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1419:. As one of them expressed it, in pathetic language, "During the Chinese rule there was everything; there is nothing now." The speaker of that sentence was no merchant, who might have been expected to be depressed by the falling-off in trade, but a warrior and a chieftain's son and heir. If to him the military system of Yakoob Beg seemed unsatisfactory and irksome, what must it have appeared to those more peaceful subjects to whom merchandise and barter were as the breath of their nostrils?
860:
111:
611:
911:
Beg's soldiers had modern
Western weapons but were cowardly: "The Andijani chieftain Yakub Beg has fairly good firearms. He has foreign rifles and foreign guns, including cannon using explosive shells ; but his are not as good nor as effective as those in the possession of our government forces. His men are not good marksmen, and when repulsed they simply ran away."
778:
828:
Yakub Beg's rule was unpopular among the native population of
Yettishar. One of his Kashgari subjects, a warrior and the son of a chieftain, described his rule with the following: "During Chinese rule there was everything; now there is nothing." A substantial decrease in trade also ensued during his
910:
General Liu's army had modern German artillery, which Jin's forces lacked; Jin's advance was consequently not as rapid as Liu's. After Liu bombarded Kumuti, rebel casualties numbered 6,000 dead while Bai Yanhu was forced to flee. Thereafter Qing forces entered Ürümqi unopposed. Zuo wrote that Yakub
898:
General Zuo implemented a conciliatory policy toward the Muslim rebels, pardoning those who did not rebel and surrendered if they had joined Yakub Beg's forces only for religious reasons. Rebels received rewards for defecting and assisting the Qing against their former compatriots. General Zuo
899:
informed
General Zhang Yao that the Andijanis (i.e. Yakub Beg's forces) had mistreated the local populace, and he should therefore treat the locals "with benevolence" to win their favour. Zuo wrote that the main targets were only the "die-hard partisans" and their leaders, Yakub Beg and
963:. However, Niyaz Beg himself, in a letter to the Qing authorities, denied his involvement in the death of Yakub Beg, and claimed that the Yettishar ruler committed suicide. Some say that he was killed in battle with the Chinese. According to South Korean historian
914:
In
December 1877, all of Kashgar was reconquered. Muhammad Ayub and his Dungan detachments took refuge in Russian possessions. Qing rule was restored over all of Xinjiang, except for the Ili region, which was returned by Russia to China under the
867:
907:... His treatment of these men was calculated to have a good influence in favour of the Chinese." In contrast to General Zuo, the Manchu commander Dorongga viewed all Muslims as the enemy and sought to indiscriminately massacre them.
802:). During the Dungan Revolt, he conquered the Tarim Basin and enthroned himself as the ruler of Yettishar when the Chinese were expelled from the region in 1864. During his short-lived reign, Yakub Beg entered into relations with the
740:
Thousands of Muslim refugees from
Shaanxi fled to Gansu. Some of them formed significant battalions in eastern Gansu, intending to reconquer their lands in Shaanxi. While the Hui rebels were preparing to attack Gansu and Shaanxi,
844:
wrote that: "The
Andijanis are tyrannical to their people; government troops should comfort them with benevolence. The Andijanis are greedy in extorting from the people; government troops should rectify this by being generous."
879:, as commander-in-chief. His subordinates were the Han General Liu Jintang and Manchu leader Jin Shun. As General Zuo moved into Xinjiang to crush the Muslims under Yakub Beg, he was joined by
1252:
The creation of the
Islamic State of Yettishar (1865–1878), with its capital at Kashgar, which is in present-day Xinjiang, came about as the result of a series of uprisings in Xinjiang.
718:. As a result, sources from the period of the Dungan Revolt make no mentions of Uyghurs. The conflict was mainly an ethnic and religious war fought by Muslims (particularly
1231:
581:
127:
1792:
1782:
679:, subsequently became the targets of genocide. However, Xinjiang consisted mostly of semi-arid or desert lands, which were not attractive to potential
1061:
the region's name in original sources—Yette Sheher or
Yettishahr (from Turkic and Persian, respectively, and meaning "Seven Cities" or "Heptapolis")
94:
840:
argues that Yakub Beg's disastrous and inexact commands failed the locals and they in turn welcomed the return of
Chinese troops. Qing general
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1685:
1516:
1339:
1141:
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549:(later made Yettishar's capital) through a series of military and political manoeuvres. Yettishar's eponymous seven cities were Kashgar,
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1563:
1482:
1442:
1303:
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650:
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Dungan
Generals Cui Wei and Hua Decai, who had defected back to the Qing, also joined General Zuo's attack on Yakub Beg's forces.
1745:
1239:
1176:
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had an army of both Han and Dungan people, and his army took the Kashgar and Khotan areas during the reconquest. The Shaanxi
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380:
600:
526:
116:
394:
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years in power. Yakub Beg was disliked by his Turkic subjects, who were with heavy taxes and a harsh interpretation of
854:
588:
230:
101:
1131:
903:. A Russian wrote that soldiers under General Liu "acted very judiciously with regard to the prisoners whom he took
628:
621:
1558:. Volume 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1295:
683:
settlers aside from a few traders. Consequently, Turkic peoples such as the Uyghurs settled in the area instead.
110:
1787:
668:
1318:
Peter Perdue, China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2005.
810:, and signed respective treaties with each. However, he failed to receive meaningful assistance from the two
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787:
781:
742:
538:
195:
875:
In the late 1870s, the Qing decided to reconquer Xinjiang with Zuo Zongtang, previously a general in the
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761:, settled in Kashgar, and soon managed to take complete control of the oasis towns surrounding the
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48:
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Yakub Beg was given the title of "Athalik Ghazi" or "Champion Father of the Faithful" by the
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Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900–1949
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and his forces, which were composed entirely of Dungan Muslims. In addition, General
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158:
1749:
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Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877
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Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877
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both reported that he had died after a short illness. The contemporaneous historian
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The Uyghurs were not known by their present name until the early 20th century. The
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and Yakub Beg as its emir. The Ottoman flag flew over Kashgar from 1873 to 1877.
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762:
710:". The modern term "Uyghur" was assigned to the Turki by the then newly created
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1695:(25). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University. Archived from
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719:
706:. There were also Uyghur immigrants residing in the Ili area who were called "
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Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868–1880
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1686:"From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"
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635: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The life of Yakoob Beg: Athalik ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar
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892:
830:
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that dwelled close to present-day Xinjiang were collectively called "
687:
676:
550:
1386:
The Life of Yakoob Beg, Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet, Ameer of Kashgar
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Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s
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959:, Niyaz Hakim Beg, after the latter conspired with Qing forces in
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866:
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570:
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310:
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China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks
604:
1508:
The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800–1911, pt. 2
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Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road
671:
for a century. The area had been conquered in 1759 from the
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1582:
947:(1836–1917) states that he was poisoned on 30 May 1877 in
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when he was in need of their support against the Qing.
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On 18 December 1877, the Qing army entered Kashgar and
1722:
Historical Atlas of the 19th Century World, 1783–1914
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Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia
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1724:. Barnes & Noble Books. 1998. p. 519.
967:, most scholars agree that natural death (of a
1400:Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1878).
1232:"China's Uighur Strategy and South Asian Risk"
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455:
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40:
1511:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–.
753:, fled from the Khanate in 1865 after losing
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27:1865–1877 Turkic state centred around Kashgar
8:
1334:. Columbia University Press. pp. 117–.
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933:The manner of Yakub Beg's death is unclear.
54:
1358:A Chinese biographical dictionary, Volume 2
1267:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 265.
871:Uyghur troops loyal to Yakub Beg, in Khotan
525:that existed from 1864 to 1877, during the
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1656:. Stanford University Press. p. 176.
1331:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
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348:
109:
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1204:British India's Northern Frontier 1865–95
1136:. Columbia University Press. p. 27.
1028:. Columbia University Press. p. 111.
651:Learn how and when to remove this message
481:
1746:"Central and North Asia, 1800–1900 A.D."
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825:presented him with the title of Emir.
1622:. Transaction Publishers. p. 72.
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1465:Linda Benson; Ingvar Svanberg (1998).
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971:) is the most plausible explanation.
702:were known as "Turki", likely due to
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633:adding citations to reliable sources
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1793:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire
1783:Former countries in Chinese history
1748:metmuseum.org. 2006. Archived from
1383:Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1878).
929:Yakub Beg of Yettishar § Death
490:
55:
1619:Ethnicity and the military in Asia
1437:. Plain Label Books. p. 449.
1130:Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997).
1083:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 39.
1039:Klimeš, Ondřej (27 January 2015).
863:Andijani troops loyal to Yakub Beg
25:
1230:Samah Ibrahim (29 January 2019).
1045:. Brill Publishers. p. 28.
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1595:. Limestone Press. p. 81.
1406:. London: W. H. Allen. p.
1361:. London: B. Quaritch. p.
1236:Future Directions International
917:1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg
620:needs additional citations for
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1:
1110:"Yakub Beg: Tajik adventurer"
1616:DeWitt C. Ellinwood (1981).
1355:Herbert Allen Giles (1898).
1077:Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2007).
698:", while the Uyghurs in the
504:Seven Cities' or 'Heptapolis
128:Vassal of the Ottoman Empire
1505:John King Fairbank (1978).
1157:Alexandre Andreyev (2003).
855:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
714:in 1921 at a conference in
675:whose core population, the
589:brought the state to an end
231:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
70:
1809:
1328:James A. Millward (2007).
939:of London and the Russian
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580:recognised Yettishar as a
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1684:Garnaut, Anthony (2008).
1431:Wolfram Eberhard (1966).
1296:Stanford University Press
601:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
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381:Traditional Chinese
1473:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
1265:A History of Inner Asia
1114:Encyclopædia Britannica
836:South Korean historian
722:) in China's Xinjiang,
395:Simplified Chinese
1555:Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911
1389:. London: W. H. Allen.
1024:Sayrimi, Musa (2023).
955:(local city ruler) of
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745:, an ethnic Uzbek or
737:, from 1862 to 1877.
704:their Turkic language
545:who secured power in
1650:Ho-dong Kim (2004).
1288:Kim, Hodong (2004).
1242:on 30 September 2021
1201:G. J. Alder (1963).
629:improve this article
364:Yettesheher Khanliqi
71:Yettesheher Khanliqi
1752:on 14 December 2006
1542:Fairbank, John King
1026:The Tarikh-i Hamidi
749:commander from the
219:• Established
1434:A history of China
923:Death of Yakub Beg
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431:Zhédéshā'ěr Hànguó
341:يەتتەشەھەر خانلىقى
185:Ghazi Khatib Khoja
56:يەتتەشەھەر خانلىقى
1731:978-0-7607-3203-8
1693:Études orientales
1518:978-0-521-22029-3
1341:978-0-231-13924-3
1143:978-0-231-10787-7
1090:978-0-7546-7041-4
1052:978-90-04-28809-6
941:Turkestan Gazette
796:Khanate of Kokand
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618:This section
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576:In 1873, the
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527:Dungan Revolt
524:
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442:Chagatay name
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117:Dungan Revolt
112:
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1750:the original
1740:
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1697:the original
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1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1652:
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1618:
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1554:
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1357:
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1240:the original
1235:
1225:
1215:– via
1203:
1183:Google Books
1181:– via
1159:
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1132:
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1079:
1072:
1056:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1019:
997:Yättä Shähär
996:
988:
983:
945:Musa Sayrami
940:
934:
932:
913:
909:
897:
889:Dong Fuxiang
874:
842:Zuo Zongtang
835:
827:
816:
812:great powers
786:
765:in southern
739:
712:Soviet Union
685:
662:
647:
638:
627:Please help
622:verification
619:
586:
582:vassal state
575:
533:. It was an
531:Qing dynasty
529:against the
514:
510:
472:
471:
425:Hanyu Pinyin
375:Chinese name
358:Latin Yëziqi
255:Succeeded by
254:
249:
29:
1756:14 December
1490:30 November
1450:30 November
763:Tarim Basin
700:Tarim Basin
330:Uyghur name
286:Qing Empire
273:Qing Empire
250:Preceded by
149:Sunni Islam
130:(1873–1877)
115:Map of the
1772:Categories
1571:18 January
1413:18 January
1211:. p.
1178:9004129529
1167:. p.
1011:References
989:Yettishahr
965:Hodong Kim
885:Ma Anliang
877:Xiang Army
838:Hodong Kim
800:Uzbekistan
595:Background
491:يەتتەشەھەر
155:Government
961:Dzungaria
936:The Times
901:Bai Yanhu
794:, in the
788:Yakub Beg
782:Yakub Beg
773:Yakub Beg
743:Yakub Beg
735:provinces
692:Andijanis
669:Qing rule
539:Yakub Beg
537:ruled by
521:state in
511:Kashgaria
473:Yettishar
321:Yettishar
196:Yakub Beg
145:Religion
86:1864–1877
36:Yettishar
18:Kashgaria
1778:Xinjiang
1246:30 April
1001:Chagatai
849:Downfall
767:Xinjiang
759:Russians
755:Tashkent
716:Tashkent
708:Taranchi
696:Kokandis
665:Xinjiang
559:Yengisar
523:Xinjiang
517:, was a
477:Chagatai
448:Chagatay
49:Chagatay
1706:14 July
1669:28 June
1635:28 June
1368:13 July
957:Yarkand
804:British
792:Piskent
757:to the
728:Ningxia
724:Shaanxi
555:Yarkand
547:Kashgar
543:Kokandi
513:or the
498:
482:یته شهر
343:
229:•
206:History
159:Islamic
139:Kashgar
135:Capital
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993:Uyghur
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969:stroke
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893:Gedimu
881:Dungan
831:Sharia
694:" or "
688:Uzbeks
677:Oirats
569:, and
551:Khotan
519:Turkic
487:Uyghur
401:哲德沙尔汗国
387:哲德沙爾汗國
336:Uyghur
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124:Status
63:Uyghur
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1689:(PDF)
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975:Notes
953:hakim
949:Korla
747:Tajik
732:Gansu
571:Korla
567:Kucha
311:China
1758:2006
1726:ISBN
1708:2010
1671:2010
1658:ISBN
1637:2010
1624:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1573:2012
1560:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1492:2010
1479:ISBN
1452:2010
1439:ISBN
1415:2012
1370:2011
1336:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1248:2020
1173:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1047:ISBN
806:and
730:and
563:Aksu
541:, a
495:lit.
168:Emir
1408:152
1363:894
1065:...
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720:Hui
681:Han
631:by
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