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ability to recall previously encoded stimuli without cues or context is no longer optimal. However, verbal or visual stimuli can be recognized at the same level of efficiency over the course of a lifetime. Craik and his colleagues found physiological evidence for this cognitive degradation through their research into the brains of elderly participants. Specifically, they discovered that there is a reduction in frontal activity. Still, there is an increased level of activity in the left prefrontal cortex when older adults undergo some nonverbal tasks of retrieval when compared to younger individuals. Moreover, the presence of increased left prefrontal cortex activity is only found in tasks revolving retrieval but there is still a reduction when performing encoding tasks.
489:. To break away from the linearity the models possessed at the time, the levels-of-processing adopted a non-structured approach that also infused the different types of memory and associated complexities (i.e. episodic, procedural, and semantic memory). Moreover, Craik and Lockhart's final criticism proposed that there is no separate, capacity-limited, short-term memory store. They think that short-term memory is a temporary activation of the regions of the brain that are involved in long-term memory.
504:. The role of the prefrontal cortex shows that deeper-level encoding is self-generated and strategic process that would not be able to progress without this highly developed region. In the case of retrieval, bilateral prefrontal activation is used instead of just one side. Craik's research also highlighted posterior cortical regions as the area responsible for lower level processing.
414:’s research from the 1960s influenced Craik as the concept of levels of perception formed the basis of her theory of attention. Craik felt that memory must incorporate a series of analyses as well that range from shallow to deep, with the varying depths of encoding representing different levels of memory processing. Together, with Robert Lockhart, Craik co-wrote an article on the
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434:, Craik and many of his colleagues looked at the brain correlates involved in encoding and retrieving processes in memory. A large portion of this research was possible because of the conception of the Rotman Research Institute at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care in northern Toronto – an institution that Craik helped conceive.
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in which he was accepted for graduate studies. During his time working for the MRC, Craik investigated age-related changes in confidence and decision-making abilities. While working here, Craik was also able to gain exposure to on-going research in other MRC-based branches. One of the researchers he
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The ways in which memory changes over the adult lifespan is also a source for Craik's latest research. In this case, age is looked at as a factor that alters and degrades memory efficiency and abilities over time. Age-related memory problems become more persistent in the elderly years, and one's
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at the time. This article changed what was previously thought on how memory is processed and stored in the human mind and gained support as the new paradigm for memory processing. A follow-up article was done by Craik and
Tulving in 1975 which provided more evidence for this new model through a
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As Craik’s research endeavors explored memory processing, he began to incorporate aging into his research during the 1980s. Craik also involved himself in editorial boards for journals and visited other psychology departments and institutions in North
America.
399:. He completed this opportunity during 1968–1969. As an abundance of memory-based research was being conducted by Endel Tulving and his colleagues at the University of Toronto, Craik and his family permanently relocated to Toronto in 1971.
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The most well-known and notable of Craiks’ research analyzed how memory is encoded and various levels of depths of processing. Craik and
Lockhart postulated that during the first stage of memory where information is acquired, the
254:, Scotland. His initial career aspiration was to be a minister or a carpenter. He attended Lockerbie Academy throughout his childhood and his parents enrolled him in George Watson's Boys’ College, in Edinburgh, at age 12.
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or lifelong bilingualism. These associations are currently being documented to better understand these effects in a systematic manner and delve into the brain and neural correlates associated with these variations.
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interesting, anatomical catalogues were challenging and tiresome and the company of sick patients were not of interest. While completing his final undergraduate year in psychology, Craik was introduced to
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status. He is currently continuing to pursue his research interests as a senior scientist at the Rotman
Research Institute, investigating various linkages between memory, attention, and cognitive aging.
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Grady, C. L., McIntosh, A. R., Rajah, M.N., Craik, F.I.M. (2008). Neural correlates of the episodic encoding of pictures and words. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 95, 2703–2708.
361:, thus, Craik was able to approach psychologists of interest to him and develop his interests in psychology. The work that he completed throughout this tenure here formed the basis of his
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dissertation, however, Craik's interests became more cognitive-based. Following his graduation in 1965, the appeal of emerging cognitive psychological views became a newfound interest.
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Multiple studies have now shown that deep semantic processing, the most beneficial type of processing, is associated with neural activity in the ventral regions within the left
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while another course introduced him to memory and learning. By the time Craik was ready to graduate with his bachelor of science, he began to realize his interests were in
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or cognitive analysis must be conducted. Therefore, a stimulus that has undergone a deep level of processing will have a longer, more durable storage and retention.
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Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal
Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
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Craik, F. I. M. & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, 104(3), 268-294.
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form as a result of these processes, containing coding characteristics and persistence in memory. A deeper depth of processing implies that a greater amount of
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Naveh-Benjamin, M., Moscovitch, M. and
Roediger, H. L. III. (2001). Perspectives of human memory and cognitive aging, New York: Psychology Press.
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With the use of functional imaging, in recent times, Craik is looking at how encoding and processing tasks in memory is activated in the brain.
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in 1971. Currently, he is a Senior
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Grady, C. L. & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Changes in memory processing with age. Current
Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 224-231.
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Age-related memory changes are also observed under the influence of physical activity and long-last mental activities such as
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It is currently hypothesized that these higher outputs of activity may be necessary for older people to perform sufficiently.
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Following a NATO-sponsored meeting on memory in 1967, Craik was offered the opportunity to act as a visiting professor at the
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Association for Psychological Science: William James Fellow Award - Fergus I.M. Craik. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2015, from
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His parents’ decision to send him to a high-ranking high school enabled Craik to discover his strengths. He excelled in
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U of T professor emeritus Fergus Craik elected to the Royal Society. (2008, 16 May). Retrieved 28 March 2015, from
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over the following six years. During this time, his research focus shifted entirely to memory processes.
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Craik's introduction to psychology stemmed from his dissatisfaction in medical school. While he found
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and gained his bachelor of science in psychology in 1960. In 1965, he received his PhD from the
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Glassman Chair in Neuropsychology at the University of Toronto and Baycrest Centre (1996–2000)
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and influenced Craik's interests via processing deficits in the human mind. It is here that
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Hebb Award from the Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognitive Science (1998)
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in 1975. Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the area of
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Craik, F. I. M. (n.d.). Research | Baycrest. Retrieved March 29, 2015, from
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Distinguished Contribution to Psychology as a Science award (1987) from the
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in memory. This work was done in collaboration with Robert Lockhart at the
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In 1960, Craik was offered a position at the Medical Research Council in
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which helped change his career aspirations upon graduating high school.
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The controversy this paradigm caused at the time, when compared to the
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Dr. Fergus Craik - Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2015, from
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In Honor Of... Fergus Craik. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2015, from
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In June 2000, he retired from the University of Toronto and gained
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http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/GCPWS/Craik/Biography/Craik_bio1.html
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317:. Some of the courses he took allowed Craik to read the works of
301:. He completed his undergraduate thesis on the effect of rate of
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in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with
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Later in 1965, Craik accepted his first faculty position at
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Biography Great Canadian Psychology Website -Fergus Craik
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1162:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
576:William James Fellow Award (1991) from the
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309:, a topic that was heavily influenced by
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1177:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
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1152:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
418:that rivaled the previously accepted
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582:Honorary President of the CPA (1997)
1197:20th-century Canadian psychologists
722:http://research.baycrest.org/fcraik
388:begins to reform Craik's research.
1192:21st-century British psychologists
1187:20th-century British psychologists
560:Society of Experimental Psychology
554:American Psychological Association
548:Canadian Psychological Association
214:. He began his academic career at
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564:Killam Research Fellowship (1982)
591:Killam Prize for Science (2000)
479:Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
420:Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
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451:Levels-of-Processing Paradigm
280:Education and academic career
1172:Fellows of the Royal Society
567:Guggenheim Fellowship (1982)
493:Brain Correlates and Memory
457:Levels-of-processing effect
406:in 1971 and eventually the
92:Levels-of-processing effect
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508:Age-Related Memory Changes
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167:known for his research on
201:neuropsychology of memory
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629:21 December 2016 at the
357:found most profound was
341:. He graduated in 1960.
193:developmental psychology
150:Fergus Ian Muirden Craik
32:Fergus Ian Muirden Craik
535:Royal Society of Canada
528:Awards and distinctions
423:series of experiments.
354:University of Liverpool
299:experimental psychology
274:University of Edinburgh
272:During his time at the
212:University of Liverpool
208:University of Edinburgh
82:University of Liverpool
78:University of Edinburgh
1182:Scottish psychologists
596:Université de Bordeaux
410:campus. At this time,
315:theoretical psychology
303:information processing
165:cognitive psychologist
925:Christopher John Lamb
393:University of Toronto
228:University of Toronto
173:University of Toronto
155:(born 17 April 1935,
109:University of Toronto
1070:William A. Catterall
1022:Claudio Daniel Stern
818:Girish Saran Agarwal
416:levels-of-processing
218:, and then moved to
169:levels of processing
603:Saarland University
267:biological sciences
1147:Memory researchers
1016:Philip J. Stephens
988:Matthew Rosseinsky
905:Christopher Hunter
858:Alexander Bradshaw
853:Leszek Borysiewicz
760:science.ca Profile
601:Dr honoris causa,
594:Dr honoris causa,
242:Craik was born in
206:He studied at the
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885:Russell G. Foster
502:prefrontal cortex
483:short-term memory
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432:PET scanner
331:ethologists
329:, and some
319:Donald Hebb
60:Nationality
1131:Categories
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920:Mark Kisin
895:Derek Fray
848:Jon Blundy
610:References
408:St. George
339:perception
294:psychiatry
290:physiology
238:Early life
199:, and the
38:1935-04-17
843:John Bell
335:attention
286:neurology
252:Lockerbie
244:Edinburgh
234:in 2008.
185:attention
157:Edinburgh
49:Edinburgh
1109:Honorary
935:Jan Löwe
802:elected
627:Archived
472:semantic
446:Research
439:emeritus
248:Scotland
161:Scotland
68:Canadian
64:Scottish
53:Scotland
1058:Foreign
811:Fellows
804:in 2008
798:of the
796:Fellows
350:England
263:english
259:physics
224:Ontario
220:Toronto
163:) is a
521:Sudoku
346:London
292:, and
265:, and
181:memory
128:(1965)
126:
117:Thesis
363:Ph.D.
543:(UK)
485:and
337:and
187:and
28:Born
578:APA
572:CPA
380:of
305:on
153:FRS
1133::
713:^
661:^
348:,
325:,
321:,
288:,
261:,
246:,
222:,
203:.
195:,
183:,
159:,
51:,
40:)
788:e
781:t
774:v
66:/
36:(
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