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809:), by less than 14,000 votes. Since none of the candidates managed to get the constitutionally-established minimum of one third of the vote required to win outright, selection of the President would fall to Congress; the long-held antagonistic relationship between the military and APRA prompted Haya de la Torre to make a deal with former dictator Odría, who had come in third, which would result in Odría taking the Presidency in a coalition government.
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Belaúnde also promoted a program of "social interest" homes in Lima and other cities, which benefited dozen thousands of families. Legal recognition was also given to hundreds of indigenous Indian communities, the hospital network was expanded into uncovered areas, and improvements were made in social security coverage. However, his administration was also blamed for making bad economic decisions, and by 1967 the
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that the confrontation was going to turn violent, Belaúnde showed the gift for symbolism that would serve him well throughout his political life; calming down the demonstrators and armed solely with a
Peruvian flag, he crossed alone the gap separating the demonstrators from the police to deliver an ultimatum to the police chief that his candidacy be accepted.
991:, and medical teams. Belaúnde's government proposed a peace settlement between the two countries, but the Argentine military junta rejected it and the British launched an attack on the Argentinian forces deployed around the islands. In response to Chile's support of Britain, Belaúnde called for Latin American unity.
874:
He also advanced the ambitious
Santiago Antunez de Mayolo and Chira Piura irrigation projects, and the Tinajones, Jequetepeque, Majes, Chavimochic, Olmos, Chinecas hydroelectric projects. Belaúnde also oversaw the establishment of the Peruvian National Bank (Banco de la Nación). To alleviate poverty,
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fields. However, widespread anger about Belaúnde's decision to pay the
Standard Oil compensation for handing over the installation to Peru forced his cabinet to resign on October 1. A further cause of anger was the fact that the document of agreement was given by Belaúnde to the press with the final
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During the next years, the economic problems left over from the military government persisted, worsened by an occurrence of the "El Niño" weather phenomenon in 1982–83, which caused widespread flooding in some parts of the country, severe droughts in others, and sharply reduced the schools of ocean
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He gained notoriety on June 1 of the same year when, after the national election board refused to accept his candidacy filing, he led a massive protest that became known as the "manguerazo" or "hosedown" from the powerful water cannons used by the police to repress the demonstrators. When it seemed
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described him as "a 19th century politician, with a high moral purpose and a sense of civic duty, who was perfectly at home in the conservative political milieu of 20th-century Peru, which for long occupied a time-warp, unusual even in Latin
America, about a century behind the rest of the world".
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In 1959, the Prado government's refusal to authorize the permits for the Accion
Popular annual convention led to another confrontation: Belaúnde led the opening of the convention in defiance of the prohibition, and the Prado government arrested and jailed him in the Alcatraz-like island prison of
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He would go on to travel extensively throughout the country, fleshing out the ideological principles of Acción
Popular, while leading the opposition. During this period Belaúnde's traditionalism would manifest itself in dramatic flourishes, most notoriously when he challenged to a duel a Pradista
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once again played an important part in
Peruvian politics. Gradually, he attempted to undo some of the most radical effects of the agrarian reform initiated by Velasco, and reversed the independent stance that the Military Government of Velasco had with the United States.
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for about a decade, creating officers that believed the elite were sacrificing Peru's sovereignty in exchange for foreign capital and that such practices resulted with an undeveloped, reliant nation. Several days after the
Standard Oil controversy, Belaúnde was
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party, claiming the mantle of recapturing indigenous Inca traditions of community and cooperation in a modern social democratic context, placing itself squarely between the pro-oligarchy right-wing and the radicalism of the left-wing APRA and communist parties.
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for the restoration of constitutional rule. Belaúnde won a five-year term, polling an impressive 45 percent of the vote in a 15-man contest. One of his first actions as president was the return of several newspapers to their respective owners. In this way,
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Regarding
Shining Path, Belaúnde personally did not pay too much attention to this: insurgent movements were already active during his first term, but without much support. In addition, some government officials and insurgents were subsequently accused of
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off the Lima coast. The imprisonment lasted 12 days, during which Belaúnde engaged in a failed attempt to escape by swimming to freedom; the Prado government, facing unrelenting public pressure, was forced to release him and drop all charges.
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Belaúnde's 1956 candidacy was ultimately unsuccessful, as the dictatorship-favored right-wing candidacy of Manuel Prado took first place. Claiming irregularities, he prepared to lead the opposition, and in July 1956 in
Chincheros,
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559:("Peruvian Architect"), which dealt with interior design, general urbanism and housing problems the country was facing. This also gave way to the Architects Association of Peru and the Urbanism Institute of Peru.
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at Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros of Lima and later became the dean of the Civil Engineering and Architecture department. Belaúnde also directed the construction, along with other professors and students, of the
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and worked as an architect for a brief time, but returned to Peru in 1936 and started his professional career as an architect designing private homes. In 1937, he started a magazine called
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In domestic policy, he continued with many of the projects that were planned during his first term, including the completion of what is considered his most important legacy, the
816:. Pérez Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by Belaúnde by a more comfortable but still narrow five percent margin.
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newspaper, which had been closed down by the dictatorship in early 1956, had prompted the leadership of the National Front to approach him as to lead its slate.
934:. Meanwhile the military regime established by General Velasco instituted sweeping but ill-fated reforms, primarily the nationalization of the oil industry and
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As a result, Belaúnde also became a government public-housing consultant throughout the country and abroad. In 1943, Belaúnde began teaching architecture and
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The military's ideology at the time had also distanced itself from the wealthy elite, with the Center of High Military Studies promoting studies of
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After a promising beginning, Belaúnde's popularity eroded under the stress of inflation, the War on Housing's continuation, economic hardship, and
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Belaúnde returned to the political arena in 1956, when the outgoing Odría dictatorship called for elections and he led the slate submitted by the "
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983:, Belaúnde declared that Peru was ready to support Argentina with all the resources it needed. This included a number of fighter planes from the
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congressman who refused to retract insulting statements in an open letter; the duel took place, with minor scratches on both sides.
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668:", an organization formed by reform-minded university students, some of which had studied under him; his principled support for the
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The government capitulated, and the striking image of Belaúnde walking by himself with the flag was featured by the news magazine
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Fernando Belaunde Terry recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on April 22, 1977
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Gorman, Stephen M. (September 1980). "The Economic and Social Foundations of Elite Power in Peru: A Review of the Literature".
922:, who would go on to become dictator of Peru for seven years. Belaúnde spent the next decade in the United States, teaching at
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2014:
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However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, led by
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In August 1968, the Belaúnde Administration announced the settlement of a long-standing dispute with a subsidiary of
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During Belaúnde's first term in office, he spurred numerous developmental projects. Belaúnde held a doctrine called "
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in 1924, where Fernando attended high school and received his initial University education in engineering.
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family of Spanish forebears: his father, Rafael Belaúnde Diez Canseco (1886–1972), a professor, served as
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page (page 11) missing and signatures were squeezed at the bottom of page 10. The missing page became a
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1073:. However, as established in the 1979 Constitution, he would go on to serve in the Peruvian Senate as
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after two loggers were killed, with the Peruvian armed forces using USA-made fighter planes dropping
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the following day, in an article entitled "Así Nacen Los Líderes" ("This is how Leaders are Born").
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and was later shown on television containing the contribution that Belaúnde had promised to pay.
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and became very proficient in the English language, with some referring to him as "Fred Blundy".
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In April 1980, with Peru's economy in deep depression, the military administration permitted an
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once did, will South America finally achieve true development". These included the
770:
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31:
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517:, the persecution for the political activities of his father Rafael and his uncle
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Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification, and Inequality
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1278:
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as president in 1945; he served in the Peruvian Congress until a coup by General
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466:(October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was a Peruvian politician who twice served as
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1306:"CHAPTER TWO. The Expansion of Welfare Commitments in Latin America, 1945–80"
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1081:"), a privilege for former Presidents abolished by the 1993 Constitution.
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on the Pacific coast with then isolated northern regions of Amazonas and
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1033:, in which unemployment rose above 50% and homelessness rose above 30%.
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on the indigenous groups armed with bows and arrows, killing hundreds.
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35:
1554:
544:, where he obtained his degree as an architect. He would later become
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540:(where his father was also teaching), and in 1935 transferred to the
522:
1562:
1451:"Peruvian Peace Initiative Believed To Retain Some Chance for Gains"
1248:"Terrorista "José" amenaza con más ataques a las fuerzas del orden"
801:. The results were very tight; he ended in second place, following
474:, he was re-elected in 1980 after twelve years of military rule.
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384:
367:
290:
1727:
1277:
Alexander, Robert Jackson; Parker, Eldon M. (1 January 2007).
1225:
Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica (CAAAP)
679:
649:
Belaúnde's political career began in 1944 as cofounder of the
582:
1507:
by Fernando Belaúnde Terry (translated by David A. Robinson)
2365:
University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture alumni
1393:"Fernando Belaunde Terry, 89, Former Peruvian Leader, Dies"
836:, stating "only by turning our vision to the interior, and
498:; his paternal grandfather, Mariano Andrés Belaunde, was a
241:(as President of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Government)
144:(as President of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Government)
1065:
During the national elections of 1985, Belaúnde's party,
1304:
Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert R. (August 24, 2020).
936:
the redistribution of land from owners of large holdings
1021:
burgeoned, and violence by leftist insurgents (notably
828:", which promoted the exploitation of resources in the
510:. He attended the Sagrados Corazones Recoleta in Lima.
1524:, published by the United States Library of Congress
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fish that are one of the country's major resources.
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1188:Las relaciones entre el Perú y Alemania, 1828–2003
482:The second of four children, Belaúnde was born in
1280:A History of Organized Labor in Peru and Ecuador
1426:"The Deseret News – Google News Archive Search"
1312:. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–113.
42: and the second or maternal family name is
838:conquering our wilderness as the United States
1739:
793:Belaúnde ran for president once again in the
464:Fernando Sergio Marcelo Marcos Belaúnde Terry
355:Fernando Sergio Marcelo Marcos Belaúnde Terry
8:
1559:, Belaúnde's magazine (Spanish and English)
1469:"Peruvian rebel storms government party HQ"
863:, the Belaúnde administration targeted the
714:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
617:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
27:President of Peru (1963–1968 and 1980–1985)
1746:
1732:
1724:
1567:
1310:Development, Democracy, and Welfare States
661:in 1948 interrupted democratic elections.
48:
1660:President of the Revolutionary Government
832:and other outlying areas of Peru through
734:Learn how and when to remove this message
637:Learn how and when to remove this message
1112:, he supported the claims of Argentina.
470:(1963–1968 and 1980–1985). Deposed by a
1549:"Peru mourns death of 'model democrat'"
1341:Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (15 November 1978).
1120:
282:28 July 1945 – 29 October 1948
1543:Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation
1214:
1212:
916:removed from office by a military coup
168:28 July 1963 – 3 October 1968
1219:Dourojeanni, Marc J. (12 June 2017).
502:; and one of his great-grandfathers,
7:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
852:. In 1964 in an incident called the
712:adding citations to reliable sources
615:adding citations to reliable sources
528:From 1930 to 1935, Belaúnde studied
264:26 July 1985 – 5 April 1992
225:(as President of the Military Junta)
89:28 July 1980 – 28 July 1985
1190:(Serie Política exterior peruana).
2320:Peruvian people of Spanish descent
1347:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
666:National Front of Democratic Youth
573:National University of Engineering
25:
2370:Popular Action (Peru) politicians
2315:Peruvian people of Basque descent
1538:Página oficial de Acción Popular.
1258:from the original on 10 June 2021
1089:Belaúnde’s political outlook was
1069:, was defeated by APRA candidate
826:The Conquest of Peru by Peruvians
270:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
2273:
998:, a much-needed roadway linking
797:, this time with his own party,
684:
587:
449:
252:Former President of the Republic
59:
1649:July 1963 – October 1968
521:prompted the family to move to
1617:July 1956 – August 2001
1330:– via www.degruyter.com.
1283:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
996:Carretera Marginal de la Selva
842:Carretera Marginal de la Selva
536:, where he first attended the
1:
2375:Members of the Senate of Peru
1708:July 1985 – April 1992
1378:University of the West Indies
1246:LR, Redacción (9 June 2018).
946:Second presidency (1980–1985)
542:University of Texas at Austin
430:University of Texas at Austin
2340:Peruvian democracy activists
1682:July 1980 – July 1985
1534:Editorial del Diario Expreso
1152:Gott, Richard (2002-06-06).
963:At the outbreak of the 1982
932:George Washington University
820:First presidency (1963–1968)
803:Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
34:, the first or paternal
2380:Children of prime ministers
1391:Lewis, Paul (6 June 2002).
1370:Social and Economic Studies
1061:Post-presidency (1985–2002)
1025:) rose steadily during the
513:During the dictatorship of
310:7 July 1956 – 2001
2396:
2360:University of Miami alumni
1671:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
888:Standard Oil of New Jersey
760:Founding of Acción Popular
178:Julio Óscar Trelles Montes
140:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
29:
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1474:Christian Science Monitor
1318:10.1515/9780691214153-007
1221:"Belaúnde en la Amazonía"
1027:internal conflict in Peru
795:general elections of 1962
651:National Democratic Front
508:President of the Republic
457:
341:
303:
275:
257:
184:Daniel Becerra de la Flor
161:
108:Sandro Mariátegui Chiappe
82:
70:
58:
2345:Peruvian Roman Catholics
2325:Leaders ousted by a coup
1571:Party political offices
890:over claims to the rich
496:José Bustamante y Rivero
478:Early life and education
298:Leader of Popular Action
192:Oswaldo Hercelles García
1586:presidential candidate
1045:was promulgated in the
1039:human rights violations
569:faculty of architecture
189:Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati
186:Edgardo Seoane Corrales
53:Fernando Belaúnde Terry
18:Fernando Belaunde Terry
1825:Gutiérrez de la Fuente
973:Guerra de las Malvinas
972:
911:José Carlos Mariátegui
519:Víctor Andrés Belaúnde
2330:Politicians from Lima
1611:General Secretary of
1598:Javier Alva Orlandini
1556:El Arquitecto Peruano
1521:Peru: A Country Study
920:Juan Velasco Alvarado
907:Manuel González Prada
879:had become seriously
557:El Arquitecto Peruano
472:military coup in 1968
405:Violeta Correa Miller
237:Juan Velasco Alvarado
221:Nicolás Lindley López
209:Mario Polar Ugarteche
128:Javier Alva Orlandini
1511:Inside South America
1202:, 9789972426346. p.
1192:Fondo Editorial PUCP
1129:Inside South America
708:improve this section
653:party which elected
611:improve this section
336:(as Party President)
2335:Peruvian architects
2310:Diez Canseco family
2155:Bustamante y Rivero
1815:Salazar y Baquíjano
1505:Peru's Own Conquest
1455:The Washington Post
1154:"Fernando Belaúnde"
892:La Brea and Pariñas
814:Ricardo Pérez Godoy
538:University of Miami
426:University of Miami
194:Miguel Mujica Gallo
112:Luis Pércovich Roca
2350:Presidents of Peru
1716:(Senate dissolved)
1630:Political offices
1397:The New York Times
1043:state of emergency
985:Peruvian Air Force
551:He later moved to
504:Pedro Diez Canseco
407:Carola Aubry Bravo
100:Manuel Ulloa Elías
2282:
2281:
1800:Bernardo de Tagle
1785:Bernardo de Tagle
1722:
1721:
1717:
1711:Succeeded by
1685:Succeeded by
1678:President of Peru
1662:
1652:Succeeded by
1645:President of Peru
1623:Valentín Paniagua
1620:Succeeded by
1596:Succeeded by
1327:978-0-691-21415-3
1075:Senador Vitalicio
1017:declined, Peru's
1015:per capita income
957:freedom of speech
830:Amazon rainforest
744:
743:
736:
647:
646:
639:
515:Augusto B. Leguía
468:President of Peru
461:
460:
337:
333:Valentín Paniagua
253:
242:
226:
145:
77:President of Peru
16:(Redirected from
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2200:Morales-Bermúdez
2045:Morales Bermúdez
1748:
1741:
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1715:
1704:Republic of Peru
1695:Preceded by
1668:Preceded by
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1635:Preceded by
1604:Preceded by
1576:Preceded by
1568:
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1477:. 13 July 1983.
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1079:senator for life
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579:Political career
500:Finance Minister
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346:Personal details
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248:Senator for Life
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181:Fernando Schwalb
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124:Fernando Schwalb
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104:Fernando Schwalb
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65:Belaúnde in 1990
63:
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21:
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2305:Belaúnde family
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2175:Prado Ugarteche
2150:Prado Ugarteche
2105:Pardo y Barreda
2085:Pardo y Barreda
2015:García Calderón
1990:F. Diez Canseco
1975:P. Diez Canseco
1965:P. Diez Canseco
1945:P. Diez Canseco
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1702:Senator of the
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1638:Nicolás Lindley
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1499:Further reading
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1186:Novak, Fabián.
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1170:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1127:Gunther, John,
1126:
1122:
1118:
1087:
1085:Political views
1063:
948:
918:led by general
856:
822:
762:
740:
729:
723:
720:
705:
689:
678:
676:"El Manguerazo"
655:José Bustamante
643:
632:
626:
623:
608:
592:
581:
486:into a wealthy
480:
428:
406:
392:Political party
383:
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366:
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2257:
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2237:
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2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Belaúnde Terry
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:Belaúnde Terry
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Samanez Ocampo
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
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2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
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1927:
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1917:
1912:
1907:
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1857:
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1743:
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1728:
1720:
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1712:
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1653:
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1636:
1632:
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1627:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1613:Acción Popular
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1584:Acción Popular
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1529:External links
1527:
1526:
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1460:
1442:
1417:
1383:
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1254:(in Spanish).
1238:
1208:
1179:
1133:
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1117:
1114:
1086:
1083:
1067:Acción Popular
1062:
1059:
981:United Kingdom
947:
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854:Matsé genocide
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799:Acción Popular
774:Acción Popular
769:, founded the
761:
758:
742:
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564:urban planning
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382:(aged 89)
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2140:Sánchez Cerro
2138:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
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1983:
1981:
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1946:
1943:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
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1587:
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1564:
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1528:
1523:
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1498:
1484:
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1476:
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1464:
1461:
1457:. 4 May 1982.
1456:
1452:
1446:
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1418:
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1398:
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1356:
1354:9780822976202
1350:
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1319:
1315:
1311:
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1290:9780275977412
1286:
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1169:
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1155:
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1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1110:Falklands War
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1054:
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1048:
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1034:
1032:
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1012:
1007:
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1001:
997:
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990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:Falklands War
961:
958:
953:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Johns Hopkins
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
901:
900:cause célèbre
896:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
872:
870:
866:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
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759:
757:
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748:
738:
735:
727:
717:
713:
709:
703:
702:
698:
693:This section
691:
687:
682:
681:
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
641:
638:
630:
620:
616:
612:
606:
605:
601:
596:This section
594:
590:
585:
584:
578:
576:
574:
570:
565:
560:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:United States
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
400:
397:
394:
390:
386:
377:
373:
369:
353:
349:
344:
340:
334:
331:
325:
322:
321:Party founded
319:
313:
307:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
279:
274:
271:
267:
261:
256:
249:
245:
238:
235:
229:
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219:
213:
210:
206:
203:
197:
190:
182:
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165:
160:
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148:
141:
138:
132:
129:
125:
122:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
92:
86:
81:
78:
73:
69:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2095:Billinghurst
1835:Luna Pizarro
1775:Luna Pizarro
1701:
1676:
1659:
1655:Juan Velasco
1643:
1610:
1582:
1555:
1545:(in Spanish)
1519:
1515:John Gunther
1510:
1504:
1486:. Retrieved
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1396:
1386:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1343:
1336:
1309:
1299:
1279:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1252:La República
1251:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1227:(in Spanish)
1224:
1187:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1159:The Guardian
1157:
1128:
1123:
1104:The Guardian
1102:
1099:conservative
1095:pro-American
1091:centre-right
1088:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1035:
1023:Shining Path
1019:foreign debt
1008:
995:
993:
962:
949:
904:
899:
885:
873:
841:
825:
823:
811:
798:
792:
783:
779:
771:center-right
763:
751:
749:
745:
730:
721:
706:Please help
694:
669:
663:
659:Manuel Odría
648:
633:
624:
609:Please help
597:
561:
556:
550:
546:pro-American
530:architecture
527:
512:
488:aristocratic
481:
463:
462:
380:(2002-06-04)
328:Succeeded by
320:
305:
287:Constituency
277:
259:
232:Succeeded by
163:
151:Succeeded by
84:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
2300:2002 deaths
2295:1912 births
2180:Pérez Godoy
2125:Elías Arias
2080:S. Calderón
1790:Riva Agüero
1688:Alan García
1593:1980 (won)
1589:1962 (lost)
1108:During the
1071:Alan García
1031:Lost Decade
857: [
506:, was also
378:4 June 2002
316:Preceded by
216:Preceded by
156:Alan García
135:Preceded by
2289:Categories
1855:Santa Cruz
1810:Santa Cruz
1770:San Martín
1755:Presidents
1591:1963 (won)
1551:(BBC News)
1488:2023-04-05
1380:: 292–319.
1231:14 October
1200:9972426343
1173:2023-04-05
1004:San Martín
975:) between
940:campesinos
850:San Martín
787:El Frontón
436:Profession
421:Alma mater
361:1912-10-07
2355:Duellists
2240:Kuczynski
2145:Benavides
2100:Benavides
1985:Gutiérrez
1935:San Román
1925:Echenique
1910:Figuerola
1880:Figuerola
1850:Salaverry
1483:0882-7729
1405:0362-4331
1168:0261-3077
1053:regions.
1011:terrorism
977:Argentina
942:of Peru.
695:does not
670:La Prensa
598:does not
575:in 1955.
446:Signature
440:Architect
402:Spouse(s)
306:In office
278:In office
260:In office
164:In office
85:In office
2265:Boluarte
2260:Castillo
2245:Vizcarra
2220:Paniagua
2215:Fujimori
2030:Iglesias
1995:Zevallos
1940:Castilla
1930:Castilla
1920:Castilla
1915:Menéndez
1905:Menéndez
1895:Castilla
1865:Menéndez
1845:Bermúdez
1840:Orbegoso
1256:Archived
1194:, 2004.
1131:, p. 322
1051:Apurímac
1047:Ayacucho
1041:, and a
1000:Chiclayo
979:and the
952:election
881:devalued
846:Amazonas
834:conquest
724:May 2020
627:May 2020
412:Children
40:Belaúnde
30:In this
2255:Sagasti
2195:Velasco
2185:Lindley
2165:Noriega
2130:Jiménez
2075:Candamo
2065:Piérola
2060:Candamo
2055:Cáceres
2050:Borgoño
2040:Cáceres
2025:Cáceres
2020:Montero
2010:Piérola
1885:Vivanco
1870:Torrico
1860:Gamarra
1830:Gamarra
1805:Bolívar
1697:—
1606:—
1578:—
1376:(2/3).
969:Spanish
938:to the
924:Harvard
753:Caretas
716:removed
701:sources
619:removed
604:sources
571:of the
532:in the
36:surname
2250:Merino
2235:Humala
2230:García
2225:Toledo
2210:García
2110:Leguía
2090:Leguía
2070:Romaña
2035:Arenas
1820:La Mar
1780:La Mar
1481:
1403:
1351:
1324:
1287:
1262:27 May
1198:
1166:
1097:, and
869:napalm
865:Matsés
553:Mexico
523:France
494:under
387:, Peru
370:, Peru
2170:Odría
2160:Odría
2115:Ponce
2005:Prado
2000:Pardo
1980:Balta
1970:Prado
1960:Pezet
1955:Prado
1950:Pezet
1900:Elías
1890:Nieto
1875:Vidal
1795:Sucre
1435:8 May
1410:8 May
1116:Notes
989:ships
861:]
767:Cuzco
75:52nd
44:Terry
1759:Peru
1713:none
1479:ISSN
1437:2016
1412:2016
1401:ISSN
1349:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1264:2021
1233:2021
1196:ISBN
1164:ISSN
1049:and
930:and
909:and
848:and
807:APRA
699:any
697:cite
602:any
600:cite
484:Lima
385:Lima
375:Died
368:Lima
351:Born
291:Lima
1757:of
1513:by
1314:doi
895:oil
877:sol
710:by
613:by
38:is
2291::
1471:.
1453:.
1428:.
1399:.
1395:.
1374:29
1372:.
1320:.
1308:.
1250:.
1223:.
1211:^
1204:45
1162:.
1156:.
1136:^
1101:.
1093:,
1077:("
1013::
1006:.
987:,
971::
926:,
883:.
859:es
1747:e
1740:t
1733:v
1491:.
1439:.
1414:.
1357:.
1316::
1293:.
1266:.
1235:.
1206:.
1176:.
967:(
805:(
737:)
731:(
726:)
722:(
718:.
704:.
640:)
634:(
629:)
625:(
621:.
607:.
415:3
363:)
359:(
46:.
20:)
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