where he states the war started in 1903 when the Manchu Qing sent Zhao Erfeng to seize control of
Tibetan areas, to control Batang and Litang. Aten recounted Zhao's destruction of Batang, and said Zhao used holy texts as shoeliners for his
468:
The
Chiefdoms of Batang and Litang and the Tibetan monasteries rose up. 26–27 March 1905 marked the first bloodshed when a handful of Sichuan farmers were killed at the farm. On 6 April, Feng Quan was murdered, which the locals justified by claiming he had "promoted French military uniforms and
333:
upon capture. Ten
Catholic churches were burned down and a mass of locals that had converted to Catholicism were killed. Under French pressure to protect missionaries and domestic pressure to stop the threat of the British invading from the west frontier, Feng Quan's successor
627:
was in eastern Kham under Qing control (as part of
Sichuan). Feng Quan felt the need to implement reforms in Batang before reaching Chamdo. The deliberate blurring of the two areas cause by Qing policies eventually led to the formation of an integrated province named
563:
The Qing military invasion at Batang attempted to change the power structure in the region fundamentally. The historical system of autonomous polities was also attacked, and the region was briefly under
Chinese military occupation, until 1911.
4872:
653:, argued to the Qing court that "having a senior official stationed in Kham would restore social order, provide better protection for foreign missionaries, and allow merchants and official communications to pass through the region." See
329:, perceived as Qing allies, fell victim to mobs led by lamas. One was killed immediately (his remains were never found), another was tortured for twelve days before he was executed, while the other two were pursued for three months and
4936:
418:
Tibetan
Khampas in the frontier marches are known for their hostility towards outsiders, and for their strong devotion to their monasteries from specific schools of Tibetan Buddhism, and to the Dalai Lamas.
5916:
2396:
4770:
5531:
541:
Zhao was killed. Zhao's death was reportedly undertaken by his own men, during the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the rise of
Chinese Republican revolutionary forces, around the time of the
5492:
1168:
Goldstein, M. C. (1994). "Change, Conflict and
Continuity among a community of nomadic pastoralists—A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950-1990". In Robert Barnett; Shirin Akiner (eds.).
402:
in 1904 had repercussions in the frontier region between Tibet and China (called "March country" or "Marches"). A Qing intervention within Tibet's frontier east of the Dri River (upper
342:
to quell the uprising in 1906. Zhao brought political, economic, and cultural reform to Batang and the rest of Kham. Direct rule of Batang under Qing was established by Zhao. With the
553:
troops and that "any Tibetans were executed by decapitation or by another typically Chinese method, mass burial while still alive." Aten also called the Manchus "alien conquerors".
560:
has defended the Tibetans in the Batang uprising, saying that Zhao Erfeng invaded the region to "brutally stop Tibetan protests", while listing the atrocities committed by Zhao.
4865:
5536:
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they and the monks from Chatring monastery were all killed, and their monasteries were destroyed. The Prince of Batang was also beheaded for taking part in the uprising.
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George Forrest, V. M. H.: explorer and botanist, who by his discoveries and plants successfully introduced has greatly enriched our gardens. 1873-1932
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318:
362:
Map of Kham, with its border marked in red, and the division between Lhasa-controlled and Peking-controlled territories in blue (map from the 1914
313:
The uprising began as an opposition to the new policies of land reclamation and limits of the monastic community. The policies were implemented by
5881:
3201:
2514:
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were killed. A compensation was reached between the Sichuan government's foreign affairs office (四川洋務局), the French consul in Chengdu and Bishop
2626:
493:(余伯南) on July 23. Among them, Soulié was tortured for twelve days before execution. Ten Catholic churches were burned down and a mass of locals
5739:
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4113:
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The McMahon Line: A Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 1: Morley, Minto and Non-Interference in Tibet
1221:
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1944:
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The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47
1194:, by ((Great Britain. Foreign Office, India. Foreign and Political Dept, India. Governor-General)), a publication from 1904, now in the
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was said to launch the first retaliations against the Khampas - Chiefs, Lamas and lay people - at Batang, and against the monastery.
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The Qing Chinese responded to the Batang uprising with a punitive campaign. The Sichuan Army under the command of Chinese General
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Collection Petits Cerf, Book Review of Françoise Fauconnet-Buzelin's "Martyrs oubliés du Tibet (Les)", Nov 2012
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Khams Pa Histories: Visions of People, Place and Authority – Proceedings of the Ninth IATS Seminar, Leiden 2000
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Both the senior and assistant ambans were normally stationed in Lhasa, but Feng Quan was ordered to station in
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2933:
2818:
2698:
1974:
1819:
1268:"The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands"
429:
From 1873 to 1905, there were five attacks on churches (this Batang uprising being the fifth), known as "
5732:
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1914:
1731:
1255:
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
522:
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74:
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5033:
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3381:
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1981:
1809:
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1459:
1381:
1325:
1239:
1217:
1117:
1087:
1060:
1033:
1027:
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1000:
979:
973:
826:
820:
799:
542:
339:
326:
2747:
1375:
1353:
Tsomu, Yudru (May 2013). "Taming the Khampas: The Republican Construction of Eastern Tibet".
1231:
1211:
1113:
Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country
1081:
1054:
793:
469:
military marches and therefore could not have been a genuine commissioner sent by the Qing".
386:
in the monastery were under the suzerainty of Lhasa, Tibet. While Kham chiefs and Tibet were
5765:
5648:
5571:
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3049:
2801:
2191:
1846:
1275:
379:
363:
203:
176:
155:
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was at the frontier of Qing China where authority was shared between local Kham chiefs and
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2046:
1748:
1670:
1468:
624:
549:
462:
375:
343:
82:
1343:
422:
Decades before the Batang uprising, around 1852 the French Catholic Marist missions from
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4683:
4623:
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4310:
4298:
4181:
4169:
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2950:
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2428:
2415:
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1777:
1736:
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557:
149:
142:
1770:
1709:
1155:
947:
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920:
908:
848:
822:
Of Camel Kings and Other Things: Rural Rebels Against Modernity in Late Imperial China
731:
716:
654:
5795:
5755:
5721:
5686:
5302:
5292:
5108:
4499:
4223:
3783:
3730:
3715:
3376:
3111:
2847:
2166:
2084:
2001:
1792:
1665:
1339:
1289:
1195:
1107:
529:
269:
66:
1377:
China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands
5775:
5472:
5414:
5103:
5085:
4941:
4411:
4332:
4278:
3507:
3371:
3351:
2967:
2710:
2319:
1802:
1743:
1716:
1446:
1232:"The Uprising at Batang: Khams and its Significance in Chinese and Tibetan History"
434:
407:
330:
260:
250:
242:
222:
213:
197:
186:
170:
128:
123:
78:
1880:
1856:
1403:
1308:
5711:
5432:
5153:
5148:
4022:
3326:
3227:
2994:
2114:
2079:
533:
335:
191:
410:) was triggered in an effort to open up Tibet's frontier roads to Qing forces.
5379:
5223:
5173:
5143:
4986:
4305:
4155:
3157:
3081:
1267:
307:
1319:
5168:
5158:
4288:
4258:
3411:
2358:
446:
314:
325:(in western Kham). Feng Quan was murdered in the uprising and four French
2288:
1002:
Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands: The Premi of Southwest China
5653:
5398:
5345:
5287:
5163:
5138:
3798:
2026:
1519:
1238:, International Association for Tibetan Studies / BRILL, pp. 31–56,
510:
265:
17:
1415:
1366:
1280:
798:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 45.
689:
5638:
3631:
2323:
1954:
1546:
959:
872:
458:
403:
62:
4380:
896:
4342:
642:
629:
620:
454:
322:
70:
1083:
Tibetan Border Worlds: A Geohistorical Analysis of Trade and Traders
1053:
Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray, eds. (2013).
975:
In the Shadow of the Buddha: One Man's Journey of Discovery in Tibet
237:
Tibetan Khampa tribesmen, Tibetan Chieftain defectors from Qing army
437:
settled the cases and gradually got involved into Batang politics.
5362:
4921:
1450:
1059:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. xxxvi.
506:
433:" in historiography. Upon the complaint of the French consul, the
357:
5021:
4059:
502:
383:
303:
54:
4384:
2292:
1419:
677:
1299:
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
860:
477:
Four French missionaries were killed by the locals, including
2397:
An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan
1272:Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines
1156:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
948:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
933:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
921:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
909:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
849:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
732:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
717:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (2014)
5532:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1213:
Christianity and the State in Asia: Complicity and Conflict
655:
Coleman, Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier 2014
1192:
East India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet , Issues 2-4
884:
771:"An Overview of Kham (Eastern Tibet) Historical Polities"
1145:
on September 20, 2016 – via High Peaks Pure Earth.
1302:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 26.
623:
was in western Kham in Lhasa-controlled Tibet whereas
5917:
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in Asia
750:. Printed by Stoddart & Malcolm, ltd. p. 30.
1348:, Cambridge University Press – via archive.org
825:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 147.
645:, a town roughly halfway between Lhasa and Sichuan.
5704:
5672:
5629:
5622:
5537:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
5491:
5336:
5268:
5189:
5094:
4890:
4781:
4591:
4498:
4428:
4419:
4360:
4247:
4197:
4153:
4111:
4057:
4020:
3900:
3840:
3815:
3796:
3769:
3668:
3648:
3629:
3495:
3451:
3409:
3319:
3274:
3244:
3225:
3173:
3109:
3020:
2910:
2664:
2553:
2498:
2459:
2376:
2339:
2245:
2210:
2037:
2010:
1999:
1930:
1629:
1503:
1485:
1466:
509:, which would be paid from the tea tax revenues of
1005:. University of Washington Press. pp. 241–2.
3137:Journal of the West China Border Research Society
2268:Journal of the West China Border Research Society
1527:Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding
1515:Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding
1210:Bautista, Julius; Lim, Francis Khek Gee (2009),
795:Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China
32:
4937:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1345:Travels of a Consular Officer in Eastern Tibet
960:Teichman, Travels of a Consular Officer (1922)
873:Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon (1997)
5357:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
5328:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
4396:
2304:
1431:
897:Garri, The rise of the Five Hor States (2020)
8:
1609:Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo
690:Wang, China's Last Imperial Frontier (2011)
5626:
4425:
4403:
4389:
4381:
3812:
3645:
3448:
3241:
3170:
2456:
2311:
2297:
2289:
2007:
1482:
1438:
1424:
1416:
501:(倪德隆). Sichuan compensated 121,500 silver
461:farmers to convert idle land in Batang to
29:
27:1905 uprising in Batang, Kham, Qing Empire
5837:History of the Catholic Church in Sichuan
5017:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
4069:Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association
2590:Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong
1279:
4866:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3202:American Baptist Foreign Mission Society
2617:St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing
2607:Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou
2565:Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu
2484:Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan
616:
614:
5473:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2575:Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
670:
610:
5817:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan
678:Coleman, The Uprising at Batang (2002)
390:, Qing authority over Tibet was weak.
306:against the assertion of authority by
94:Qing assertion of authority up to 1911
5887:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
5771:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
5012:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2639:Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu
2065:Seventh-day Adventist Tibetan Mission
1139:"The Hero Propagated by Nationalists"
861:Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 1 (1966)
7:
5822:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet
4992:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3212:Friends' Foreign Mission Association
3207:American Methodist Episcopal Mission
2634:Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang
1535:Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang
1190:This article incorporates text from
465:in the hope of attracting settlers.
394:The role of the British and the Qing
346:, Zhao was murdered in turn and the
302:) was an uprising by the Khampas of
5740:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1116:. Wisdom Publications. p. 28.
414:The role of the French missionaries
5827:Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding
5457:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
4826:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4819:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
4699:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4523:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2772:Jean-François Martin de La Baluère
2602:Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin
744:Scottish Rock Garden Club (1935).
589:Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding
284:Feng Quan, unknown Qing casualties
25:
5912:20th-century mass murder in China
5902:Anti-Christian sentiment in China
5746:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
5587:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
5462:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
4614:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
3148:West China College of Stomatology
2570:St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing
1141:. Radio Free Asia. Archived from
1137:Woeser, ed. (15 September 2011).
5557:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
4873:Articles of Favourable Treatment
4629:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2585:Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang
2580:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding
2367:
1183:
885:Tsomu, Taming the Khampas (2013)
259:
249:
241:
221:
212:
196:
185:
169:
148:
141:
122:
5877:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
4604:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
4490:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3555:Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe
2865:Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse
2622:Annunciation Church, Dengchigou
2220:Bible translations into Tibetan
1405:Tibet and Her Foreign Relations
227:Commandant in Chief Li Chia-jui
5882:Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
5258:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
4548:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3503:Frederick Elmer Leighton Abrey
3442:The West China Missionary News
3291:St John's Cathedral, Langzhong
3130:The West China Missionary News
2477:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2404:Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis
2261:The West China Missionary News
1987:Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada
1639:Paris Foreign Missions Society
1614:Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding
1590:Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi
1171:Resistance and Reform in Tibet
574:Anti-missionary riots in China
424:Paris Foreign Missions Society
299:
218:General Ma Weiqi (Ma Wei-ch'i)
1:
5692:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
5467:Islam during the Qing dynasty
5323:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
5007:Provincial military commander
4997:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4982:Imperial Household Department
4809:Preparative Constitutionalism
4513:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2787:Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat
2349:Church of the East in Sichuan
1296:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997).
1234:, in Lawrence Epstein (ed.),
528:The punitive invasion by Han
5451:Researches on Manchu Origins
4856:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
4466:Transition from Ming to Qing
4456:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
4370:Eastern Orthodoxy in Sichuan
3463:Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church
3296:St John's Cathedral, Chengdu
2612:Annunciation Seminary, Bailu
2441:Youyang anti-missionary riot
1554:Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong
1252:Coleman, William M. (2014),
1230:Coleman, William M. (2002),
1056:Sources of Tibetan Tradition
1032:. Xulon Press. p. 101.
978:. Penguin Publishing Group.
773:, The University of Virginia
5867:Military history of Sichuan
5842:History of Tibetan Buddhism
5832:Christian missions in China
5351:Changzhou School of Thought
4861:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
4836:Railway Protection Movement
4814:1909 Parliamentary election
4799:British expedition to Tibet
4709:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
4669:Self-Strengthening Movement
4644:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3942:Alexander Blackburn Buzzell
3392:Richard Alexander Whiteside
3143:West China Union University
2875:Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin
2490:Congregation of the Mission
1408:. University of California.
400:British expedition to Tibet
5933:
5751:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
4639:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
4578:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
4568:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
4538:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
4032:Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou
3191:Canadian Methodist Mission
3165:Early Rain Covenant Church
1965:Catholic Church in Sichuan
579:Catholic Church in Sichuan
5897:Catholic Church in Yunnan
5761:Names of the Qing dynasty
5409:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4739:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
4734:Gongche Shangshu movement
4679:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
4528:Chinese Rites controversy
3952:Johann Heinrich Effenberg
3528:Charles Rupert Carscallen
3387:Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp
3286:Trinity Church, Langzhong
3197:Church Missionary Society
3153:West China Medical Center
2831:Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau
2365:
2330:
1754:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau
1457:
1318:Mehra, Parshotam (1974),
1313:, Routledge & K. Paul
1174:. London: Hurst & Co.
1086:. Routledge. p. 39.
1080:Van Spengen, Wim (2013).
1029:Have a Cup of Tibetan Tea
819:Prazniak, Roxann (1999).
499:Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau
481:(牧守仁) on March 30 or 31,
473:Execution of missionaries
371:Power structure of Batang
281:Unknown Khampa casualties
275:
231:
202:General Wu Yi-chung
134:
102:
37:
5812:Persecution by Buddhists
5807:Persecution of Catholics
5682:Great Qing Treasure Note
5502:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
5212:Administrative divisions
5029:Administrative divisions
4957:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3937:Claude Lockyer Blandford
3922:Huayang Adventist Church
3590:Charles Winfield Service
3429:Gospel Hospital, Chengdu
3097:Catholic Church in Tibet
3070:John Baptist Wang Ruohan
2471:Jesuit missions in China
2274:Protestantism in Sichuan
1970:John Baptist Wang Ruohan
1644:Jesuit missions in Tibet
1573:Catholic Church of Lhasa
1402:Singh, Pardaman (1921).
1026:Woodward, David (2004).
972:Pistono, Matteo (2011).
584:Catholic Church in Tibet
495:converted to Catholicism
435:Foreign Ministry of Qing
5852:Battles involving Tibet
5802:Massacres of Christians
5278:Chengde Mountain Resort
5079:Three Eastern Provinces
4729:First Sino-Japanese War
4704:Northern Chinese Famine
4563:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
4461:Qing invasion of Joseon
4209:Gospel Church, Kangding
4140:Susanna Carson Rijnhart
4042:George Oliver Lillegard
3832:Baptist Chapel, Xichang
3660:Tongchuan Meeting House
3545:George Everson Hartwell
3468:Gospel Church, Jiangbei
3362:Montagu Robert Lawrence
3357:James Heywood Horsburgh
3306:Gospel Church, Mianyang
3301:Gospel Church, Jiangyou
3012:(more native Catholics)
2885:Léon Thomine Desmazures
2733:Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse
2651:St. Anne's Church, Moxi
2225:Heinrich August Jäschke
2182:William Wallace Simpson
2172:Susanna Carson Rijnhart
2120:Heinrich August Jäschke
2058:Tibetan Pioneer Mission
2022:Gospel Church, Kangding
1898:Léon Thomine Desmazures
1578:St. Anne's Church, Moxi
1334:– via archive.org
1307:Lamb, Alastair (1966),
487:Pierre-Marie Bourdonnec
485:(蘇烈) on April 14, and
440:
344:1911 Chinese Revolution
321:to Tibet, stationed in
5659:Great Qing Copper Coin
5547:Convention of Tientsin
5480:Annotated Bibliography
5428:Qing official headwear
4471:Battle of Shanhai Pass
4165:Henry Cornelius Bartel
3858:William Reginald Morse
3848:Alfred James Broomhall
3746:Clifford Morgan Stubbs
3570:William John Mortimore
3560:Leslie Gifford Kilborn
3550:Gordon Douglass Hoople
3533:Virgil Chittenden Hart
2679:Eusebio Arnáiz Álvarez
2230:August Hermann Francke
2110:August Hermann Francke
1661:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
999:Wellens, Koen (2010).
451:Qing's assistant amban
367:
319:Qing's assistant amban
135:Commanders and leaders
5892:1905 murders in China
5733:Draft History of Qing
5592:Treaty of Shimonoseki
5373:performance criticism
4977:Imperial Commissioner
4967:Great Qing Legal Code
4766:Eight-Nation Alliance
4749:Third plague pandemic
4659:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
4583:White Lotus Rebellion
4189:Nellie Schmidt Bartel
4125:Marion Herbert Duncan
3853:David Crockett Graham
3827:Baptist Church, Ya'an
3711:Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin
3686:A. Warburton Davidson
3612:Lucius Nathan Wheeler
3595:Edward Wilson Wallace
3480:Agape Church, Yuzhong
3092:Our Lady of Joy Abbey
2792:Jean-Théodore Monbeig
2694:Juan Campos Rodríguez
2674:Luigi Antonio Appiani
2100:Marion Herbert Duncan
1945:Diocese of Darjeeling
1842:Francesco della Penna
1815:Jean-Théodore Monbeig
1693:Joseph-Marie Chauveau
1266:Garri, Irina (2020),
1261:, Columbia University
1198:in the United States.
851:, p. 93-94, 102.
792:Tuttle, Gray (2005).
599:Tibet under Qing rule
594:Religious persecution
361:
327:Catholic missionaries
276:Casualties and losses
147:Drakpa Gyaltsen
57:'s Chiefdom of Batang
5664:Great Qing Gold Coin
5597:Treaty of Tarbagatai
5542:Convention of Peking
5422:Pentaglot Dictionary
5404:Literary inquisition
5114:Ever Victorious Army
4947:Deliberative Council
4851:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4804:1905 Batang uprising
4744:Hundred Days' Reform
4634:Small Swords Society
4229:Robert Henry Mathews
4135:James Clarence Ogden
4130:Zenas Sanford Loftis
3927:Francis Arthur Allum
3868:Henry James Openshaw
3736:Caroline N. Southall
3691:Robert John Davidson
3518:Newton Ernest Bowles
3185:China Inland Mission
2836:Pierre-Julien Pichon
2782:Gabriel de Magalhães
2767:Joannes-Baptista Kou
2255:Dorris Shelton Still
2147:James Clarence Ogden
2125:Zenas Sanford Loftis
2053:China Inland Mission
1676:Jean-Baptiste Brieux
1374:Wang, Xiuyu (2011).
453:, stationing him in
165:Khenpo Phurjung Tawa
140:Tashi Gyaltsen
5847:Mass murder in 1905
5717:Anti-Qing sentiment
5567:Treaty of the Bogue
5507:Treaty of Nerchinsk
5439:Complete Tang Poems
5119:Green Standard Army
5002:Provincial governor
4972:Imperial Clan Court
4952:Diplomatic missions
4927:Consultative Bureau
4674:Tongzhi Restoration
4553:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4533:Ten Great Campaigns
4441:Jurchen unification
4264:Lincoln L. G. Dsang
4007:George L. Wilkinson
3967:Sidney Henton Lindt
3962:Alton Eugene Hughes
3957:Cecil Bennett Guild
3932:John Nevins Andrews
3617:(more missionaries)
3565:Omar Leslie Kilborn
3397:(more missionaries)
3367:John Howard Lechler
3065:Agnes Tsao Kou Ying
3030:Jean-Charles Cornay
3000:Joseph Zhang Wenlan
2934:Matthew Chen Zhemin
2902:(more missionaries)
2897:Eleutherius Winance
2819:Pascual Nadal Oltra
2738:Marie-Julien Dunand
2699:Célestin Chouvellon
2075:John Nevins Andrews
1940:Archdiocese of Agra
1832:Odoric of Pordenone
1820:Pascual Nadal Oltra
1495:Diocese of Kangding
1380:. Lexington Books.
1281:10.4000/emscat.4631
1158:, pp. 190–260.
441:Feng Quan's reforms
406:river, also called
350:was reestablished.
255:Green Standard Army
5907:Chinese war crimes
5602:Treaty of Tientsin
5313:Western Qing tombs
5308:Eastern Qing tombs
5134:Peking Field Force
4878:Manchu Restoration
4771:Declaration of war
4724:Jindandao incident
4543:Lhasa riot of 1750
4219:James Huston Edgar
4086:Robert Roy Service
4012:Charles A. Woolsey
3947:Holman Carl Currie
3878:William M. Upcraft
3696:Mary Jane Davidson
3585:David W. Stevenson
3523:Harry Lee Canright
3342:Vyvyan Donnithorne
3087:St. Andrew's Abbey
3055:Thérèse of Lisieux
3035:Audrey Donnithorne
2958:Lawrence Hu Shï-lu
2922:John Chen Xianheng
2743:Jean-Louis Florens
2341:Church of the East
2202:Annie Royle Taylor
2187:Sadhu Sundar Singh
2162:Victor Guy Plymire
2105:James Huston Edgar
1864:Charles-René Renou
1788:Évariste Régis Huc
1656:António de Andrade
950:, p. 257-258.
911:, p. 207-209.
734:, p. 262-263.
719:, p. 247-248.
657:, pp. 213–215
651:Viceroy of Sichuan
368:
154:Sonam Dradul
113:Chiefdom of Litang
109:Chiefdom of Batang
59:Chiefdom of Litang
5857:Conflicts in 1905
5789:
5788:
5700:
5699:
5612:Treaty of Whampoa
5607:Treaty of Wanghia
5582:Treaty of Nanking
5552:Li–Lobanov Treaty
5527:Chefoo Convention
5522:Burlingame Treaty
5393:Kangxi Dictionary
5298:Old Summer Palace
5129:Firearm Battalion
4932:Cup of Solid Gold
4886:
4885:
4831:Manchurian plague
4794:Late Qing reforms
4785:(1901–1912)
4719:Sikkim expedition
4649:Panthay Rebellion
4619:Taiping Rebellion
4595:(1801–1900)
4573:Sino-Nepalese War
4518:Dzungar–Qing Wars
4504:(1683–1799)
4432:(1616–1683)
4378:
4377:
4356:
4355:
4214:Robert Cunningham
4177:Paul Henry Bartel
3997:Merritt C. Warren
3982:Emma Neale Ortner
3896:
3895:
3792:
3791:
3741:Margaret Southall
3701:Frederic S. Deane
3625:
3624:
3405:
3404:
3382:Arthur T. Polhill
3332:Frederick Boreham
3105:
3104:
2880:Jean-André Soulié
2807:Johannes Müllener
2755:Jean de Guébriant
2716:Joseph Desflèches
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2095:Robert Cunningham
1995:
1994:
1982:Cornelius Wessels
1893:Jean-André Soulié
1810:Marco della Tomba
1783:Matthias Hermanns
1727:Ippolito Desideri
1722:Auguste Desgodins
1387:978-0-7391-6810-3
1223:978-1-134-01887-1
1123:978-0-86171-050-8
985:978-1-101-47548-5
543:Xinhai Revolution
517:Punitive campaign
489:(蒲德元) as well as
483:Jean-André Soulié
382:monasteries. The
340:punitive campaign
288:
287:
118:Samphel Monastery
98:
97:
16:(Redirected from
5924:
5862:Events in Yunnan
5766:New Qing History
5649:Qianlong Tongbao
5627:
5572:Treaty of Canton
5512:Unequal treaties
5318:Fuling Mausoleum
4917:Advisory Council
4846:Wuchang Uprising
4786:
4689:Tianjin Massacre
4654:Second Opium War
4596:
4558:Sino-Burmese War
4505:
4483:Battle of Penghu
4451:Seven Grievances
4433:
4426:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4362:Eastern Orthodox
4324:
4302:
4185:
4173:
4099:
4077:
4050:
3914:
3813:
3808:
3779:W. Brian Harland
3751:Edward B. Vardon
3646:
3641:
3608:
3541:
3513:George John Bond
3488:
3476:
3449:
3437:
3421:
3377:Cecil H. Polhill
3242:
3237:
3171:
3121:
3078:
3050:Ignatius Persico
3008:
2986:
2954:
2946:John Dong Shizhi
2942:
2930:
2893:
2870:Adolphe Roulland
2861:
2853:François Pottier
2844:
2827:
2815:
2802:Jean-Martin Moye
2763:
2751:
2729:
2707:
2647:
2630:
2598:
2457:
2432:
2419:
2388:
2371:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2167:Cecil H. Polhill
2157:George Patterson
2143:
2030:
2008:
1978:
1923:
1906:
1888:Dominik Schröder
1884:
1872:
1860:
1847:Ignatius Persico
1837:Albert d'Orville
1828:
1806:
1774:
1762:
1740:
1713:
1701:
1684:
1652:
1622:
1605:
1598:
1586:
1569:
1562:
1550:
1543:
1531:
1530:(within Sichuan)
1523:
1483:
1478:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1409:
1391:
1370:
1349:
1335:
1314:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1226:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1104:
1098:
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1077:
1071:
1070:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1017:
1016:
996:
990:
989:
969:
963:
957:
951:
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936:
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924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
837:
836:
816:
810:
809:
789:
783:
780:
774:
767:
752:
751:
741:
735:
729:
720:
714:
693:
687:
681:
675:
658:
639:
633:
618:
548:A former Khampa
445:Qing China sent
431:missionary cases
380:Tibetan Buddhist
364:Simla Convention
301:
264:
263:
253:
246:
245:
226:
225:
217:
216:
208:
201:
200:
190:
189:
181:
174:
173:
160:
152:
145:
127:
126:
116:Batang Monastery
39:
38:
30:
21:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5781:Willow Palisade
5727:Chuang Guandong
5696:
5668:
5618:
5577:Treaty of Kulja
5562:Treaty of Aigun
5495:
5487:
5386:History of Ming
5338:
5332:
5270:
5264:
5190:Special regions
5185:
5124:Imperial Guards
5090:
4882:
4841:1911 Revolution
4787:
4784:
4777:
4754:Boxer Rebellion
4714:Sino-French War
4664:Amur Annexation
4609:First Opium War
4597:
4594:
4587:
4506:
4503:
4494:
4478:Great Clearance
4434:
4431:
4415:
4409:
4379:
4374:
4352:
4338:Y. C. James Yen
4318:
4296:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4239:Alexander Wylie
4234:Thomas Torrance
4202:
4200:
4193:
4179:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4103:Y. C. James Yen
4093:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4037:Edvard Amundsen
4025:
4016:
4002:Dallas R. White
3987:Evaline Osborne
3915:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3892:
3888:Robert Wellwood
3836:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3788:
3772:
3765:
3756:Margaret Vardon
3721:Esther L. Mason
3664:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3635:
3634:
3621:
3602:
3535:
3491:
3482:
3470:
3456:
3454:
3447:
3431:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3401:
3347:Alice Entwistle
3337:William Cassels
3315:
3311:(more churches)
3279:
3277:
3270:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3158:University Road
3122:
3115:
3114:
3101:
3072:
3045:Joche Albert Ly
3040:Artus de Lionne
3023:
3016:
3002:
2990:Lucy Yi Zhenmei
2980:
2963:Paul Liu Hanzuo
2948:
2936:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2887:
2855:
2838:
2821:
2809:
2757:
2745:
2723:
2721:Jules Dubernard
2701:
2689:Lodovico Buglio
2667:
2660:
2656:(more churches)
2641:
2624:
2592:
2558:
2556:
2549:
2503:
2494:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2436:Batang uprising
2426:
2413:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2287:
2278:
2248:
2241:
2213:
2206:
2137:
2135:Roderick McLeod
2070:Edvard Amundsen
2047:Moravian Church
2040:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
1991:
1972:
1955:Dimaluo Village
1950:Batang uprising
1933:
1926:
1917:
1915:Pierre Valentin
1900:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1822:
1800:
1768:
1756:
1749:Annet Genestier
1734:
1732:Jules Dubernard
1707:
1695:
1688:Estêvão Cacella
1678:
1671:Augustin Bourry
1646:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1599:
1592:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1413:
1401:
1398:
1396:Further reading
1388:
1373:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1306:
1295:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1229:
1224:
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1162:
1154:
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1135:
1131:
1124:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1013:
998:
997:
993:
986:
971:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
840:
833:
818:
817:
813:
806:
791:
790:
786:
781:
777:
768:
755:
743:
742:
738:
730:
723:
715:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
667:
662:
661:
640:
636:
619:
612:
607:
570:
556:Beijing author
550:Chushi Gangdruk
519:
513:town, Sichuan.
491:Jules Dubernard
475:
463:cultivable land
443:
416:
396:
388:under Qing rule
373:
356:
348:status quo ante
292:Batang uprising
268:
258:
257:
248:
240:
220:
219:
211:
210:
204:
195:
194:
184:
183:
177:
175:Feng Quan
168:
164:
162:
156:
153:
146:
121:
117:
115:
111:
86:
83:Gongshan County
60:
58:
33:Batang uprising
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5930:
5928:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5644:Kangxi Tongbao
5641:
5635:
5633:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5517:Boxer Protocol
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5283:Forbidden City
5280:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5246:General of Ili
5243:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5229:List of ambans
5226:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Margary Affair
4691:
4686:
4684:Mudan incident
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Nian Rebellion
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4313:
4311:Song Cheng-tsi
4308:
4303:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4174:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4145:Albert Shelton
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Dorothy Spicer
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Ida Mae Matson
3974:
3972:Ernest L. Lutz
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3761:Leonard Wigham
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Lucy E. Harris
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Mira L. Cumber
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3067:
3062:
3060:Maurice Tornay
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2850:
2845:
2833:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2636:
2631:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2421:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:Dorothy Spicer
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Albert Shelton
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:within Sichuan
2018:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1910:Maurice Tornay
1907:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Johann Grueber
1775:
1763:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1606:
1587:
1583:within Sichuan
1575:
1570:
1551:
1532:
1524:
1520:within Sichuan
1511:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1361:(3): 319–344.
1350:
1340:Teichman, Eric
1336:
1330:
1315:
1304:
1293:
1263:
1249:
1244:
1227:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1178:
1177:
1160:
1148:
1129:
1122:
1108:Norbu, Jamyang
1099:
1093:978-1136173585
1092:
1072:
1066:978-0231135986
1065:
1045:
1038:
1018:
1012:978-0295990699
1011:
991:
984:
964:
952:
937:
935:, p. 245.
925:
923:, p. 231.
913:
901:
889:
877:
865:
863:, p. 186.
853:
838:
831:
811:
804:
784:
775:
753:
736:
721:
694:
682:
669:
668:
666:
663:
660:
659:
634:
609:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
569:
566:
558:Tsering Woeser
518:
515:
474:
471:
442:
439:
415:
412:
395:
392:
372:
369:
355:
352:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
238:
234:
233:
229:
228:
166:
137:
136:
132:
131:
119:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5929:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:1905 in China
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Manchu people
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Canton System
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5687:Hubu Guanpiao
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5337:Society &
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Summer Palace
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Mukden Palace
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:Palaces &
5267:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Eight Banners
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Grand Council
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4782:20th century
4780:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4592:19th century
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
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4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4294:Liu Zhongjing
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Griffith John
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4201:denominations
4196:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Grace Service
4079:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:George Warner
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Joseph Taylor
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Esther Nelson
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3784:Fred Rowntree
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:H. T. Silcock
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Henry Hodgkin
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Alice M. Beck
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3628:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3600:Ralph A. Ward
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Theo Sørensen
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3264:West Szechwan
3262:
3260:
3259:East Szechwan
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Henri Pinault
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2663:
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2649:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
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2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
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2437:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2212:Tibetan Bible
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Theo Sørensen
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:George Parker
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:James Cameron
2088:
2086:
2085:Geoffrey Bull
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1798:Angelin Lovey
1796:
1794:
1793:Nicolas Krick
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1619:within Yunnan
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1602:within Yunnan
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:within Yunnan
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:within Yunnan
1541:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1331:9780333157374
1327:
1324:, Macmillan,
1323:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:90-04-12423-3
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:, Routledge,
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:public domain
1191:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
992:
987:
981:
977:
976:
968:
965:
962:, p. 21.
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
881:
878:
875:, p. 26.
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
834:
828:
824:
823:
815:
812:
807:
801:
797:
796:
788:
785:
779:
776:
772:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
754:
749:
748:
740:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
695:
692:, p. 98.
691:
686:
683:
680:, p. 52.
679:
674:
671:
664:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
604:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
567:
565:
561:
559:
554:
551:
546:
544:
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
507:silver sycees
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
432:
427:
425:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
365:
360:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
338:led a bloody
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
297:
293:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
270:Eight Banners
267:
262:
256:
252:
247:Qing military
244:
239:
236:
235:
230:
224:
215:
209:
207:
199:
193:
188:
182:
180:
172:
167:
161:
159:
151:
144:
139:
138:
133:
130:
125:
120:
114:
110:
107:
106:
101:
93:
90:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Batang County
64:
61:(present day
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
31:
19:
5776:Treaty ports
5738:
5731:
5705:Other topics
5478:
5471:
5449:
5437:
5420:
5415:Peiwen Yunfu
5413:
5391:
5384:
5355:
5104:Beiyang Army
5086:Zongli Yamen
4942:Da-Qing Bank
4803:
4759:Red Lanterns
4412:Qing dynasty
4333:Stephen Yang
4316:Tsai Fuh-tsu
4114:Disciples of
3911:Main article
3841:Missionaries
3805:Main article
3669:Missionaries
3638:Main article
3575:Walter Small
3508:Joseph Beech
3496:Missionaries
3440:
3418:Main article
3372:Howard Mowll
3352:Brook Hannah
3320:Missionaries
3234:Main article
3189:
3135:
3128:
3118:Main article
2968:Thaddeus Liu
2797:Claude Motel
2711:Armand David
2666:Missionaries
2482:
2475:
2435:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2385:Main article
2354:Pearl Temple
2333:Main article
2320:Christianity
2266:
2259:
2235:Yoseb Gergan
2039:Missionaries
1949:
1876:Louis Schram
1852:Julien Rabin
1766:Francis Goré
1744:Joseph Gabet
1717:Armand David
1705:Nuño Coresma
1631:Missionaries
1475:Main article
1460:Main article
1447:Christianity
1412:
1404:
1376:
1358:
1355:Modern China
1354:
1344:
1320:
1309:
1298:
1271:
1254:
1235:
1212:
1204:Bibliography
1193:
1189:
1170:
1163:
1151:
1143:the original
1132:
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769:Jann Ronis,
746:
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479:Henri Mussot
476:
467:
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374:
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312:
291:
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205:
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157:
129:Qing dynasty
103:Belligerents
5712:Aisin Gioro
5674:Paper money
5433:Qing poetry
5154:Wuwei Corps
5149:Shuishiying
4910:Family tree
4319: [
4297: [
4279:Susan Huang
4259:Chang Chʽün
4251:Protestants
4180: [
4168: [
4094: [
4072: [
4045: [
3903:Seventh-day
3726:Isaac Mason
3603: [
3536: [
3483: [
3471: [
3432: [
3327:W. H. Aldis
3217:(full list)
3073: [
3003: [
2995:Joseph Yuan
2981: [
2949: [
2937: [
2925: [
2888: [
2856: [
2839: [
2822: [
2810: [
2758: [
2746: [
2724: [
2702: [
2684:Jean Basset
2642: [
2625: [
2593: [
2427: [
2424:Liu Yuliang
2414: [
2138: [
2115:Maria Heyde
2080:H. A. Baker
1973: [
1918: [
1901: [
1879: [
1867: [
1855: [
1823: [
1801: [
1769: [
1757: [
1735: [
1708: [
1696: [
1679: [
1647: [
1593: [
1557: [
1538: [
534:Zhao Erfeng
523:Ma Wei-ch'i
449:as the new
336:Zhao Erfeng
192:Zhao Erfeng
5796:Categories
5380:Four Wangs
5271:mausoleums
5224:Golden Urn
5197:Inner Asia
5174:Xiang Army
5144:Hushenying
5069:Liangguang
5049:Liangjiang
4987:Lifan Yuan
4892:Government
4306:Ran Yunfei
4274:S. H. Fong
4269:Ruth Dsang
4156:Mennonites
4091:S. C. Yang
3175:Missionary
3112:Protestant
3082:Candida Xu
2978:Paule Song
2973:Benoît Sen
2446:Bailu Town
2002:Protestant
1666:Félix Biet
1039:1594678006
832:1461639638
805:0231134460
665:References
354:Background
308:Qing China
5202:Manchuria
5169:Huai Army
5159:Yong Ying
5044:Shaan-Gan
4500:High Qing
4446:Later Jin
4348:Zhang Jin
4289:Li Bifeng
4284:Ku Ho-lin
3905:Adventist
3819:buildings
3652:buildings
3455:buildings
3412:Methodist
3278:buildings
3177:societies
2914:Catholics
2557:buildings
2515:Chongqing
2463:societies
2451:Moxi Town
2411:La Vérité
2359:Fang Guan
2130:Karl Marx
2014:buildings
1960:Moxi Town
1507:buildings
1290:230547448
530:Bannerman
447:Feng Quan
315:Feng Quan
18:Feng Quan
5654:Hongqian
5623:Currency
5493:Treaties
5399:Kaozheng
5346:Booi Aha
5288:Hetu Ala
5241:Timeline
5236:Xinjiang
5207:Mongolia
5164:Chu Army
5139:New Army
5096:Military
5034:Viceroys
4023:Lutheran
3799:Baptists
3254:Szechwan
3246:Dioceses
3228:Anglican
2777:André Ly
2535:Shunqing
2530:Ningyuan
2525:Kangding
2501:Dioceses
2379:Catholic
1469:Catholic
1367:23483312
1342:(1922),
1110:(1986).
568:See also
532:General
511:Dartsedo
331:beheaded
266:New Army
232:Strength
50:Location
5639:Zhiqian
5631:Coinage
5368:Economy
5339:culture
5074:Yun-Gui
5064:Min-Zhe
5059:Sichuan
5054:Huguang
4900:Emperor
4421:History
4328:Wang Yi
3771:Related
3632:Quakers
3022:Related
2545:Wanxian
2520:Jiading
2510:Chengdu
2461:Mission
2324:Sichuan
2247:Related
2049:mission
1932:Related
1487:Diocese
647:Xiliang
459:Sichuan
404:Yangtze
296:Chinese
206:†
179:†
158:†
63:Sichuan
5253:Taiwan
4429:Early
4414:topics
4343:Yu Jie
4249:Native
4116:Christ
3817:Church
3650:Church
3453:Church
3276:Church
2912:Native
2555:Church
2012:Church
1505:Church
1384:
1365:
1328:
1288:
1274:(51),
1242:
1220:
1188:
1120:
1090:
1063:
1036:
1009:
982:
829:
802:
649:, the
643:Chamdo
630:Xikang
625:Batang
621:Chamdo
455:Chamdo
408:Jinsha
376:Batang
323:Chamdo
298::
91:Result
71:Yunnan
5445:Queue
5363:Dibao
5219:Tibet
5039:Zhili
4922:Amban
4323:]
4301:]
4199:Other
4184:]
4172:]
4098:]
4076:]
4049:]
3607:]
3540:]
3487:]
3475:]
3436:]
3077:]
3007:]
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2629:]
2597:]
2540:Suifu
2431:]
2418:]
2142:]
1977:]
1922:]
1905:]
1883:]
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1827:]
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1683:]
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1542:]
1451:Tibet
1363:JSTOR
1286:S2CID
1259:(PDF)
605:Notes
384:lamas
79:Weixi
75:Dêqên
5181:Navy
5022:Ejen
4905:List
4060:YMCA
1382:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1007:ISBN
980:ISBN
827:ISBN
800:ISBN
503:tael
398:The
304:Kham
300:巴塘事變
290:The
163:Atra
81:and
55:Kham
45:1905
42:Date
2322:in
1449:in
1276:doi
505:of
69:;,
5798::
4321:zh
4299:zh
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3485:zh
3473:zh
3434:zh
3075:pl
3005:pl
2983:zh
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2927:pl
2890:fr
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2824:es
2812:ru
2760:fr
2748:no
2726:fr
2704:fr
2644:zh
2627:fr
2595:zh
2429:zh
2416:zh
2140:nl
1975:pl
1920:fr
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1857:fr
1825:es
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1759:fr
1737:fr
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1559:fr
1540:fr
1359:39
1357:.
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756:^
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697:^
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545:.
317:,
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366:)
294:(
85:)
20:)
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