651:
261:
42:
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629:
the
British mission. He retained in office the high officials then appointed, and pardoned all Tibetans who had assisted the mission. But in 1909 Chinese troops were sent to operate on the Sichuan frontier against certain insurgent lamas, whom they handled severely. When the Dalai Lama attempted to give orders that they should cease, the Chinese amban in Lhasa disputed his authority, and
752:
1565:
666:. In May 1911, Qing officials agreed to European demands to rescind Sichuan province's ownership of a railroad concession and sold it to a European consortium. The sale infuriated gentry and merchants in Sichuan who lost considerable investments and resulted in the formation of a broad opposition movement, the Sichuan
673:
On
September 7, 1911, Zhao ordered the arrest of the Pu Diajun (the movement's leader and president of Sichuan's constitutional assembly), Luo Lun (president of Sichuan's student assembly), and others. At a protest on September 8, 1911, Zhao ordered soldiers to fire on the protestors, which they did,
628:
In
January 1908 the final instalment of the Tibetan indemnity was paid to Great Britain, and the Chumbi valley was evacuated. The Dalai Lama was now summoned to Peking, where he obtained the imperial authority to resume his administration in place of the provisional governors appointed as a result of
623:
A few companies composed of the Dalai Lama's followers were hastily enrolled under the name of 'golden soldiers'. They tried to resist the
Chinese soldiers, but, being poorly armed, were quickly overwhelmed. Meanwhile, the Dalai Lama, with three of his ministers and sixty retainers, fled through a
899:(Zhao Erfeng and his Batang management), cnki.com.cn. (Author not specified): 'When Zhao Erfeng took office at the Yongning Daotai in the Xuyong Hall of Sichuan, he had murdered more than 3,000 innocent people in Gulin County, and from then on he became famous as "Zhao Tuhu".' (machine translation)
975:
In 1910, China's 'foreign' Manchu Ch'ing dynasty, in a decaying spasm of aggression, had sent two thousand troops under
General Chao Er-feng across the border into Tibet. When they arrived in Lhasa they fired on the crowds who had turned out to greet them. On 12 February the 13th Dalai Lama fled
618:
In 1910, China's 'foreign' Manchu Ch'ing dynasty, in a decaying spasm of aggression, had sent two thousand troops under
General Chao Er-feng across the border into Tibet. When they arrived in Lhasa they fired on the crowds who had turned out to greet them. On 12 February the 13th Dalai Lama fled
803:
was implemented. By the end of his
Tibetan campaign, China was able to seize the region of Kham. However, the control established by Zhao was only temporary. After the fall of Qing dynasty, Tibetans regained the control of most of the lands conquered by Zhao Erfeng. In 1912, after Zhao's death,
606:
frontier, where they were sacking the monasteries and killing the monks. This protest served to stir up the whole question of the status of Tibet. The Amban declared that it was a
Chinese province, and said he would deal with the rebels as it pleased him to do.
807:
Some historians consider Zhao's
Tibetan years as the first Chinese attempt to assimilate Tibet into a regular Chinese province. This means a removal of the Tibetan clergy class from their powerful status and a Han Chinese colonization of Tibet.
782:
into a single administrative district in order to counter
British influence in the region as well as on the Dalai Lama. In Kham, Zhao employed the bureaucratization of native officers, more commonly known by its Chinese name of
571:) which lasted from 1905 to 1906. The Tibetan Lamas had revolted against Qing rule, killing Chinese government officials, western Catholic Christian missionaries and native Christian converts, since the Tibetan Buddhist
641:
soldier named Aten recounted Tibetan memories of Zhao, calling him "Butcher Feng", claiming that he: razed Batang monastery, ordered holy texts to be used by troops as shoeliners, and mass murdered Tibetans.
681:
Authorities closed the Chengdu city gates and had them heavily guarded. Protestors created "water telegrams" by carving a message on to oiled boards, which were smuggled out and floated downriver:
602:, the leader of the British expedition. Things went well for a month until the lama protested to the Chinese in charge of military affairs because of the excesses of the Chinese troops on the
633:. They did so, and the Dalai Lama fled to India in February 1910, staying at Darjeeling. Chinese troops followed him to the frontier, and he was deposed by imperial decree.
721:
After battling the rebels on 22 December 1911 Zhao was captured and beheaded by Chinese Republican Revolutionary forces who were intent on overthrowing the Qing dynasty.
1643:
1386:
598:
amid popular demonstrations. The ruler, who was again given civil power at the head of their hierarchy, pardoned all the Tibetans who had given an oath of loyalty to
976:
towards India pursued by two hundred Chinese cavalrymen, and rode to Phari and then Yatung in the Chumbi Valley, where he was given protection in the Trade Agency...
619:
towards India pursued by two hundred Chinese cavalrymen, and rode to Phari and then Yatung in the Chumbi Valley, where he was given protection in the Trade Agency...
811:
The aftermath of Zhao's Tibetan expedition caused the region of Kham to become a centre of Tibetan nationalism. In the following years, Lhasa's attempt of unifying
594:. But in 1909, they disagreed with each other strongly and Zhao Erfeng drove the Dalai Lama into exile. The Dalai Lama was installed at the palace and monastery of
778:
Zhao's personal conviction was to transform the region of Kham into a province directly administrated by central government. He planned to unify Sichuan, Kham and
728:. He himself, on the other hand, made compromises to the republican forces as if he would concede his power without violence. When the Qing reinforcement from
1623:
1023:
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Other questions of authority arose, and finally the Amban sent orders to 500 Chinese troops who were encamped on the outskirts of the capital,
1633:
1292:
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1613:
852:
1546:
The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47
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soldiers, armed with repeating weapons and artillery, pushed back the siege. Fighting continued in the area for two months.
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province, Zhao was a much-maligned Chinese general of the late imperial era who led military campaigns throughout
1413:
1443:
789:, which was a policy carried out by Later Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty depriving local native chieftains, or
815:, Kham and Ü-Tsang into a greater Tibet stagnated due to Kham's demand for more power in the Tibetan regime.
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560:
286:
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110:
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235:
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had fairly negative official comments about Zhao Erfeng, naming him a butcher and homicidal maniac.
759:
Zhao's ruthless rule was criticized by later generations. He played an antagonistic role during the
1186:
1129:
909:
1360:
724:
Before his death, Zhao attempted to convene frontier Qing troops on the Sichuan-Tibetan border to
659:
56:
1507:
Province and politics in late imperial China : viceregal government in Szechwan, 1898-1911.
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gate at the rear of the palace enclosure, and were fired upon as they escaped through the city.
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1509:
Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies monograph series. no. 50. London: Curzon Press, 1984.
1047:
1042:
Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country
896:
1522:
1139:
1008:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
711:
710:, leading rebels there to see it as an opportunity to rebel. This was the background to the
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424:
401:
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135:
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The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection
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of their political power. Consequently, an elimination of Tibetan native rulers in
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523:(eastern Tibet). He was appointed in March, 1908 under Lien Yu, the main amban in
1513:
Ho, Dahpon David (2008). "The Men Who Would Not Be Amban and the One Who Would".
1308:
879:
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Himmler's Crusade : the True Story of the 1938 Nazi Expedition into Tibet
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218:
89:
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Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49
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147:
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Chinese troops were removed from Tibet in the face of a Tibetan rebellion.
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rebellion in Yongning. Like in Tibet, he massacred unarmed civilians. Both
718:, and the diversion of troops to Sichuan was major factor in its success.
1204:
1147:
927:
751:
743:, who was also an important figure in the final years of the Qing Empire.
1176:
by Han Suyin, the Wade-Giles spelling of his name, Chao Erfeng, was used.
729:
700:
696:
1027:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 928.
1415:
On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier
725:
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militants, besieged Chengdu. On September 18 and 19, Zhao's modernized
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603:
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and Sichuan, he then crushed the rebels at the siege of Chantreng (now
532:
190:
768:
595:
564:
528:
527:. Formerly Director-General of the Sichuan-Hubei Railway and acting
516:
114:
25:
575:
Yellow Hat sect was suspicious of the Christian missionary success.
559:
Zhao Erfeng crushed the Tibetan Lamas and their monasteries in the
772:
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611:
583:
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1574:, by John Stuart Thomson, a publication from 1913, now in the
1418:. Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 33.
691:
In all places, friends, arise, save and protect your land!
1329:《奴才小史》：爾豐怒曰：「我不是趙爾豐，卻是張獻忠，若不開市，與我剿兩條街，則自然皆開市。」此趙屠之諡所由來也。
939:
chao ehr feng tibet drove dalai lama out india campaign.
732:
approached Chengdu, the head of the republican forces
450:
436:
381:
367:
1344:[Minister in Tibet Zhao Erfeng and Tibet].
1233:. Chengdu: Esphere Media. 2015. pp. 232, 233.
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991:, February 7th 1910, part of a newspaper archive.
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631:summoned the Chinese troops to enter the city
406:
337:
323:
8:
69:21 April – 6 November 1911 (acting)
1480:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 124.
695:Opposition fighters, primarily composed of
586:in 1908. Initially he worked with the 13th
1469:
1467:
1465:
867:"The Thirteenth Dalai Lama, Tubten Gyatso"
590:, who had returned after fleeing from the
415:
346:
40:
20:
16:Chinese official and bannerman (1845–1911)
1644:People executed by China by decapitation
869:Treasury of Lives, accessed May 11, 2021
847:
845:
750:
1412:Kolas, Ashild; Thowsen, Monika (2011).
1195:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. p.
1138:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. p.
918:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. p.
841:
739:Zhao Erfeng was the younger brother of
578:Zhao Erfeng extended Chinese rule into
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305:
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1091:
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7:
1570:This article incorporates text from
688:Then massacred the Sichuan people.
1624:Political office-holders in Sichuan
1448:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 9.
825:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
685:Butcher Zhao arrested Pu and Luo,
291:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
14:
1619:Political office-holders in Tibet
1599:Qing dynasty government officials
245:Butcher of Kham, Zhao the Butcher
1654:Han Chinese Plain Blue Bannermen
1563:
1159:chao ehr feng tibet 1910 cooped.
1001:
539:, earning himself the nickname "
259:
1254:四川省政协文史资料和学习委员会 (10 May 2015).
1046:. Wisdom Publications. p.
955:. London: Bantam. p. 210.
1477:Resistance and Reform in Tibet
1359:Wang, Xiaochun (30 May 2016).
548:
451:
437:
407:
382:
368:
338:
324:
1:
1639:Executed people from Liaoning
1474:Barnett, Robert, ed. (1996).
674:killing 26 people during the
1634:Executed Qing dynasty people
714:, the official start of the
654:The execution of Zhao Erfeng
600:Colonel Francis Younghusband
1614:Assassinated Chinese people
761:Railway Protection Movement
658:In 1911, Zhao Erfeng, then
592:British expedition to Tibet
1670:
1505:Adshead, Samuel Adrian M.
1287:. 獨立作家－新銳文創. p. 295.
1100:Driscoll, Mark W. (2020).
951:Hale, Christopher (2004).
773:People's Republic of China
736:ordered Zhao's execution.
716:Chinese Revolution of 1911
706:Zhao summoned troops from
668:Railroad Recovery Movement
569:Xiangcheng County, Sichuan
543:" and "Zhao the Butcher" (
467:
293:, 1911 Tibetan Rebellion,
1543:Mehra, Parshotam (1974),
1391:. 中国藏学出版社. p. 1465.
886:. Har-Anand Publications.
499:official and Han Chinese
462:
414:
345:
313:
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62:
51:
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1629:Politicians from Tieling
1527:10.1177/0097700407312856
1442:Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011).
1340:
1257:辛亥波涛：纪念辛亥革命暨四川保路运动一百周年文集
1230:辛亥波涛：纪念辛亥革命暨四川保路运动一百周年文集
989:The Galveston Daily News
319:Traditional Chinese
197:Cause of death
1559:– via archive.org
1024:Encyclopædia Britannica
676:Bloody Chengdu Incident
333:Simplified Chinese
1260:. 天地出版社. p. 341.
1038:Jamyang Norbu (1986).
756:
693:
655:
635:
621:
561:1905 Tibetan Rebellion
287:1905 Tibetan Rebellion
1594:Tibet under Qing rule
1578:in the United States.
1385:Zhang, Yuxin (2002).
1281:張永久 (30 April 2014).
1106:Duke University Press
754:
662:, faced rebellion in
653:
626:
210:Han chinese Bannerman
1572:China revolutionized
1192:China Revolutionized
1187:Thomson, John Stuart
1135:China revolutionized
1130:Thomson, John Stuart
915:China revolutionized
910:Thomson, John Stuart
582:, and was appointed
503:who belonged to the
236:imperial examination
1649:Viceroys of Sichuan
541:the Butcher of Kham
1388:清朝治藏典章硏究, Volume 3
757:
660:viceroy of Sichuan
656:
159:Position abolished
101:Position abolished
57:Viceroy of Sichuan
1361:"见证清政府对川边藏区的改土归流"
1294:978-986-5716-08-0
1267:978-7-5455-0519-1
1216:chao decapitated.
1173:The Crippled Tree
1115:978-1-4780-1121-7
884:The Fate of Tibet
769:Republic of China
646:Capture and death
637:A former Tibetan
505:Plain Blue Banner
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295:Xinhai Revolution
188:(aged 65–66)
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1348:. 10 June 2010.
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369:Zhào Ěrfēng
309:Zhao Erfeng
242:Nickname(s)
207:Nationality
143:Preceded by
85:Preceded by
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30:Zhao Erfeng
1588:Categories
1370:7 December
1341:驻藏大臣赵尔丰与西藏
1210:11 October
1153:11 October
1104:. Durham:
933:11 October
831:References
741:Zhao Erxun
588:Dalai Lama
446:Wade–Giles
377:Wade–Giles
255:Allegiance
219:Zhao Erxun
90:Zhao Erxun
1535:0097-7004
1313:"張蔭棠與趙爾豐"
897:赵尔丰及其巴塘经营
836:Citations
501:bannerman
226:Education
221:(brother)
215:Relations
148:Feng Quan
127:1908–1911
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819:See also
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1365:中国档案报
1284:消失的西康
1019:Tibet
987:From
853:"趙爾豐"
730:Ya'an
612:Lhasa
584:Amban
573:Gelug
525:Lhasa
513:Tibet
394:Jihe
231:juren
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1551:ISBN
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325:趙爾豊
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