Fergana Valley - Knowledge (XXG)

873: 1781: 1899: 2832: 1380: 666: 272: 2055: 3720: 1499: 2314:(London, 2003). There were few Kipchak-Uzbeks in Fergana, although they had at various times held political power in the region. In 1924, however, Soviet policy decreed that all settled Turks in Central Asia would thenceforth be known as "Uzbeks," (although the language chosen for the new Republic was not Kipchak but Qarluq) and the Fergana Valley is now seen as an Uzbek heartland. 3254:"... Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ..." 969: 1662: 1191:: "The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus: Fergana (Dayuan) and the possessions of Bactria and Parthia are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, but with weak armies, and placing great value on the rich produce of China" ( 1228: 864:) in less shielded areas. In March the temperature reaches 20 °C (68 °F), and then rapidly rises to 35 °C (95 °F) in June, July and August. During the five months following April precipitation is rare, but increases in frequency starting in October. Snow and frost, down to −20 °C (−4 °F), occurs in December and January. 3245: 350:, the valley is ethnically diverse and relations among the countries are tense. Ethnic enclaves of Uzbeks in Kyrgyz sovereign territory, restricted right of movement, lack of agreement about border demarcation and disputes over access to family members and places of economic activity contribute to tension at the borders. 2207:

Eleventh Edition (1911) gives the full information from the 1897 census, the only one held in the Russian Empire before 1917, and helps illuminate a situation rendered obscure by the vagaries of Soviet Nationalities policy in the 1920s and 1930s. The population numbered 1,571,243 in 1897, and of that

1985:

are all known to exist, but only the last two have ever been extracted in significant quantities. In the late 19th century there were a few small oil-wells in Fergana, but these no longer function. In the Tsarist period the only industrial enterprises were some seventy or eighty factories engaged in

1823:

With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the establishment of independent republics, borders have been strongly enforced, though the impact of the new international borders was minor until 1998–2000. Uzbekistan regularly closes its borders with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, strangling trade and

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David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400-1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find

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The most complicated border negotiations in the Central Asia region involve the Fergana Valley where multiple enclaves struggle to exist. Three countries share in the tangled border region; Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan all have historic and economic claims to the region's transport routes

2041:

were imported and in part re-exported to Kashgaria and Bokhara. The total trade of Fergana reached an annual value of nearly £3.5 million in 1911. Nowadays it suffers from the same depression that affects all trade that either originates in or has to pass through Uzbekistan. The only significant

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The economy centers around extensive cotton cultivation, a practice initiated by the Soviets, complemented by a diverse array of grains, fruits, and vegetables. Additionally, the region has a rich heritage in stock breeding, leatherwork, and a progressively expanding mining industry, including

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in the south. The valley is approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) long and up to 70 kilometres (43 mi) wide, forming an area covering 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). Its position makes it a separate geographic zone. The valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the

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was apparently burnt to the ground by the Yuezhi around 145 BC. Pushed by these twin forces, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom reoriented itself around lands in what is now Afghanistan, while the new invaders were partially assimilated into the Hellenistic culture left in Fergana Valley.

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in which hundreds of protestors were killed by troops. There was violence again in 2010 in the Kyrgyz part of the valley, heated by ethnic tensions, worsening economic conditions due to the global economic crisis, and political conflict over the ouster of Kyrgyz President

1375:

in 751, which resulted in a victory for the Abbasids and the disengagement of China from Central Asia. Two antecedent battles in 715 and 717 had seen the Chinese prevail over Arab forces. A series of Arab, Persian, and later Turkic Muslim rulers reigned over the Fergana.

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in what is now northern Afghanistan, and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Kushan conquered most of what is now northern India and Pakistan, driving east through Fergana. Kushan power also consolidated long-distance trade, linking Central Asia to both

702:. The streams, and their numerous mountain effluents, not only supply water for irrigation, but also bring down vast quantities of sand, which is deposited alongside their courses, more especially alongside the Syr Darya where it cuts its way through the 1810:

was made a part of it. This blocked the valley's natural outlet and the routes to Samarkand and Bukhara, but none of these borders was of any great significance so long as Soviet rule lasted. The whole region was part of a single economy geared to

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invaded Kushan territory from the southwest. Fergana remained under shifting local and Transoxian rulers thereafter. For periods in the 4th and 5th centuries, the Sassanid Empire directly controlled Transoxiana and Fergana, led by the conquests of

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to the north and east. It was forcibly settled by exiled Greeks from the Anatolian coast, who had rebelled or otherwise given Persia trouble. Eventually, it had a significant Greek community. The capital of the region was known to the Greeks as

1348:

in 715 deposed the ruler, and installed a new king Alutar on the throne. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne.

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is kept open in a limited way to help irrigation, however inter-ethnic disputes in border regions often turn into national border disputes. Even during the summer there are border conflicts over water, as there is not enough to share.

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times, out of some 1,200,000 ha (3,000,000 acres) of cultivated land, about two thirds were under constant irrigation and the remaining third under partial irrigation. The soil was considered by the authors of the article in the

1858:'s secularization legislation in Uzbekistan, together with his decision to close the borders with Kyrgyzstan in 2003. This devastated the local economy by preventing the importation of cheap Chinese consumer goods. The deposition of 1200:

Agricultural activities of the Dayuan reported by Zhang Qian included cultivation of grain and grapes for wine-making. The area of Fergana was thus the theater of the first major interaction between an urbanized culture speaking

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The one significant element that is missing when looking at modern accounts of the region are the Sarts. This term Sart was abolished by the Soviets as derogatory, but in fact there was a clear distinction between long-settled,

1946:, vegetables and fruit. Gardening was conducted with a high degree of skill and success. Large numbers of horses, cattle and sheep were kept, and a good many camels are bred. Over 6,900 ha (17,000 acres) were planted with 1986:

cotton cleaning. Leather, saddlery, paper and cutlery were the principal products of the domestic or cottage industries. This was not greatly added to in Soviet times, when industrialisation was concentrated in the cities of

2748:. By establishing political units on a mono-ethnic basis in a region where various peoples have historically lived side by side, the Soviet process of national delimitation sowed the seeds of today's inter-ethnic tensions. 3694:

Beisembiev T. "Annotated indices to the Kokand Chronicles". Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Studia Culturae Islamica. № 91, 2008, 889 pp.,

1624:

The Fergana valley was ruled by a series of Muslim states in the medieval period. For much of this period local and southwestern rulers divided the valley into a series of small states. From the 16th century, the

1621:. Islamic proselytizers from the Fergana Valley such as al-Firghani الفرغاني, al-Andijani الأندجاني, al-Namangani النمنگاني, al-Khojandi الخوجندي spread Islam into parts of present-day Russia, China, and India. 1578:

population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas had become thoroughly Turkicized in terms of language and habits. Additionally, by adopting Islam, the Central Asian Turks and Mongols also adopted the

3017:"The province of Sogdia was to Asia what Macedonia was to Greece: a buffer between a brittle civilization and the restless barbarians beyond, whether the Scyths of Alexander's day and later or the 1835:, unable to take the more direct route through Uzbekistan, have to cross a high mountain pass between the two cities instead, along a terrible road. Communications between the Kyrgyzstan cities of 2724:

Notes: 1). The bulk of the population of every region lies in the valley, despite the land area. 2). Population references for 2014 by respective national agencies. (Kyrghyz)(Uzbek),(Tajik 2013)

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which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.

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who came dominated the Ferghana Valley until their defeat by Tang in 750. At the same time, the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and sent their forces to Central Asia. This was leading to the

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Until the late 19th century, Fergana, like everywhere else in Central Asia, was dependent on the camel, horse and donkey for transport, while roads were few and bad. The Russians built a

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conquered the valley at the end of the 19th century, and it became part of the Soviet Union in the 1920s. Its three Soviet republics gained independence in 1991. The area largely remains

3592: 1887:, and 2000 more were injured. Between 100,000 and 300,000 refugees, predominantly of Uzbek ethnic origin, attempted to flee to Uzbekistan, causing a major humanitarian crisis. 1243:

formed from the same Yuezhi who had conquered the Hellenistic Fergana. The Kushan spread out in the 1st century AD from the Yuezhi confederation in the territories of ancient

2010:

in Xinjiang, traders would have found welcome relief in the fertile abundance of Fergana, as well as the possibility of purchasing further high-quality silk manufactured in

2962: 1042:, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the 2874: 2736:

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, border negotiations left substantial Uzbek populations stranded outside of Uzbekistan. In south-western Kyrgyzstan, a

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Beisembiev T. K. Kokandskaia istoriografiia : Issledovanie po istochnikovedeniiu Srednei Azii XVIII-XIX vekov. Almaty, TOO "PrintS", 2009, 1263 pp.,

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in Kyrgyzstan in April 2005, coupled with the arrest of a group of prominent local businessmen brought underlying tensions to a head in the region around

2243:. The governing class was primarily Russian, who also constituted much of the merchants and industrial working class. However, another merchant class in 938:; after an extended campaign putting down Sogdian resistance and founding military outposts manned by his Greek veterans, Alexander united Sogdiana with 2976: 3535: 3324: 1328: 3423: 2021:

which captured the imagination of the Chinese during the Han dynasty, but in fact these were almost certainly bred on the Steppe, either west of

714:, covering an area of 1,900 km (750 sq mi), under the influence of south-west winds, encroaches upon the agricultural districts. 3045: 1367:

China and the expansion of Muslim power. The Umayyads waged several wars against the Sogdian and Turkic population. They were defeated by the

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and a settled, population in the main body of the valley, roughly reflect the borders as drawn after 1924. One exception is the town of

1741:. The area amounted to some 53,000 km (20,463 sq mi), of which 17,600 km (6,795 sq mi) are in the Pamirs. 1217: 1172:(Ta-Yuan), possibly descendants of Greeks colonists (Dayuan may be a transliteration of "Great Ionians"). The area was renowned for its 995:"The Furthest", probably renaming Cyropolis. This was in the southwestern part of the Fergana Valley, on the southern bank of the river 3706:

Beisembiev T. "The Life of Alimqul: A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth Century Central Asia". Published 2003. Routledge (UK), 280 pages,

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Beisembiev T.K. "Ta'rikh-i SHakhrukhi" kak istoricheskii istochnik. Alma Ata: Nauka, 1987. 200 p. Summaries in English and French.

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The Dayuan were identified by the Chinese as unusual in features, with a sophisticated urban civilization, similar to that of the

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History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

1768:, this led to a revolt which was far more widespread than that of 1898, and which was not entirely suppressed by the time of the 850: 3781: 3083: 2946: 1812: 218: 3838: 3833: 3828: 1649:, Kokand was capital of a territory stretching over modern eastern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and all of 1358: 1156: 619: 3169: 2029:, and merely brought to Fergana for sale. In the 19th century, a considerable trade carried on with Russia: raw cotton, raw 1641:, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of 3346:

Akchurina, Viktoria; Lavorgna, Anita (2014). "Islamist movements in the Fergana Valley: a new threat assessment approach".

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cut off the eastern end of the Fergana Valley, as well as the slopes surrounding it. This was compounded in 1928 when the

611: 3564: 1537:. But it was not long before Transoxian Turkic leaders ruled the area, along with most of central Asia as fiefs from the 669:

Map of part of southern Central Asia in the 8th century C.E., showing Fergana Valley (here spelled ‘Farghana’, top right)

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Conflicts over water have contributed to border disputes. For instance, the border between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in

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in the 1920s the routes to Kashgaria and the Pamirs were mere bridle-paths over the mountains, crossing them by lofty

1961:, from which 120,000 to 200,000 young trees were distributed free every year amongst the inhabitants of the province. 3107:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

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breeding, formerly a prosperous industry, had decayed, despite the encouragement of a state farm at New Marghelan.

1851:, near Osh. There has been no further ethnic violence, and things appeared to have quieted down for several years. 1752:

against the Russians. However, after about 20 Russians had been killed, Khalfa was captured and executed. When the

1177: 2033:, tobacco, hides, sheepskins, fruit and cotton and leather goods were exported, and manufactured wares, textiles, 1957:

Nearly 400,000 ha (1,000,000 acres) were covered with forests. The government maintained a forestry farm at

1902:

Confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya seen from space (false color). Many irrigated agricultural fields can be seen.

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with Samarkand and Tashkent in the early 1870s. A new impulse was given to trade by the extension (1898) of the

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ruled Fergana, replaced by the Janid dynasty of Bukhara in 1599. In 1709 Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar

1472:

dynasty Muslim rulers of the valley. During demise of Samanids in 10th century, Fergana Valley was conquered by

1780: 1410: 31: 1898: 3316: 420:, often intermixed and not matching modern borders. Historically there have also been substantial numbers of 3317:"United Nations News Centre - UN asks for $ 71 million in relief appeal after ethnic violence in Kyrgyzstan" 3238: 2181: 1815:

on a massive scale, and the overarching political structures meant that crossing borders was not a problem.

1202: 576: 555: 3288:"For ethnography in political geography: Experiencing and re-imagining Ferghana Valley boundary closures". 2733:

and natural resources. Negotiations between the three countries are often tense and are prone to conflict.

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for goods and people traveling from China to the Middle East and Europe. After crossing the passes from

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The Fergana Valley is an intermountain depression in Central Asia, between the mountain systems of the

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However, the valley is a religiously conservative region which was particularly hard-hit by President

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The Valley is now divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In Tajikistan it is part of

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Chinese chroniclers date its towns to more than 2,100 years ago, as a path between Greek, Chinese,

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from the south. After 155 BC, the Yuezhi were pushed into Fergana by the alliance of the powerful

3772: 3371: 3018: 2154: 2142: 2122: 2095: 1769: 1638: 1630: 1602: 1594:, added the valley to a newly consolidated empire in the late 14th century, ruling the area from 1580: 1396: 1288: 1027: 992: 963: 374: 2306:

in the mid-16th century. That this difference existed and was felt in Fergana is attested to in

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in April 2010. In June 2010, about 200 people have been reported to be killed during clashes in

1438: 725:, originally to depths estimated at 6 to 7 kilometres (3.7 to 4.3 mi), largely filled with 161: 3707: 3696: 3684: 3363: 3159: 3135: 3110: 3021:, Turks and Mongols who eventually poured south to wreck the thin veneer of Iranian society" ( 2952: 2766: 2752: 2517: 2347: 2166: 1876: 1670: 1646: 1626: 1465: 1345: 915: 907: 897: 846: 772: 3643:(Moscow) 2002 pp527–539 (Also available in English in Vol. II of the original edition of the 1714: 1268:

The Kushans ruled the area as part of their larger empire until the 3rd century AD, when the

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ruled it until the first quarter of 8th century when it was subjugated by the Tang dynasty

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750

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3,413 m (11,200 ft), both passable all the year round, lead from Marghelan to

665: 3655: 3625: 3022: 2821: 2653: 2627: 2374: 2370: 2295: 2279: 2244: 2219:. They lived mostly in the valley, while the mountain slopes above it were occupied by 2185: 1761: 1618: 1614: 1571: 1510: 1446: 1426: 1422: 1406: 1400: 1272: 1213: 1146: 638: 525: 488: 401: 393: 312: 284: 88: 58: 1168:

and published around 126 BC, the region of Fergana is presented as the country of the

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or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of

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In 1911, the province was divided into five districts, the chief towns of which were

2303: 2263: 2240: 2236: 2220: 2114: 2102: 1855: 1530: 1240: 1173: 833: 588: 437: 433: 417: 3075: 837:, which glided using a membrane stretched between their paws, were also found here. 353:

Located in an arid region, the Fergana valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the

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Not all the inhabitants of the area were happy with this state of affairs. In 1898

1554: 1542: 1538: 1522: 1506: 1442: 1384: 1364: 1338: 1300: 1023: 2948:Палеонтологический музей имени Ю.А. Орлова (Paleontological Museum of U. A. Orlov) 2262:, between a largely Tajik-speaking area around Khuhand, hill-regions populated by 2054: 1430: 1035: 902:

As early as 500 BC, the western sections of the Fergana Valley formed part of the

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Fergana valley in context, showing main mountain ranges and principal settlements

3193:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05 Columbia University Press, ( 2918: 2859:

Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development

2837: 2806: 2796: 2259: 2228: 2157:, 4,267 m (14,000 ft). Other passes leading out of the valley are the 1726: 1566: 1498: 1473: 1453: 1418: 1269: 1257: 1152: 1126: 1114: 888:

from the west, remained at the boundaries of a number of classical era empires.

885: 827: 822: 815:) were discovered. The most numerous are insect fossils which include the large 750: 683: 397: 354: 258: 698:. Numerous other tributaries of these rivers exist in the valley including the 3557: 2827: 2622: 2593: 2569: 2522: 2486: 2385: 2271: 2126: 2067: 1884: 1803: 1799: 1650: 1570:- "Land of Mongols") and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local 1248: 1165: 1122: 1118: 1004: 812: 804: 784: 771:

In the south of the valley, in the spurs of the Turkestan ridge, there is the

722: 699: 687: 678: 358: 340: 336: 332: 262: 204: 200: 196: 17: 3804: 3791: 3748:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 270–271. 3367: 2255:

in Fergana. The majority of the population were Muslims (1,039,115 in 1897).

2188:), giving the region a direct railroad connection to the rest of Uzbekistan. 1843:

pass through difficult mountainous country. Ethnic tensions also flared into

914:. The independent and warlike Sogdiana formed a border region insulating the 233: 220: 3622: 3001: 2811: 2781: 2392:

oblasts, with Osh being the main town for the southern part of the country.

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During the 8th century, Fergana was the location of fierce rivalry between

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B. Spuler, "Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid periods", published in

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Fergana Valley (highlighted), post-1991 national territories colour-coded.

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Bernard, P. (1994a): "Alexander and his successors in Central Asia." In:

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were active in the Fergana Valley. When the Tsarist regime extended the

1452:

By the time of Ahmad's death in 864 or 865, he was the ruler of most of

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and pastoral, partly agricultural and settled. The other nations were

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Historically the Fergana Valley was an important staging-post on the

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were given rule over the city by Abdallah, the governor of Khurasan.

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to be admirably cultivated, the principal crops having been cotton,

1437:, Ghassan ibn 'Abbad, as a reward for his support against the rebel 2211:

The population was estimated at 1,796,500 in 1906; two-thirds were

1341:

between 659 and 790. It was attacked by the Tibetan Empire in 715.

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3064:, pp. 88–97. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2598: 2224: 2053: 2038: 1931: 1919: 1848: 1779: 1757: 1749: 1660: 1610: 1587: 1502: 1497: 1378: 1102: 1091: 1026:

extended his control to Sogdiana. There are indications that from

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The climate of this valley is dry and continental, being mostly a

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The most famous export from the region were the 'blood-sweating'

1560:

After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, the Barlas settled in

906:

region, which was ruled from further west and owed fealty to the

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causing immense difficulties for those who live in the region.

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invaded Transoxiana and Fergana in 1219 during his conquest of

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and the Chinese civilization, which led to the opening up the

1007:. Supplemented by Alexander's veterans, it was later ruled by 3600: 2738:

conflict over land between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks exploded in 1990

1014:

After 250 BC, the city probably remained in contact with the

369:. The valley's history stretches back over 2,300 years, when 3080:, C. Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham" 2177:, 3,962 m (13,000 ft), across the Alai Mountains. 2169:, 3,657 m (12,000 ft), leading to the glen of the 2145:, 3,720 m (12,205 ft); (open all the year round), 1605:, the Fergana played a significant part in the flowering of 1046:, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the 3265:

Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama

1890:

The area has also been subject to informal radicalization.

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from the north and east, invaded urban civilization of the

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into Fergana as far as Andijan, and by the opening of the

1709:, were fixed by an Anglo-Russian commission in 1885, from 1705:

and Afghanistan in the South. Its southern limits, in the

1541:

of the Mongol Empire. The Fergana became part of a larger

1429:—was granted authority over the city of Fergana by Caliph 999:(ancient Jaxartes), at the location of the modern city of 3759: 3213:"Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", in 1476:. Eastern part of Fergana later was under suzerenaity of 3674:Общественный и Государственный Строй Кокандского Ханства 2270:, which had a majority Uzbek population but ended up in 1613:, heir to Timur and famous conqueror and founder of the 1054:(Boardman). Of the Greco-Bactrians, the Greek historian 2326:, capital of the province (8,977 inhabitants in 1897); 1030:

the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as

3532:"Central Asia: Border Disputes and Conflict Potential" 2992:

Independent Sogdiana: Lane Fox (1973, 1986:533) notes

1950:, and some 140,000 ha (350,000 acres) were under 3769: 2456:

Regions wholly or partially within the Fergana Valley

1806:

became a fully-fledged republic, and the area around

581: 560: 2881:: topography and hydrography of the Ferghana valley. 1445:, who ruled in Samarkand, Ahmad and another brother 1216:, installing a king there. Later the Han set up the 976:, woollen wall hanging, 3rd-2nd century BC, Sampul, 825:

with a wingspan over 20 cm. Unusual small reptiles,

512: 306: 2915:"Petroleum Potential of Fergana Intermontane Basin" 2078:or post-road linking Andijan, Kokand, Margilan and 1086:(c. 120 BC), when confronted with invasions by the 539: 326: 250: 210: 192: 187: 179: 171: 41: 3276:Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. 2208:number 707,132 were women and 286,369 were urban. 2046:plant in Andizhan sends cars all over Uzbekistan. 1109:, eventually settling on the northern bank of the 733:. Some of the sediments are marine carbonates and 604: 1078:by the Chinese, remained an integral part of the 2350:(13,686 in 1897) were also towns of importance. 1299:Sassanid rule of Fergana was interrupted by the 721:that forms the valley is characterized by block 3409: 3388: 2901: 2298:tribe speaking a Turkic dialect much closer to 2101:Until Soviet times and the construction of the 1553:, were remnants of the original Mongol army of 1060: 3610:. 11 September 2014; retrieved 6 October 2014. 3424:"ADB loan for Ferghana Valley electrification" 1421:and the Fergana Valley from the West. In 819, 1062:they extended their empire even as far as the 2042:international export is cotton, although the 1713:(Victoria Lake) to the Chinese frontier; and 110: 95: 8: 3534:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 1609:Central Asian Islam. Its most famous son is 745:associated with these faults form traps for 710:ridge and forms the valley. This expanse of 140: 125: 65: 2951:(in Russian). Москва: ПИН РАН. p. 91. 2380:, while in Kyrgyzstan it contains parts of 1794:In 1924, the new boundaries separating the 1247:on either side of the middle course of the 80: 50: 3770:Fine arts of Fergana Valley and Uzbekistan 2365:. In Uzbekistan it is divided between the 1484:conquered the western part of the valley. 1022:, especially when the Greco-Bactrian king 593: 38: 3158:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 274–280. 3134:(Vol.2). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 2977:"Splendeurs des oasis dOuzbekistan, p.12" 2940: 2938: 2936: 2184:was completed in 2016 (together with the 1480:. Karakhanid rule lasted till 1212, when 1464:. Samarkand and Fergana went to his son, 1337:, who submitted as vassal to the Chinese 1333:The Kingdom of Ferghana was ruled by the 331:) in Central Asia lies mainly in eastern 3074:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. 2459: 2070:, in the far west of the Fergana Valley. 1897: 1391:Samanid, Karakhanid and Khwarezmid rules 1226: 967: 753:, which has been discovered in 52 small 664: 361:, which run from the east, joining near 270: 2849: 2161:, 3,798 m (12,460 ft), S. of 1756:spread across the Russian Empire, some 1329:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 3636:Vol. IV S-Z (Leiden & London) 1934 3512:from the original on 24 September 2014 3486:from the original on 24 September 2014 3460:from the original on 24 September 2014 3304:Central Eurasia -- Prize or Quicksand? 2395:Cities in the Fergana Valley include: 1533:, and this region became known as the 1260:China and the Roman Empire in Europe. 880:, Ferghana valley, 3rd millennium BCE. 183:22,000 km (8,500 sq mi) 2965:from the original on 8 November 2023. 2153:, 3,536 m (11,600 ft), and 1681:. It was bounded by the provinces of 1586:Heir to one of these confederations, 1441:. Following the death of his brother 1212:The Han later captured Dayuan in the 729:that range in age as far back as the 518: 484:. In other regional languages, it is 7: 3327:from the original on 29 October 2013 2121:, 4,389 m (14,400 ft) and 3086:from the original on 2 October 2013 2282:Turkic peoples, speaking a form of 1673:, formed in 1876 out of the former 1413:, pushed into what was then called 1218:Protectorate of the Western Regions 592: 571: 468:and some small known oil reserves. 96: 3434:from the original on 28 April 2017 3306:Oxford University Press, pp 46-48. 2290:, and those who called themselves 1831:traveling to the Tajik capital of 690:, which unite in the valley, near 495:, Фарғона водийси, فەرغانە ۋادىيسى 25: 3570:from the original on 12 July 2019 2302:, who arrived in the region with 2203:The information contained in the 2193:Pap-Namangan-Andijon railway line 1827:People in the Tajikistan city of 1581:Persian literary and high culture 1564:(which then became also known as 1311:Hepthalite rule was ended by the 1209:from the 1st century BC onwards. 775:, in which more than 15 thousand 335:, but also extends into southern 289:Фарғона водийси, Fargʻona vodiysi 3765:Satellite picture by Google Maps 3718: 3641:Работы по Исторической Географии 3172:from the original on 28 May 2016 2830: 160: 3590:Water Pressures in Central Asia 3558:"U.S. ONLINE TRAINING FOR OSCE" 3278:New York: Yale University Press 1637:declared independence from the 1549:nomadic confederation known as 927:, named after Cyrus the Great. 741:are upthrusts and overthrusts. 652: 476:It is alternatively spelled as 3760:Ferghana.Ru Information Agency 3422:Ltd, DVV Media International. 2258:The divisions revealed by the 2141:, and then over the passes of 2117:. For instance, the passes of 1847:, most notably in the town of 1411:Arab Muslim conquest of Persia 1359:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 1157:Records of the Grand Historian 972:Probable Greek soldier in the 632: 623: 615: 388:civilisations. It was home to 1: 3588:International Crisis Group. " 2310:'s recent translation of the 2286:Turkic that is very close to 2149:, 3,505 m (11,500 ft), 1872:May 2005 unrest in Uzbekistan 1011:before secession of Bactria. 396:, tying the region to modern 3360:10.1080/17440572.2014.924406 2195:is going to be electrified. 1685:in the North and Northwest, 1287:against the Kushans and the 1264:Sassanid (3rd-5th centuries) 3410:Kropotkin & Bealby 1911 3389:Kropotkin & Bealby 1911 3241:, Online Edition, 2006/7, ( 3132:A History of Chinese Muslim 2902:Kropotkin & Bealby 1911 2247:were commonly known as the 1315:in mid of 6th century. The 605: 582: 561: 540: 513: 327: 307: 3855: 3130:Shouyi Bai et al. (2003). 2857:Laurelle, Marlene (2015). 1669:Fergana was a province of 1491: 1394: 1356: 1326: 1164:, based on the travels of 1144: 953: 895: 759: 346:Encompassing three former 126: 29: 3152:Ahmad Hasan Dani (1999). 2481:Wholly within the Valley 2478:Population density (/km) 1784:Soviet negotiations with 1733:(on the left bank of the 1468:, leading to a series of 1074:The Fergana area, called 884:Fergana, on the route to 731:Permian-Triassic boundary 642: 550: 529: 502: 492: 377:at its southwestern end. 316: 296: 288: 175:300 km (190 mi) 159: 111: 81: 66: 46: 3734:; Bealby, John (1911). " 3323:. Un.org. 18 June 2010. 2318:Administrative divisions 1729:in exchange for part of 1180:against them in 104 BC. 1082:until after the time of 717:The central part of the 32:Fergana (disambiguation) 3745:Encyclopædia Britannica 3274:Rashid, Ahmed. (2002). 3215:Encyclopædia Britannica 2205:Encyclopædia Britannica 2182:Angren-Pap railway line 1914:Encyclopædia Britannica 1203:Indo-European languages 821:from the extinct order 773:Madygen fossil locality 520:[ɸerɢɑnɑørøːny] 3645:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3634:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3105:Hill, John E. (2009). 3078:Silk Road, North China 2945:A. V. Lopatin (2012). 2361:, with the capital at 2342:(37,397 in 1900); but 2338:(61,906 in 1897); and 2129:and the Pamirs, while 2071: 1903: 1791: 1737:), which was given to 1701:) in the East, and by 1666: 1665:Khan's Palace, Kokand. 1518: 1517:in the Fergana Valley. 1387: 1236: 1134:Alexandria on the Oxus 1130:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1090:from the east and the 1084:Demetrius I of Bactria 1080:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1072: 1016:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 984: 950:Hellenistic settlement 881: 858:cool semi-arid climate 831:with long scales, and 670: 408:, populated by ethnic 276: 141: 51: 27:Valley in Central Asia 3839:Valleys of Uzbekistan 3834:Valleys of Tajikistan 3829:Valleys of Kyrgyzstan 3805:40.90083°N 71.75778°E 3782:Enclaves of the World 3302:Weisbrode, K. (2001) 2346:(42,855 in 1900) and 2199:Historical demography 2057: 1901: 1783: 1693:in the Northeast, by 1664: 1501: 1395:Further information: 1382: 1230: 1194:Book of the Later Han 971: 875: 760:Further information: 719:geological depression 677:in the north and the 668: 661:Geography and geology 274: 3239:Encyclopædia Iranica 3082:. Megalithic.co.uk. 2084:Transcaspian railway 1973:Coal, iron, sulfur, 1132:. The Greek city of 1125:, just north of the 1101:and the neighboring 991:founded the city of 400:and South Asia. The 30:For other uses, see 3801: / 3391:, pp. 270–271. 3290:Political Geography 3027:Alexander the Great 2777:Great Fergana Canal 2746:reoccurring in 2010 2251:, from the town of 1819:Post Soviet breakup 1746:Muhammed Ali Khalfa 1383:The tomb of Ali at 1303:, possibly Turkic. 989:Alexander the Great 936:Alexander the Great 916:Achaemenid Persians 762:Mingbulak oil field 643:فِ عَر قًا نَ پٌ دِ 633:Fèi ěr gàn nà péndì 620:traditional Chinese 371:Alexander the Great 234:40.9008°N 71.7578°E 230: / 3810:40.90083; 71.75778 3775:2020-04-07 at the 3606:2020-06-03 at the 3595:2016-05-20 at the 3428:railwaygazette.com 3248:2009-02-24 at the 3224:2008-04-26 at the 3200:2008-06-30 at the 3048:2008-04-19 at the 2921:on 27 October 2009 2877:2011-09-28 at the 2334:(86,704 in 1900); 2330:(49,682 in 1900); 2096:Trans-Aral Railway 2072: 1904: 1792: 1770:Russian Revolution 1667: 1639:Khanate of Bukhara 1631:Khanate of Bukhara 1603:Northern Silk Road 1519: 1513:, was a native of 1488:Mongol–Turkic rule 1409:, rising from the 1397:Anarchy at Samarra 1388: 1289:Hephthalite Empire 1237: 1231:Ancient cities of 1066:(Chinese) and the 1028:Alexandria Eschate 1003:, in the state of 993:Alexandria Eschate 985: 964:Alexandria Eschate 882: 671: 612:simplified Chinese 562:Ferganskaya dolina 517:, فەرعانا ۅرۅۅنۉ, 375:Alexandria Eschate 277: 3701:978-4-86337-001-2 3538:on 14 August 2014 3292:: 6222–640. 2006. 3165:978-81-208-1540-7 3116:978-1-4392-2134-1 3029:(1973) 1986:301). 2958:978-5-903825-14-1 2753:Jalal-Abad Region 2740:into large-scale 2722: 2721: 1877:Kurmanbek Bakiyev 1813:cotton production 1725:were assigned to 1695:Chinese Turkestan 1689:in the West, and 1671:Russian Turkestan 1647:Khanate of Kokand 1627:Shaybanid dynasty 1590:, founder of the 1466:Nasr I of Samanid 1346:Umayyad Caliphate 1317:Turkic Khaganates 1151:According to the 1113:in the region of 1058:too writes that: 1040:Chinese Turkestan 918:from the nomadic 908:Achaemenid Empire 898:Achaemenid Empire 892:Achaemenid Empire 847:cool arid climate 603: 580: 559: 551:Ферганская долина 538: 511: 392:, founder of the 325: 305: 269: 268: 112:Ферганская долина 16:(Redirected from 3846: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3749: 3732:Kropotkin, Peter 3724: 3722: 3721: 3672:S. Soodanbekov, 3611: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3354:(3–4): 320–336. 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3235: 3229: 3211: 3205: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3149: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3036: 3030: 3015: 3009: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917:. Archived from 2911: 2905: 2899: 2882: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2792:Meskhetian Turks 2772:Fergana massacre 2460: 2308:Timur Beisembiev 1916:Eleventh Edition 1535:Chagatai Khanate 1494:Seljuk Sultanate 1415:Greater Khorasan 912:Darius the Great 654: 644: 634: 625: 617: 608: 598: 596: 595: 585: 575: 573: 564: 554: 552: 543: 533: 531: 522: 516: 506: 504: 494: 493:Farg‘ona vodiysi 348:Soviet Republics 330: 320: 318: 310: 300: 298: 290: 245: 244: 242: 241: 240: 239:40.9008; 71.7578 235: 231: 228: 227: 226: 223: 164: 152: 144: 137: 129: 128: 122: 114: 113: 107: 99: 98: 92: 84: 83: 77: 69: 68: 62: 54: 52:Fargʻona vodiysi 39: 21: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3819: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3777:Wayback Machine 3756: 3730: 3719: 3717: 3651:Other authors: 3619: 3614: 3608:Wayback Machine 3601:CrisisGroup.org 3597:Wayback Machine 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3250:Wayback Machine 3236: 3232: 3226:Wayback Machine 3212: 3208: 3202:Wayback Machine 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3166: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3129: 3125: 3121:pp. 29, 318–350 3117: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3050:Wayback Machine 3037: 3033: 3016: 3012: 3004:, according to 2994:Quintus Curtius 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2959: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2885: 2879:Wayback Machine 2870: 2866: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2802:Pamir Mountains 2762: 2744:; the violence 2742:ethnic violence 2730: 2728:Border disputes 2458: 2320: 2312:Life of Alimqul 2201: 2133:is reached via 2060:Syr Darya river 2052: 2019:Heavenly Horses 2000: 1971: 1896: 1821: 1790:, Fergana, 1921 1778: 1754:1905 Revolution 1659: 1601:Located on the 1592:Timurid dynasty 1576:Turkic-speaking 1509:founder of the 1496: 1490: 1439:Rafi' ibn Laith 1433:'s governor of 1403: 1393: 1373:Battle of Talas 1361: 1355: 1331: 1325: 1309: 1297: 1276:Sassanid Empire 1266: 1225: 1174:Heavenly Horses 1149: 1143: 974:Sampul tapestry 966: 960:Hellenistic era 952: 910:at the time of 900: 894: 870: 843: 799:) and animals ( 797:Neocalamitaceae 769: 764: 663: 653:Фыйрганна Пенды 541:Vodiyi Farghona 514:Ferghana öröönü 474: 434:Bukharan Jewish 367:Syr Darya river 328:vodiyi Farg‘ona 255:Syr Darya river 238: 236: 232: 229: 224: 221: 219: 217: 216: 167: 155: 146: 131: 116: 101: 86: 71: 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3821: 3820: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3754:External links 3752: 3751: 3750: 3740:Chisholm, Hugh 3715: 3704: 3692: 3681: 3670: 3667: 3656:Rahmon Nabiyev 3649: 3648: 3637: 3626:Vasily Bartold 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3581: 3549: 3523: 3497: 3471: 3445: 3414: 3412:, p. 271. 3393: 3381: 3338: 3308: 3295: 3280: 3267: 3257: 3230: 3206: 3183: 3164: 3144: 3123: 3115: 3097: 3066: 3053: 3031: 3023:Robin Lane Fox 3010: 2985: 2968: 2957: 2932: 2906: 2904:, p. 270. 2883: 2864: 2861:. p. 126. 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2825: 2824: 2822:Yaghnob Valley 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2319: 2316: 2245:West Turkestan 2200: 2197: 2186:Kamchiq Tunnel 2051: 2048: 1999: 1996: 1970: 1967: 1895: 1892: 1820: 1817: 1777: 1774: 1762:military draft 1658: 1657:Russian Empire 1655: 1619:Medieval India 1615:Mughal dynasty 1511:Mughal dynasty 1489: 1486: 1427:Asad ibn Saman 1423:Ahmad ibn Asad 1407:Samanid Empire 1401:Samanid Empire 1392: 1389: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1327:Main article: 1324: 1321: 1308: 1305: 1296: 1293: 1265: 1262: 1224: 1221: 1214:Han-Dayuan war 1147:Han-Dayuan war 1145:Main article: 1142: 1139: 1117:in modern-day 951: 948: 896:Main article: 893: 890: 869: 866: 842: 839: 768: 765: 694:, to form the 662: 659: 658: 657: 656: 655: 646: 609: 606:Wadiye Firġana 586: 583:Vâdiye Ferġâna 565: 544: 523: 503:Фергана өрөөнү 496: 473: 470: 402:Russian Empire 394:Mughal dynasty 365:, forming the 308:Fergana öröönü 297:Фергана өрөөнү 281:Fergana Valley 267: 266: 252: 248: 247: 214: 208: 207: 194: 190: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 157: 156: 154: 153: 142:Ferğana añğary 138: 123: 108: 93: 78: 67:Фергана өрөөнү 63: 47: 44: 43: 42:Fergana Valley 26: 24: 18:Fergana valley 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3851: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3727:public domain 3716: 3713: 3712:0-7007-1114-7 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3689:9965-482-84-5 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3566: 3563:. p. 8. 3559: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140:7-101-02890-X 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3109:. 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This 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521:Mongol ruler 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1482:Khwarezmshahs 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Kushan Empire 1234: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 982: 979: 975: 970: 965: 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 899: 891: 889: 887: 879: 874: 867: 865: 863: 859: 855: 852: 848: 840: 838: 836: 835: 834:Sharovipteryx 830: 829: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 766: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 676: 667: 660: 650: 647: 640: 637: 636: 635: 629: 621: 613: 610: 607: 601: 590: 587: 584: 578: 569: 566: 563: 557: 548: 545: 542: 536: 530:Водии Фарғона 527: 524: 521: 515: 509: 500: 497: 490: 487: 486: 485: 483: 479: 471: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:Kyrgyz people 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 344: 342: 339:and northern 338: 334: 329: 323: 317:водии Фарғона 314: 309: 303: 294: 286: 282: 273: 264: 260: 256: 253: 249: 243: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 195: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 163: 158: 150: 143: 139: 135: 127:Фергана пынди 124: 120: 109: 105: 94: 90: 82:водии Фaрғонa 79: 75: 64: 60: 53: 49: 48: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 3786: 3743: 3673: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3620: 3584: 3572:. Retrieved 3552: 3540:. Retrieved 3536:the original 3526: 3514:. Retrieved 3506:"Tajikistan" 3500: 3488:. Retrieved 3480:"Uzbekistan" 3474: 3462:. Retrieved 3454:"Kyrgyzstan" 3448: 3436:. Retrieved 3427: 3417: 3384: 3351: 3348:Global Crime 3347: 3341: 3329:. Retrieved 3320: 3311: 3303: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3275: 3270: 3260: 3253: 3233: 3209: 3190: 3186: 3174:. Retrieved 3154: 3147: 3131: 3126: 3106: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3077: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3034: 3026: 3013: 2988: 2971: 2947: 2923:. Retrieved 2919:the original 2909: 2867: 2858: 2852: 2750: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2394: 2355:Soghd Region 2352: 2321: 2311: 2276: 2257: 2248: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2190: 2179: 2100: 2075: 2073: 2025:or north of 2018: 2016: 2001: 1972: 1956: 1913: 1905: 1889: 1860:Askar Akayev 1853: 1826: 1822: 1793: 1785: 1776:Soviet Union 1743: 1668: 1623: 1600: 1585: 1565: 1559: 1555:Genghis Khan 1543:Turco-Mongol 1539:Golden Horde 1523:Genghis Khan 1520: 1507:Turco-Mongol 1451: 1417:, including 1404: 1385:Shakhimardan 1365:Tang dynasty 1362: 1353:Islamic Rule 1343: 1332: 1310: 1298: 1267: 1238: 1211: 1199: 1192: 1182: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1073: 1061: 1018:centered on 1013: 986: 932:Sogdian Rock 929: 901: 883: 876:Two snakes, 861: 853: 844: 832: 826: 816: 770: 767:Paleontology 716: 672: 631: 481: 477: 475: 444:deposits of 442: 440:minorities. 379: 352: 345: 280: 278: 36: 3808: / 3623:turcologist 3621:By Russian 2838:Asia portal 2807:Shohimardon 2797:Mount Imeon 2713:16,000,000 2475:Population 2444:Tajikistan 2424:Kyrgyzstan 2399:Uzbekistan 2280:Persianised 2260:1897 census 2229:Kashgarians 2155:Shart-davan 2143:Terek-davan 2123:Tenghiz-bai 2098:in (1906). 1894:Agriculture 1870:during the 1764:to include 1727:Afghanistan 1567:Moghulistan 1478:Karakhitays 1474:Karakhanids 1454:Transoxiana 1419:Transoxiana 1301:Hepthalites 1295:Hepthalites 1270:Zoroastrian 1258:Han dynasty 1153:Han dynasty 1141:Han dynasty 1127:Hellenistic 1115:Transoxiana 987:In 329 BC, 886:Tarim Basin 828:Longisquama 823:Titanoptera 805:crustaceans 751:natural gas 639:Xiao'erjing 594:وادئ فرغانہ 572:وادی فرغانه 398:Afghanistan 237: / 212:Coordinates 97:وادی فرغانه 3823:Categories 3796:71°45′28″E 3793:40°54′03″N 3639:"Фергана" 3516:26 October 3490:26 October 3464:26 October 3176:19 October 3019:White Huns 3008:, iii.8.3. 2692:2,867,400 2666:3,896,395 2640:3,253,528 2623:Uzbekistan 2611:2,349,000 2594:Tajikistan 2582:1,199,900 2570:Osh Region 2530:1,260,617 2523:Jalal-Abad 2518:Jalal-Abad 2487:Kyrgyzstan 2472:Area (km) 2438:Jalal-Abad 2386:Jalal-abad 2272:Kyrgyzstan 2173:, and the 2127:Karateghin 2119:Kara-kazyk 2068:Tajikistan 2062:bridge at 1885:Jalal-Abad 1804:Tajik ASSR 1800:Kyrgyz SSR 1651:Kyrgyzstan 1645:. As the 1492:See also: 1249:Oxus River 1166:Zhang Qian 1123:Uzbekistan 1119:Tajikistan 1050:museum at 1024:Euthydemus 1005:Tajikistan 954:See also: 813:amphibians 785:Ginkgoales 743:Anticlines 723:subsidence 700:Sokh River 688:Kara Darya 426:Kashgarian 359:Kara Darya 341:Tajikistan 337:Kyrgyzstan 333:Uzbekistan 263:Kara Darya 225:71°45′28″E 222:40°54′03″N 205:Kyrgyzstan 201:Tajikistan 197:Uzbekistan 3574:19 August 3542:14 August 3376:145354771 3368:1744-0580 3002:Gaugamela 2812:Silk Road 2782:Kayragach 2249:Andijanis 2223:, partly 2050:Transport 2004:Silk Road 1988:Samarkand 1979:rock-salt 1959:Marghelan 1796:Uzbek SSR 1699:Kashgaria 1687:Samarkand 1683:Syr-darya 1596:Samarkand 1562:Turkistan 1547:Mongolian 1431:Al-Ma'mun 1285:Khosrau I 1281:Shapur II 1253:Amu Darya 1207:Silk Road 1189:Parthians 1185:Bactrians 1095:Scythians 1044:Tian Shan 1009:Seleucids 997:Syr Darya 942:into one 925:Cyropolis 920:Scythians 818:Gigatitan 747:petroleum 727:sediments 712:quicksand 696:Syr Darya 675:Tien Shan 600:romanized 577:romanized 556:romanized 535:romanized 508:romanized 462:rock-salt 322:romanized 302:romanized 188:Geography 3773:Archived 3736:Ferghana 3664:Tashkent 3604:Archived 3593:Archived 3565:Archived 3510:Archived 3484:Archived 3458:Archived 3438:27 April 3432:Archived 3331:26 March 3325:Archived 3246:Archived 3222:Archived 3198:Archived 3170:Archived 3090:26 March 3084:Archived 3046:Archived 2963:Archived 2925:26 March 2875:Archived 2872:grida.no 2787:Kipchaks 2760:See also 2710:123,759 2685:Namangan 2680:Namangan 2556:322,164 2544:Osh City 2504:548,247 2469:Capital 2463:Country 2418:Namangan 2378:viloyati 2367:Namangan 2336:Namangan 2233:Kipchaks 2167:Isfairam 2092:Tashkent 2088:Orenburg 2027:Tashkent 2012:Margilan 1969:Industry 1963:Silkworm 1833:Dushanbe 1787:basmachi 1607:medieval 1531:Chagatai 1527:Khwarazm 1462:Khwarazm 1435:Khorasan 1425:—son of 1335:Ikhshids 1323:Ikhshids 1313:Gokturks 1307:Gokturks 1048:Xinjiang 981:Xinjiang 904:Sogdiana 783:plants ( 781:Triassic 692:Namangan 686:and the 482:Ferghana 478:Farghana 386:Parthian 382:Bactrian 373:founded 363:Namangan 357:and the 193:Location 3742:(ed.). 3729:: 3678:Bishkek 3632:"Sart" 3617:Sources 3321:Un News 3191:"Timur" 3043:XI.XI.I 2703:Totals 2659:Fergana 2654:Fergana 2633:Andijan 2628:Andijan 2608:25,400 2604:Khujand 2579:29,200 2527:33,700 2501:17,000 2466:Region 2448:Khujand 2408:Fergana 2403:Andijan 2375:Fergana 2371:Andijan 2363:Khujand 2359:vilayat 2328:Andijan 2324:Fergana 2296:Kipchak 2253:Andijan 2225:nomadic 2171:Surkhab 2131:Kashgar 2080:Khujand 2064:Khujand 2023:Bukhara 2008:Kashgar 1992:Bukhara 1983:naphtha 1944:tobacco 1940:lucerne 1908:Tsarist 1868:Qorasuv 1864:Andijan 1856:Karimov 1837:Bishkek 1829:Khujand 1808:Khujand 1766:Muslims 1739:Bukhara 1715:Khignan 1703:Bukhara 1691:Zhetysu 1675:khanate 1629:of the 1515:Andijan 1470:Samanid 1458:Bukhara 1369:Turgesh 1273:Persian 1245:Bactria 1233:Bactria 1099:Xiongnu 1032:Kashgar 1020:Bactria 1001:Khujand 983:Museum. 944:satrapy 940:Bactria 868:History 856:) or a 841:Climate 801:insects 777:fossils 704:Khujand 645:‎ 602:: 579:: 568:Persian 558:: 547:Russian 537:: 510:: 466:naphtha 430:Kipchak 422:Russian 324:: 304:: 246: 119:Russian 104:Persian 3738:". In 3723: 3710: 3699: 3687: 3680:, 2000 3666:, 1973 3374: 3366: 3162: 3138: 3113: 3039:Strabo 3006:Arrian 2998:Bessus 2955: 2817:Vorukh 2689:7,101 2663:7,005 2637:4,303 2559:5,300 2497:Batken 2492:Batken 2428:Batken 2413:Kokand 2382:Batken 2332:Kokand 2300:Kazakh 2292:Uzbeks 2288:Uyghur 2284:Qarluq 2264:Kyrgyz 2241:Romani 2221:Kyrgyz 2165:; the 2163:Kokand 2159:Jiptyk 2151:Archat 2147:Taldyk 2139:Gulcha 2115:passes 2111:Khorog 2044:Daewoo 1981:, and 1975:gypsum 1952:cotton 1936:millet 1928:barley 1758:Jadids 1731:Darvaz 1723:Wakhan 1719:Roshan 1711:Zorkul 1707:Pamirs 1679:Kokand 1643:Kokand 1635:Uzbeks 1572:Turkic 1551:Barlas 1505:, the 1223:Kushan 1170:Dayuan 1107:Dayuan 1088:Yuezhi 1076:Dayuan 1068:Phryni 1056:Strabo 1052:Urumqi 1036:Ürümqi 978:Urumqi 962:, and 956:Dayuan 851:Köppen 809:fishes 789:cycads 755:fields 739:faults 737:. The 649:Dungan 630:: 628:pinyin 624:費爾干納盆地 622:: 616:费尔干纳盆地 614:: 499:Kyrgyz 458:gypsum 454:sulfur 438:Romani 406:Muslim 293:Kyrgyz 251:Rivers 172:Length 149:Kazakh 145: 134:Dungan 130: 115: 100: 85: 74:Kyrgyz 70: 55: 3568:(PDF) 3561:(PDF) 3372:S2CID 2980:(PDF) 2845:Notes 2767:Barak 2599:Sughd 2348:Chust 2217:Uzbek 2213:Sarts 2175:Kavuk 2105:from 2076:trakt 2039:sugar 1998:Trade 1948:vines 1932:maize 1920:wheat 1849:Uzgen 1750:jihad 1611:Babur 1588:Timur 1503:Babur 1447:Yahya 1162:Shiji 1103:Wusun 1092:Sakas 1064:Seres 793:ferns 735:clays 684:Naryn 526:Tajik 489:Uzbek 414:Tajik 410:Uzbek 390:Babur 355:Naryn 313:Tajik 285:Uzbek 259:Naryn 89:Tajik 59:Uzbek 3708:ISBN 3697:ISBN 3685:ISBN 3576:2014 3544:2014 3518:2014 3492:2014 3466:2014 3440:2017 3364:ISSN 3333:2014 3243:LINK 3219:LINK 3195:LINK 3178:2015 3160:ISBN 3136:ISBN 3111:ISBN 3092:2014 2953:ISBN 2927:2014 2716:113 2698:Yes 2695:353 2672:Yes 2669:483 2646:Yes 2643:652 2562:Yes 2388:and 2373:and 2239:and 2215:and 2191:The 2180:The 2137:and 2058:The 2037:and 2031:silk 1990:and 1924:rice 1883:and 1866:and 1839:and 1798:and 1735:Panj 1721:and 1574:and 1460:and 1405:The 1399:and 1344:The 1339:Tang 1283:and 1239:The 1187:and 1121:and 1111:Oxus 1034:and 930:The 878:Sokh 749:and 708:Ajar 679:Alay 589:Urdu 472:Name 450:iron 446:coal 436:and 416:and 384:and 279:The 261:and 180:Area 3599:", 3356:doi 3252:): 3217:, ( 3000:at 2617:No 2614:92 2588:No 2585:41 2575:Osh 2553:50 2549:Osh 2536:No 2533:33 2510:No 2507:28 2433:Osh 2390:Osh 2357:or 2340:Osh 2268:Osh 2135:Osh 2109:to 2107:Osh 2094:or 2035:tea 1906:In 1881:Osh 1841:Osh 1677:of 1617:in 1443:Nuh 1251:or 1197:). 1178:war 1160:or 1038:in 862:BSk 854:BWk 779:of 480:or 3825:: 3676:, 3662:, 3658:, 3628:: 3508:. 3482:. 3456:. 3430:. 3426:. 3396:^ 3370:. 3362:. 3352:15 3350:. 3319:. 3168:. 3041:, 3025:, 2961:. 2935:^ 2886:^ 2384:, 2369:, 2274:. 2235:, 2231:, 2066:, 2014:. 1994:. 1977:, 1954:. 1942:, 1938:, 1934:, 1930:, 1926:, 1922:, 1772:. 1717:, 1653:. 1598:. 1557:. 1456:, 1291:. 958:, 946:. 811:, 807:, 803:, 795:, 791:, 787:, 757:. 651:: 641:: 626:; 618:; 597:, 591:: 574:, 570:: 553:, 549:: 532:, 528:: 505:, 501:: 491:: 464:, 460:, 456:, 452:, 448:, 432:, 428:, 424:, 412:, 343:. 319:, 315:: 311:; 299:, 295:: 291:; 287:: 203:, 199:, 3714:. 3703:. 3691:. 3647:) 3578:. 3546:. 3520:. 3494:. 3468:. 3442:. 3378:. 3358:: 3335:. 3228:) 3204:) 3180:. 3142:. 3119:. 3094:. 3076:" 2982:. 2929:. 2090:- 1697:( 1070:. 860:( 849:( 706:- 283:( 265:) 257:( 151:) 147:( 136:) 132:( 121:) 117:( 106:) 102:( 91:) 87:( 76:) 72:( 61:) 57:( 34:. 20:)

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