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ability to recall previously encoded stimuli without cues or context is no longer optimal. However, verbal or visual stimuli can be recognized at the same level of efficiency over the course of a lifetime. Craik and his colleagues found physiological evidence for this cognitive degradation through their research into the brains of elderly participants. Specifically, they discovered that there is a reduction in frontal activity. Still, there is an increased level of activity in the left prefrontal cortex when older adults undergo some nonverbal tasks of retrieval when compared to younger individuals. Moreover, the presence of increased left prefrontal cortex activity is only found in tasks revolving retrieval but there is still a reduction when performing encoding tasks.
500:. To break away from the linearity the models possessed at the time, the levels-of-processing adopted a non-structured approach that also infused the different types of memory and associated complexities (i.e. episodic, procedural, and semantic memory). Moreover, Craik and Lockhart's final criticism proposed that there is no separate, capacity-limited, short-term memory store. They think that short-term memory is a temporary activation of the regions of the brain that are involved in long-term memory.
515:. The role of the prefrontal cortex shows that deeper-level encoding is self-generated and strategic process that would not be able to progress without this highly developed region. In the case of retrieval, bilateral prefrontal activation is used instead of just one side. Craik's research also highlighted posterior cortical regions as the area responsible for lower level processing.
425:’s research from the 1960s influenced Craik as the concept of levels of perception formed the basis of her theory of attention. Craik felt that memory must incorporate a series of analyses as well that range from shallow to deep, with the varying depths of encoding representing different levels of memory processing. Together, with Robert Lockhart, Craik co-wrote an article on the
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445:, Craik and many of his colleagues looked at the brain correlates involved in encoding and retrieving processes in memory. A large portion of this research was possible because of the conception of the Rotman Research Institute at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care in northern Toronto – an institution that Craik helped conceive.
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in which he was accepted for graduate studies. During his time working for the MRC, Craik investigated age-related changes in confidence and decision-making abilities. While working here, Craik was also able to gain exposure to on-going research in other MRC-based branches. One of the researchers he
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The ways in which memory changes over the adult lifespan is also a source for Craik's latest research. In this case, age is looked at as a factor that alters and degrades memory efficiency and abilities over time. Age-related memory problems become more persistent in the elderly years, and one's
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at the time. This article changed what was previously thought on how memory is processed and stored in the human mind and gained support as the new paradigm for memory processing. A follow-up article was done by Craik and
Tulving in 1975 which provided more evidence for this new model through a
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As Craik’s research endeavors explored memory processing, he began to incorporate aging into his research during the 1980s. Craik also involved himself in editorial boards for journals and visited other psychology departments and institutions in North
America.
410:. He completed this opportunity during 1968–1969. As an abundance of memory-based research was being conducted by Endel Tulving and his colleagues at the University of Toronto, Craik and his family permanently relocated to Toronto in 1971.
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The most well-known and notable of Craiks’ research analyzed how memory is encoded and various levels of depths of processing. Craik and
Lockhart postulated that during the first stage of memory where information is acquired, the
265:, Scotland. His initial career aspiration was to be a minister or a carpenter. He attended Lockerbie Academy throughout his childhood and his parents enrolled him in George Watson's Boys’ College, in Edinburgh, at age 12.
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or lifelong bilingualism. These associations are currently being documented to better understand these effects in a systematic manner and delve into the brain and neural correlates associated with these variations.
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interesting, anatomical catalogues were challenging and tiresome and the company of sick patients were not of interest. While completing his final undergraduate year in psychology, Craik was introduced to
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status. He is currently continuing to pursue his research interests as a senior scientist at the Rotman
Research Institute, investigating various linkages between memory, attention, and cognitive aging.
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Grady, C. L., McIntosh, A. R., Rajah, M.N., Craik, F.I.M. (2008). Neural correlates of the episodic encoding of pictures and words. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 95, 2703–2708.
372:, thus, Craik was able to approach psychologists of interest to him and develop his interests in psychology. The work that he completed throughout this tenure here formed the basis of his
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dissertation, however, Craik's interests became more cognitive-based. Following his graduation in 1965, the appeal of emerging cognitive psychological views became a newfound interest.
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Multiple studies have now shown that deep semantic processing, the most beneficial type of processing, is associated with neural activity in the ventral regions within the left
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while another course introduced him to memory and learning. By the time Craik was ready to graduate with his bachelor of science, he began to realize his interests were in
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or cognitive analysis must be conducted. Therefore, a stimulus that has undergone a deep level of processing will have a longer, more durable storage and retention.
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Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal
Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
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Craik, F. I. M. & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 104(3), 268-294.
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form as a result of these processes, containing coding characteristics and persistence in memory. A deeper depth of processing implies that a greater amount of
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Naveh-Benjamin, M., Moscovitch, M. and
Roediger, H. L. III. (2001). Perspectives of human memory and cognitive aging, New York: Psychology Press.
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With the use of functional imaging, in recent times, Craik is looking at how encoding and processing tasks in memory is activated in the brain.
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in 1971. Currently, he is a Senior
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Grady, C. L. & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Changes in memory processing with age. Current
Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 224-231.
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Age-related memory changes are also observed under the influence of physical activity and long-last mental activities such as
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It is currently hypothesized that these higher outputs of activity may be necessary for older people to perform sufficiently.
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Following a NATO-sponsored meeting on memory in 1967, Craik was offered the opportunity to act as a visiting professor at the
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Association for Psychological Science: William James Fellow Award - Fergus I.M. Craik. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2015, from
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His parents’ decision to send him to a high-ranking high school enabled Craik to discover his strengths. He excelled in
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U of T professor emeritus Fergus Craik elected to the Royal Society. (2008, 16 May). Retrieved 28 March 2015, from
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over the following six years. During this time, his research focus shifted entirely to memory processes.
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Craik's introduction to psychology stemmed from his dissatisfaction in medical school. While he found
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and gained his bachelor of science in psychology in 1960. In 1965, he received his PhD from the
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and influenced Craik's interests via processing deficits in the human mind. It is here that
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Hebb Award from the Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognitive Science (1998)
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in 1975. Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the area of
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Craik, F. I. M. (n.d.). Research | Baycrest. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from
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in memory. This work was done in collaboration with Robert Lockhart at the
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which helped change his career aspirations upon graduating high school.
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The controversy this paradigm caused at the time, when compared to the
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Dr. Fergus Craik - Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2015, from
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In Honor Of... Fergus Craik. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2015, from
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In June 2000, he retired from the University of Toronto and gained
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http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/GCPWS/Craik/Biography/Craik_bio1.html
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328:. Some of the courses he took allowed Craik to read the works of
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in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with
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Biography Great Canadian Psychology Website -Fergus Craik
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429:that rivaled the previously accepted
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593:Honorary President of the CPA (1997)
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399:begins to reform Craik's research.
1203:21st-century British psychologists
1198:20th-century British psychologists
571:Society of Experimental Psychology
565:American Psychological Association
559:Canadian Psychological Association
225:. He began his academic career at
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575:Killam Research Fellowship (1982)
602:Killam Prize for Science (2000)
490:Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
431:Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
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462:Levels-of-Processing Paradigm
291:Education and academic career
1183:Fellows of the Royal Society
578:Guggenheim Fellowship (1982)
504:Brain Correlates and Memory
468:Levels-of-processing effect
417:in 1971 and eventually the
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519:Age-Related Memory Changes
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178:known for his research on
212:neuropsychology of memory
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640:21 December 2016 at the
368:found most profound was
352:. He graduated in 1960.
204:developmental psychology
161:Fergus Ian Muirden Craik
43:Fergus Ian Muirden Craik
546:Royal Society of Canada
539:Awards and distinctions
434:series of experiments.
365:University of Liverpool
310:experimental psychology
285:University of Edinburgh
283:During his time at the
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219:University of Edinburgh
93:University of Liverpool
89:University of Edinburgh
1193:Scottish psychologists
607:Université de Bordeaux
421:campus. At this time,
326:theoretical psychology
314:information processing
176:cognitive psychologist
936:Christopher John Lamb
404:University of Toronto
239:University of Toronto
184:University of Toronto
166:(born 17 April 1935,
120:University of Toronto
1081:William A. Catterall
1033:Claudio Daniel Stern
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427:levels-of-processing
229:, and then moved to
180:levels of processing
614:Saarland University
278:biological sciences
1158:Memory researchers
1027:Philip J. Stephens
999:Matthew Rosseinsky
916:Christopher Hunter
869:Alexander Bradshaw
864:Leszek Borysiewicz
771:science.ca Profile
612:Dr honoris causa,
605:Dr honoris causa,
253:Craik was born in
217:He studied at the
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896:Russell G. Foster
513:prefrontal cortex
494:short-term memory
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110:Scientific career
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443:PET scanner
342:ethologists
340:, and some
330:Donald Hebb
71:Nationality
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906:Derek Fray
859:Jon Blundy
621:References
419:St. George
350:perception
305:psychiatry
301:physiology
249:Early life
210:, and the
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854:John Bell
346:attention
297:neurology
263:Lockerbie
255:Edinburgh
245:in 2008.
196:attention
168:Edinburgh
60:Edinburgh
1120:Honorary
946:Jan Löwe
813:elected
638:Archived
483:semantic
457:Research
450:emeritus
259:Scotland
172:Scotland
79:Canadian
75:Scottish
64:Scotland
1069:Foreign
822:Fellows
815:in 2008
809:of the
807:Fellows
361:England
274:english
270:physics
235:Ontario
231:Toronto
174:) is a
532:Sudoku
357:London
303:, and
276:, and
192:memory
139:(1965)
137:
128:Thesis
374:Ph.D.
554:(UK)
496:and
348:and
198:and
39:Born
589:APA
583:CPA
391:of
316:on
164:FRS
1144::
724:^
672:^
359:,
336:,
332:,
299:,
272:,
257:,
233:,
214:.
206:,
194:,
170:,
62:,
51:)
799:e
792:t
785:v
77:/
47:(
20:)
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