Ferugliotherium - Knowledge

1561:

reversed) includes two or perhaps three cusps, and the lingual row includes probably four cusps. The lingual and middle rows extend across the entire length of the tooth, but the labial row is shorter, extending across about 70% of the length. The middle row is oriented obliquely with respect to the length axis of the tooth, so that it converges with the lingual row towards the back of the tooth. The front lingual corner of the tooth is missing, but it appears that the first cusps in the lingual and middle rows are connected by two ridges, one at the front margin of the tooth and one at the back of the cusps. A deep fossa (basin) lies between the two cusps and their connecting ridges. Behind these two cusps, a transverse furrow extends across the width of the tooth. The second lingual and middle cusps are also connected by a crest, which is somewhat weaker than those connecting the first cusps. Another transverse furrow extends behind the second cusps and also separates the second middle cusp from the labial row. A third furrow, behind the third lingual and middle cusps, also separates the first from the second labial cusp. Three ridges descend from the fourth lingual cusp: one connects to the fourth middle cusp, one ends blindly between the fourth lingual and middle cusps, and one connects to the fifth middle cusp. The second labial cusp, which is larger than the first one, is superficially divided into two smaller cusps by an indentation on its lingual side. There are vertical grooves at the bases of the cusps.

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and lower than the three labial ones. The cusps in this row become smaller and lower from the front to the back. Two ridges descend from the tip of each cusp to the lingual and labial sides. The labial ridges on the first and fourth cusp only reach the base of the cusp, but those on the second and third cusps join ridges descending from the first and second labial cusp. In the first three cusps, the lingual ridge extends to near the lingual margin of the tooth and then turns backward; the end of the ridge is lingual to the next cusp. In the fourth cusp, the ridge hardly extends posteriorly, but rather labially, forming the posterior margin of the tooth and joining a ridge descending from the last labial cusp. The labial cusp row includes three, larger cusps, each of which bears two ridges that descend lingually into the valley between the two cusp rows. The front ridge of each pair ends in the central valley, and the back ridge joins a ridge from a lingual cusp. The ridge pattern results in the presence of three transverse furrows between the main cusps.

1368:. It is minuscule, with a length of 0.85 mm and width of 0.5 mm (assuming the tooth is oriented correctly). It bears two serrations (small projections) at the tip of the crown—one around the middle of the crown and the other at what may be the back of the crown, where it is highest. Two prominent ridges descend from each serration towards the front down the sides of the tooth. No roots are preserved, but the rounded surface of the lower side of the tooth suggests they may have been resorbed, which would indicate that the tooth is deciduous. Krause and colleagues suggested that the tooth may have been the frontmost premolar, whether deciduous or permanent. However, Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte wrote that this tooth does not match the partial jaw MACN Pv-RN 975, which has no alveoli in front of p4, and Pascual and colleagues agreed in 1999 that the tooth probably does not belong to 1246:

lips) and lingual (towards the tongue) sides. On the labial side, the four ridges at the back are more widely separated than the four in front of them. The back and front margins of the tooth are parallel and there is no small cusp on the labial side. There are two roots; the one at the front is larger than the one at the back and bears a furrow. The lower border of the enamel cover is marked by two semicircular extensions of the enamel on the front side, but there is only one such extension at the back. By its size, the number of ridges, and apparently greater length than height, it differs from all known multituberculate first, second, and third lower premolars, indicating that it is a p4.

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front, middle, and back) extending from the tip of the base of each cusp. The second and third cusps are largest and most widely separated from each other. In row B, one cusp bears three ridges, of which one extends towards the other cusp in the row and the two others towards row A) and the other cusp is damaged. 250 is more fragmentary, but bears at least five cusps and may represent the same tooth position as 249, though it would come from the opposite side of the mouth. The microstructure of the enamel of this tooth has been studied. With a width of about 55 μm near the tip of a cusp, the enamel is thin. The

1496:

square, but at the front it is slightly narrower than at the back. The labial side of the tooth is taller and less worn than the lingual side. There are two rows of cusps, and each lingual cusp is connected to each labial cusp by a broad crest, with one or more fossas in the middle. One of the two labial cusps may have been divided into two smaller cusps. The two crests are separated by a deep furrow. The enamel prisms of this tooth are small, like those of the premolar MACN Pv-RN 250.

64: 5593: 5616: 1205:. 702A (height 1.5 mm; width 1.1 mm) and 702B are slightly larger than 702C (height 1.2 mm; width 0.9 mm) and 702D. The smaller incisors cannot be lateral incisors (I3), because 702C's wear facet is stronger than would be expected in an I3; therefore, all four upper incisors are identified as central incisors (I2). To explain the size difference, Krause and colleagues suggested that 3786: 4803: 3021: 1463:

molariforms had been reversed, and MLP 88-III-28-1 is actually from the left side of the jaw. The tooth is 2.2 mm long and 1.5 mm wide. The crown is roughly rectangular, with rounded corners, and bears two longitudinal rows of cusps. The lingual row consists of four cusps, which are smaller

335:

and transverse crests and furrows. A single example each of the second lower (mf2) and first upper molariform (MF1) show that these teeth also had longitudinal cusp rows and transverse furrows and crests, but the mf2 had only two or perhaps three cusps per row and the MF1 had three longitudinal rows.

1560:

MACN Pv-RN 248 is somewhat damaged and almost rectangular, but slightly narrower at the back than at the front. The tooth bears three longitudinal rows of cusps. The middle row consists of five cusps, the labial row (assuming it is a left M1; if it is from the right, "lingual" and "labial" should be

1467:

Another mf1, MACN Pv-RN 253, is almost unworn, but damaged: only the front two lingual cusps and the first two cusps and part of the third in the labial row are preserved. This tooth is similar to MLP 88-III-28-1 in all respects. However, Gurovich suggests that it may also be an m2. MACN Pv-RN 174,

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Krause and colleagues identified two teeth, MACN Pv-RN 249 and 250, as anterior upper premolars. 249 bears two longitudinal rows of cusps. One row (row A; possibly the lingual one) includes four cusps, the other (row B) includes at least two, but is damaged. In row A, there are three ridges (at the

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The holotype, MACN Pv-RN 20, is a right mf2 according to both Krause and colleagues (1992) and Gurovich (2005), but Gurovich considered the side that Krause and colleagues thought was lingual to be labial, and vice versa. The latter interpretation is used in the following description. It is almost

1340:—and one of those would be represented only by molariforms and incisors and the other only by premolars and a jaw fragment among the available fossils. Furthermore, they noted that the transition from blade-like to molariform premolars had actually been observed in the fossil record of the extinct 1245:

by Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte in 1996, but this assignment remains controversial. The poorly preserved and worn premolar is a bladelike tooth, resembling multituberculate fourth lower premolars (p4). The premolar is 4.8 mm long and bears eight faint ridges on both the labial (towards the

1213:

precursors of the larger permanent tooth. They considered it less likely that multiple species with similar incisors were present. The upper incisors have enamel only on the dorsal side. The wear facet at the tip is preserved only in 702C, forming an angle of 52° with the dorsal side, and is more

1270:, it extends far into the dentary, passing below p4. The alveolus is 1.5 mm wide below the front root of p4 and 1.4 mm at the back of the jaw fragment. Although the height of the alveolus cannot be determined because the lower side is broken away, the incisor must have been quite deep. 1454:

The best-preserved mf1 is MLP 88-III-28-1. The crown is unworn and complete and there are no roots, suggesting that the tooth had not yet erupted when its owner died. Krause, who first described the tooth in 1993, identified it as a right molar, but the subsequent discovery of the jaw of

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instead. Only the tips of the three incisors are preserved. They are laterally compressed, with an estimated width of 1.3 mm and height of 2.4 mm in 701A. The medial side (towards the middle of the mouth) is flat, but the lateral side (towards the sides) is convex. There is

1605:(71–66 million years ago), the penultimate and ultimate stages of the Cretaceous. The La Colonia Formation may be somewhat younger than the other two, while the Los Alamitos Formation has been considered Campanian, and can be dated to the Campanian or Maastrichtian on the basis of 1189:

because of their size and provenance and the presence of a restricted enamel band. They show features, such as lateral compression, an acute angle at the tip, small curvature, and an irregular cross section, that are usually seen in lower, not upper incisors in mammals with

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by Bonaparte in 1990. The roots of MACN Pv-RN 174 are preserved; at the front and back of the tooth, there is a pair of roots, which are fused near their bases. It has small enamel prisms. Krause and colleagues suggested in 1992 that 174 and 175 were mf1s of

1719:, which is thought to have eaten insects, other arthropods, seeds, and/or nuts. It may have used its incisors for gnawing or slicing, and the blade-like p4 may also have been used for slicing hard plant parts, such as seeds. The wear patterns on 1673:

valley. The formation includes fluvial (river), deep-sea, and near-shore deposits, and the mammalian fauna probably comes from an estuary, tidal flat, or coastal plain. The La Colonia Formation also contains dryolestoids, such as

1262:(an opening in the labial side of the jawbone), with a diameter of 0.7 mm, located about 0.8 mm below the dorsal margin of the bone and 1.5 mm in front of the p4. Although the incisor itself is not preserved, its 580:) and multituberculates. The controversy is partially due to disagreement over the assignment of two upper premolars and the jaw fragment described by Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte in 1996; Gurovich and Beck identify these as 1249:

The dentary (lower jaw bone) itself is robust and short. The length axis of the p4 makes an angle of about 58° with the length axis of the jawbone. The bone is concave on the lingual, but convex on the labial side. There is a

1406:

Krause and colleagues wrote that these two teeth resemble multituberculate deciduous anterior upper premolars, particularly second and third premolars (P2 and P3), and used this as one of their arguments for identifying

1214:

concave than the facet in the lower incisors. 702A–D are recognizable as upper incisors because they have a less acute angle at the tip and are less laterally compressed, more curved, and elliptical in cross section.

319:, some resembling multituberculates, is also uncertain. The first lower molariform (molar-like tooth; mf1) is known from four examples, of which two were originally identified as upper molars of a different species ( 546:

formed a closely related group of multituberculates, which they called the superfamily Gondwanatherioidea. Kielan-Jaworowska and Bonaparte described a lower jaw fragment with a multituberculate-like lower fourth

559:

features of the jaw fragment, they argued that gondwanatherians were not closely related to any other multituberculate group, and consequently placed them in a suborder of their own, Gondwanatheria.

3086:

Goin, F.J.; Reguero, M.A.; Pascual, R.; von Koenigswald, W.; Woodburne, M.O.; Case, J.A.; Marenssi, S.A.; Vieytes, C.; Vizcaíno, S.F. (2006). "First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica".

1071: 282:

were assigned to unspecified multituberculates instead. Since 2005, a relationship between gondwanatheres and multituberculates has again received support. A closely related animal,

1395:, and other gondwanatheres, but in few multituberculates. Even in those multituberculates that do have small prisms, the prism sheath is closed, but the sheath is incomplete in 355:

is thought to have been a small animal, with a body mass of about 70 g (2.5 oz), and may have eaten insects and plant material. Its remains have been found in two

1352:

is laterally compressed, suggesting that it may have derived from a blade-like tooth. Gurovich and Beck attributed the difference in shape between the MACN Pv-RN 975 and

1110:, which is known to have had four lower molariforms (molar-like teeth, either premolars or molars) in its lower jaw, Pascual and Ortiz-Jaureguizar suggested in 2007 that 5754: 1364:

Krause and colleagues identified a single tooth, MACN Pv-RN 251, as a possible deciduous anterior (i.e., not p4 or dp4, the deciduous version of p4) lower premolar of

3598:

Pascual, R.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. (2007). "The Gondwanan and South American episodes: Two major and unrelated moments in the history of the South American mammals".

3161:

Bio-evolutionary aspects of Mesozoic mammals: Description, phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the Gondwanatheria, (Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of Gondwana)

3251:

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Bonaparte, J.F. (1996). "Partial dentary of a multituberculate mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina and its taxonomic implications".

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which is heavily worn, and MACN Pv-RN 175, which is not only heavily worn but has also undergone severe abrasion, were originally identified as upper molars of

1225:

are similar in overall shape and share a restricted band of enamel—a feature otherwise seen only in multituberculates among Mesozoic mammals. The incisors of

1477:

on the basis of similarities with 253, and Krause confirmed this in 1993 by describing the complete mf1 MLP 88-III-28-1. The related ferugliotheriid genus

1156:

jaw movement (i.e., the lower jaw moved backwards during the power stroke of chewing)—a feature otherwise only seen in multituberculates among mammals.

3124: 3712:

Rougier, G.; Chornogubsky, L.; Casadio, S.; Paéz Arango, N.; Giallombardo, A. (2009). "Mammals from the Allen Formation, Late Cretaceous, Argentina".

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lower premolar in 1990, but this fossil is very fragmentary and according to Krause and colleagues, it cannot even be proven to be a mammalian tooth.

1356:

p4s to the extensive wear of the former, and suggested that the two are similar enough that they probably represent at least closely related species.

1140:(low-crowned) molariform teeth that are supported by at least two roots, not a single massive root. The direction of wear on the teeth indicates that 1070:

is known from isolated teeth, the assignment of some of which is controversial. The material from the Los Alamitos Formation, which is mostly in the

5784: 5683: 1541:

upper molariform. In 1992, Krause and colleagues labeled it as a right MF1, but Gurovich identifies it as a left MF1 or possibly even a right mf1.

566:. Because some of this jaw's features were thought to be incompatible with a multituberculate identity, they regarded gondwanatheres (including 311:(p4). The p4 is preserved in this fragment. It is blade-shaped and resembles multituberculate p4s. However, the determination of this fossil as 5774: 3327: 1277:

had four molariform teeth and no bladelike premolar in its lower jaw, Pascual, Kielan-Jaworowska, and colleagues removed MACN Pv-RN 975 from

1168:

lower incisors (MACN Pv-RN 701A, 701B, and 701C) are known from the Los Alamitos Formation. Another incisor, MACN Pv-RN 970, was assigned to

3820: 3159: 1648:

and the two gondwanatheres are the most common mammals. Other fossils found in the Los Alamitos Formation include fish, frogs, turtles,

1557:. Like the latter, it has cusps that are compressed from front to back and that are connected to the center of the crown by low crests. 1090:

fossils from the La Colonia Formation, they have not been described in detail. Although the fragmentary nature of the known fossils of

5779: 3057: 1977: 1975: 599:, was described in 2004 as possibly related to the family Ferugliotheriidae. Kielan-Jaworowska and colleagues described a p4 from the 1185:

is present at the tip, forming an angle of about 35° with the ventral margin in 701A. The three incisor fragments are identified as

1285:, and identified it as an indeterminate multituberculate instead. Pascual and colleagues argued that molariform teeth as seen in 1172:

by Bonaparte in 1990, but it is much larger than the other three incisors, which are otherwise similar, and probably represents

5769: 3572: 3673: 1517:

and differs in numerous other features. On the other hand, overall patterns of cusps and ridges are essentially similar among

1620:

and was probably deposited in a marshy environment. In 1983, it yielded the first Mesozoic mammal to be found in Argentina,

576:. However, in 2009 Yamila Gurovich and Robin Beck argued in favor of a close relationship between gondwanatheres (including 439:). In subsequent years, other finds permitted a more confident assignment to Multituberculata. In 1990, Bonaparte described 1106:, one or two premolars, and two molars on each side of the lower and upper jaws. However, on the basis of comparisons with 63: 5764: 5759: 1439:

are known from the Los Alamitos Formation (MACN Pv-RN 20, 174, 175, and 253 and MLP 88-III-28-1). These teeth include the

1387:

are straight, small, and rounded and there is little material between the prisms. Small, rounded prisms are also seen in

1328:

teeth. If the dentary and premolars (whose identification has been similarly controversial; see below) do not belong to

5749: 1626:, and since then, the mammalian fauna has expanded to 14 species. Most of those belong to the archaic mammalian group 609:, in 2007, but Gurovich and Beck noted close similarities between this p4 and the p4 in the possible jaw fragment of 1690:. In addition, the La Colonia Formation has yielded fossils of a wide array of other animals, including crocodiles, 5619: 3415:

Krause, D.W.; Bonaparte, J.F. (1990). "The Gondwanatheria, a new suborder of Multituberculata from South America".

396: 3446:"Superfamily Gondwanatherioidea: A previously unrecognized radiation of multituberculate mammals in South America" 5592: 3573:"A highly derived docodont from the Patagonian Late Cretaceous: evolutionary implications for Gondwanan mammals" 453:, a small mammalian group that was at the time known only from Argentinean fossils and thought to be related to 347:(chewing) surface of mf1 and mf2, similar incisors, backward jaw movement during chewing, and enamel with small 3813: 1411:

as a multituberculate. However, as with the dentary MACN Pv-RN 975, the two upper premolars were excluded from

343:

teeth are much lower-crowned than those of the Sudamericidae, they share an essentially similar pattern on the

3688: 3222:

Gurovich, Y.; Beck, R. (2009). "The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria".

435:, an extinct group of mammals that was diverse during the late Cretaceous, mostly in the northern continents ( 1297:. In 2004 and 2007, Kielan-Jaworowska and colleagues aligned the dentary with the multituberculate suborder " 5744: 5739: 3538:

Pascual, R.; Goin, F.; Krause, D.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E.; Carlini, A. (1999). "The first gnathic remains of

3139: 495: 404: 278:) were no longer considered to be multituberculates and a few fossils that were previously considered to be 3073:

Bonaparte, J.F. (1990). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Los Alamitos Formation, northern Patagonia".

1622: 5636: 1582: 1550: 1415:

and identified as multituberculates by Kielan-Jaworowska and colleagues after the discovery of the jaw of

1320:

and MACN Pv-RN 975 are very similar. The alveolus of MACN Pv-RN 975 fits the lower incisors attributed to

1312:

Gurovich, Guillermo Rougier, and colleagues, on the other hand, maintain that the dentary is referable to

392: 5709: 5049: 1644: 420: 344: 162: 4370: 1613: 1324:

in size and the blade-like premolar is of the size expected for an animal with molariforms the size of

5674: 4570: 4260: 3790: 3721: 3644: 3551: 3510: 3457: 3395: 3288: 3192: 3095: 1586: 1574: 1251: 1201:

Four specimens (MACN Pv-RN 702A through 702D) are thought to represent second upper incisors (I2) of

600: 556: 503: 458: 356: 3181:"Additional specimens of sudamericid (Gondwanatheria) mammals from the Early Paleocene of Argentina" 5460: 5370: 4294: 4182: 3928: 3806: 1670: 1336:

and a multituberculate) similar in size and morphology, and therefore presumably occupying similar

1210: 1083: 295:, but the assignment of many of these is controversial or has been superseded. The upper and lower 5562: 4714: 4629: 4246: 268:

following the discovery of additional material in the early 1990s. After a jaw of the sudamericid

5532: 5094: 5042: 4693: 4622: 4395: 3901: 3700: 3660: 3615: 3526: 3432: 3403: 3304: 3239: 3210: 3111: 531: 324: 187: 58: 5299: 5001: 4802: 4238: 4231: 3168: 1756: 1754: 1182: 5714: 4875: 4847: 4534: 4402: 4267: 5696: 5193: 4348: 4088: 3955: 3485: 3355: 3323: 3260: 1696: 1079: 428: 381: 244:, which was first described in 1986. Although originally interpreted on the basis of a single 223: 138: 118: 5701: 4882: 1153: 359:

of southern Argentina, where it is part of a mammal fauna that also includes the sudamericid

5548: 5342: 4732: 4657: 4448: 4379: 4217: 3764: 3737: 3729: 3692: 3684: 3652: 3607: 3559: 3518: 3475: 3465: 3424: 3296: 3231: 3200: 3103: 1337: 432: 424: 332: 257: 3753:"New mammalian remains from the Late Cretaceous La Colonia Formation, Patagonia, Argentina" 3337:

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E.; Vieytes, C.; Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J. (2007).

1254:(gap) between the p4 and the incisor that would have been in front of it, as in the jaw of 17: 5498: 5429: 5060: 4755: 4520: 4506: 4457: 4160: 4126: 3672:

Rougier, G.W.; Garrido, A.; Gaetano, L.; Puerta, P.F.; Corbitt, C.; Novacek, M.J. (2007).

1666: 1590: 1578: 1486: 1305:. This feature was also used to distinguish MACN Pv-RN 975 from the single p4 assigned to 1241:(lower jaw) preserving one premolar, was discovered in 1991 and tentatively identified as 1008: 623: 618: 473: 445: 416: 389: 361: 304: 284: 235: 41: 3725: 3648: 3555: 3514: 3461: 3399: 3292: 3196: 3099: 1128:, and its body mass is estimated to have been about 70 g (2.5 oz). Unlike the 5395: 5159: 5128: 4903: 4700: 4650: 4643: 4579: 4274: 4055: 3026: 2847: 2845: 1676: 1332:, then, Gurovich and Beck argue, the Los Alamitos Formation would contain two mammals ( 1263: 1259: 1195: 1103: 1095: 572: 450: 275: 3273: 260:, an extinct group of small, rodent-like mammals, it was recognized as related to the 5733: 5609: 5480: 5438: 5290: 5244: 5117: 5110: 4953: 4748: 4555: 4527: 4513: 4499: 4282: 4153: 4146: 4137: 3480: 3445: 3214: 3205: 3180: 3115: 1713:

was more probably an insectivore or omnivore, like similar multituberculates such as

1654: 1627: 1602: 1298: 584:, while Kielan-Jaworowska and others regard them as indeterminate multituberculates. 494:), should be placed within Multituberculata. Two years later, Krause, Bonaparte, and 491: 385: 265: 253: 231: 49: 3704: 3664: 3619: 3587: 3338: 3308: 3243: 3036: 5555: 5541: 5514: 5507: 5487: 5473: 5418: 5404: 5377: 5265: 5258: 4994: 4964: 4868: 4741: 4613: 4595: 4471: 4332: 4119: 4098: 4076: 4069: 3868: 3563: 3522: 3428: 1682: 1384: 1258:. Gurovich estimated the length of the diastema as 2.5 mm. There is a rounded 1178: 1075: 605: 465:, commemorates Argentinean paleontologist Guiomar Vucetich, and the specific name, 348: 300: 3733: 3107: 2700: 2698: 2685: 2683: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2212: 2210: 2208: 1281:, which they expected to have the same dental formula as its fellow gondwanathere 3317: 5668: 5521: 5445: 5320: 5148: 5103: 5069: 5019: 4973: 4889: 4854: 4833: 4820: 4770: 4437: 4416: 4409: 4388: 4321: 4307: 4112: 2441: 2417: 2301: 2277: 1927: 1723:

teeth independently suggest that the animal may have eaten some plant material.

1702: 1649: 1542: 1302: 1191: 596: 366: 315:

is in question. The identity of a few additional isolated premolars assigned to

249: 5659: 3785: 621:(Late Cretaceous of Argentina) was described as another ferugliotheriid genus, 5411: 5363: 5313: 5306: 5076: 5028: 4721: 4707: 4685: 4671: 4664: 4602: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4341: 4190: 4043: 4025: 4012: 3967: 3829: 3656: 3611: 3356:"Hypsodonty and enamel microstructure in the Paleocene gondwanatherian mammal 3235: 3016: 1709:

The high-crowned sudamericids were probably herbivores, but the lower-crowned

1691: 1617: 1606: 1341: 1301:" because the p4 is rectangular in labial view, not curved as in the suborder 1137: 511: 486: 270: 245: 3264: 1609:. The Allen Formation is likely Maastrichtian, but not latest Maastrichtian. 5569: 5279: 5272: 5237: 5230: 5209: 5202: 5175: 5168: 5141: 5008: 4987: 4980: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4896: 4548: 4541: 4464: 4430: 4167: 3885: 3470: 3300: 1659: 1598: 1546: 1505: 1129: 592: 454: 412: 261: 227: 75: 45: 3123:

Goin, F.J.; Vieytes, E.C.; Vucetich, M.G.; Carlini, A.A.; Bond, M. (2004).

238:; around 70 million years ago) of Argentina. It contains a single species, 3769: 3752: 3571:

Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; González, P.; Ardolino, A.; Puerta, P.F. (2000).

3489: 303:

on only one side of the crown. A fragment of the lower jaw shows that the

5653: 5384: 5355: 5327: 5216: 5182: 5083: 4678: 4636: 4423: 4355: 4314: 4175: 3913: 3853: 3066:

Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia (Mendoza)

1440: 1423:

on the basis of their size and provenance and other similarities between

1238: 699: 675: 548: 534:

of the latter. In the same year, he and Bonaparte argued once again that

443:

on the basis of what he interpreted as two upper molars of a relative of

436: 308: 95: 3742: 5688: 5251: 5223: 5035: 4861: 4588: 4253: 4197: 3530: 3436: 3407: 1715: 1099: 296: 3167:(PhD thesis). Universidad de Buenos Aires. p. 546. Archived from 1375:

Bonaparte had identified another tooth, MACN Pv-RN 252, as a possible

3940: 3859: 3847: 3696: 2851: 2832: 2728: 2461: 1954: 219: 105: 85: 5630: 3635:(Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina". 3319:

Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure

1293:, and that it was unlikely that additional molars had been added in 3020: 2650: 2582: 2533: 2429: 2405: 2001: 1875: 1513:

is more complicated and the animal lacks the prominent furrows of

215: 3501:

Bonaparte, the first known multituberculate from South America".

2261: 1686:, as well as a ferugliotheriid and the putative multituberculate 3751:

Rougier, G.W.; Forasiepi, A.M.; Hill, R.V.; Novacek, M. (2009).

3339:"First ?cimolodontan multituberculate mammal from South America" 2784: 2772: 2756: 2740: 2704: 2689: 2606: 2566: 2549: 2233: 2216: 2199: 2183: 2163: 2029: 2017: 1981: 1827: 1764: 603:(Late Cretaceous of Argentina) as a new multituberculate genus, 551:(p4) from Los Alamitos in 1996 and tentatively identified it as 502:(which they tentatively placed in the multituberculate suborder 27:

Genus of extinct mammals from the Late Cretaceous from Argentina

5634: 4818: 4010: 3840: 3802: 307:

of the lower incisor was very long, extending below the fourth

3798: 2067: 2065: 2063: 1938: 1936: 1553:, Peru, may represent an upper molar of an animal related to 1537:

A single tooth, MACN Pv-RN 248, is currently identified as a

1447:(MACN Pv-RN 20, the only second lower molariform, or m2) and 3627:

Prieto-Marquez, A.; Salinas, G. (2010). "A re-evaluation of

3132:

Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

1086:, has been thoroughly described; while there are additional 291:

About twenty teeth and a jaw fragment have been referred to

274:

was described in 1999, these animals (collectively known as

2991: 2979: 2975: 2963: 2923: 2911: 2887: 2622: 2413: 1985: 562:

In 1999, Rosendo Pascual and colleagues described a jaw of

3497:

Krause, D.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Bonaparte, J. (1992). "

2820: 2521: 2489: 2473: 2389: 2377: 2353: 2329: 2313: 2289: 1915: 1863: 1851: 1072:

Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia

469:(Latin for "slender"), refers to the animal's small size. 3689:

10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3580[1:FJTFSA]2.0.CO;2

1799: 1797: 3041:

from Mongolia and the classification of "Symmetrodonta""

2115: 2091: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 288:, was described in 2009 on the basis of a single tooth. 3316:

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Cifelli, R.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004).

3274:"Phylogeny and systematics of multituberculate mammals" 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1209:

was variable in size or that the smaller incisors were

3062:

y nuevos mamiferos cretácicos de Patagonia, Argentina"

2618: 2594: 2409: 2257: 1903: 1612:

The Los Alamitos Formation is located in southeastern

1485:

mf1s but different in some morphological details (see

636:

Specimens from the Los Alamitos Formation assigned to

2951: 431:, for the new species and tentatively assigned it to 617:

or a closely related species. A single mf1 from the

476:

and Bonaparte argued that Gondwanatheria, including

5643: 5531: 5497: 5459: 5428: 5394: 5341: 5289: 5192: 5158: 5127: 5093: 5059: 5018: 4963: 4914: 4831: 4769: 4731: 4612: 4578: 4569: 4447: 4378: 4369: 4331: 4293: 4215: 4136: 4087: 4054: 4023: 3966: 3939: 3912: 3883: 3354:Koenigswald, W. von; Goin, F.; Pascual, R. (1999). 1665:The La Colonia Formation outcrops in north-central 1098:with certainty, Gurovich suggested that it had one 331:. They bear two longitudinal rows of three or four 506:) and suggested that the supposed upper molars of 3542:: Implications for gondwanathere relationships". 1630:, but the fauna also includes the gondwanatheres 1529:, indicating that the three are closely related. 3088:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1499:Transverse ridges between the cusps, as seen in 1481:is known from a single mf1, which is similar to 1289:could not have evolved from the bladelike p4 of 380:was named in 1986 by Argentinean paleontologist 3674:"First Jurassic triconodont from South America" 3450:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2796: 2578: 2245: 2151: 2139: 1839: 1815: 1309:, which was tentatively placed in Cimolodonta. 587:In the 2000s, some possible close relatives of 2785:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2773:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2757:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2741:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2705:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2690:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2607:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2567:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2550:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2234:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2217:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2200:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2184:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2164:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2030:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 2018:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 1982:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 1828:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 1765:Krause, Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1992 411:, honor geologists who studied the geology of 3814: 3125:"Enigmatic mammal from the Paleogene of Perú" 591:were discovered. An enigmatic tooth from the 518:. In 1993, Krause described an unworn mf1 of 8: 2935: 2915: 2836: 2634: 2509: 2493: 2457: 2297: 2071: 1989: 1966: 1942: 1899: 1887: 1344:kangaroos, and that the first molariform in 1266:(the housing of the root) is in part. As in 3272:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Hurum, J.H. (2001). 5631: 5465: 5347: 5133: 4839: 4828: 4815: 4575: 4375: 4299: 4223: 4061: 4035: 4031: 4020: 4007: 3945: 3918: 3891: 3880: 3837: 3821: 3807: 3799: 3322:. Columbia University Press. p. 630. 3068:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. pp. 48–61. 1669:, and the mammalian fossils come from the 1503:, are known in only one multituberculate, 1181:only on the lower (ventral) side. A large 634: 31: 3768: 3741: 3479: 3469: 3204: 2980:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004 2919: 2912:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004 2888:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004 2623:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004 2545: 2414:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004 2179: 1986:Kielan-Jaworowska, Cifelli & Luo 2004 1803: 1788: 1776: 1760: 1419:. Gurovich continues to identify them as 5755:Late Cretaceous mammals of South America 3382:(Gondwanatheria) is a junior synonym of 3037:"Early Cretaceous "symmetrodont" mammal 3003: 2947: 2899: 2875: 2863: 2808: 2760: 2744: 2674: 2497: 2477: 2453: 2393: 2365: 2341: 2317: 2293: 2273: 2187: 2167: 2127: 2103: 2083: 2033: 2005: 457:as part of a now-discarded group called 423:, respectively. Bonaparte created a new 1731: 1120:was much smaller than the sudamericids 3444:Krause, D.W.; Bonaparte, J.F. (1993). 2716: 2662: 2638: 2522:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2490:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2474:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2390:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2378:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2354:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2330:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2314:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2290:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 2087: 2054: 1864:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 1852:Kielan-Jaworowska & Bonaparte 1996 1745: 384:on the basis of a single second lower 1114:may also have had four lower molars. 1094:makes it impossible to determine its 7: 2595:Koenigswald, Goin & Pascual 1999 2258:Koenigswald, Goin & Pascual 1999 2116:Pascual & Ortiz-Jaureguizar 2007 2092:Pascual & Ortiz-Jaureguizar 2007 1102:(possibly two in the upper jaw), no 1435:Five putative lower molariforms of 3637:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3544:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3503:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3417:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2619:Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001 2410:Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001 1904:Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001 1237:MACN Pv-RN 975, a fragment of the 613:and suggested that it represented 299:are long and rodent-like and have 25: 2952:Prieto-Marquez & Salinas 2010 1616:, in the vicinity of the town of 1601:(84–71 million years ago) and/or 514:first lower molariforms (mf1) of 498:described additional material of 5615: 5614: 5591: 4801: 3784: 3206:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00805.x 3019: 62: 526:was based on worn specimens of 3600:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3564:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011148 3523:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011465 3429:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011841 3224:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 1545:, an enigmatic tooth from the 1194:incisors, such as rodents and 1: 5775:Fossil taxa described in 1986 3757:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3734:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.006 3367:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3343:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3108:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.10 3045:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2442:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007 2418:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007 2302:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007 2278:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007 1928:Kielan-Jaworowska et al. 2007 1132:(high-crowned) sudamericids, 323:), which is now considered a 5785:Taxa named by José Bonaparte 3586:(3): 395–414. Archived from 3075:National Geographic Research 1700:), and dinosaurs (including 1273:When it was discovered that 1233:Mandible with lower premolar 826:Not even certainly mammalian 480:(family Ferugliotheriidae), 5645:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 2797:Krause & Bonaparte 1993 2579:Krause & Bonaparte 1993 2246:Krause & Bonaparte 1993 2152:Krause & Bonaparte 1993 2140:Krause & Bonaparte 1993 1840:Krause & Bonaparte 1993 1816:Krause & Bonaparte 1990 1662:, and other invertebrates. 1581:of southern Argentina, the 1509:, but the ridge pattern in 1445:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 378:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 241:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 175:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 18:Ferugliotherium windhauseni 5801: 1652:snakes, dinosaurs such as 5780:Mammals described in 1986 5604: 5589: 5468: 5350: 5136: 4842: 4827: 4814: 4799: 4302: 4226: 4064: 4038: 4034: 4019: 4006: 3948: 3921: 3894: 3879: 3836: 3681:American Museum Novitates 3657:10.1080/02724631003763508 3612:10.1007/s10914-007-9039-5 3236:10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3 3138:: 145–153. Archived from 2408:, pp. 375–376, 380; 2186:, pp. 354, 360–362; 1045: 1025: 999: 979: 959: 939: 919: 899: 879: 859: 839: 819: 799: 779: 759: 739: 719: 691: 667: 662: 659: 656: 649: 646: 643: 193: 186: 168: 161: 59:Scientific classification 57: 34: 3056:Bonaparte, J.F. (1986). 3035:Averianov, A.O. (2002). 2936:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2916:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2837:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2635:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2510:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2494:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2458:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2298:Gurovich & Beck 2009 2072:Gurovich & Beck 2009 1990:Gurovich & Beck 2009 1967:Gurovich & Beck 2009 1943:Gurovich & Beck 2009 1900:Gurovich & Beck 2009 1888:Gurovich & Beck 2009 1078:, with one tooth in the 1029:Dentary fragment with p4 1000:MACN Pv-RN 970 (or 254) 650:Currently identified as 3471:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9379 3388:Journal of Paleontology 3301:10.1111/1475-4983.00185 1597:) are all dated to the 1427:and multituberculates. 496:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska 395:of Argentina. Both the 5770:Los Alamitos Formation 3629:Secernosaurus koerneri 3378:Krause, D.W. (1993). " 2581:, pp. 1380–1381; 555:. On the basis of the 393:Los Alamitos Formation 5710:Paleobiology Database 3770:10.4202/app.2006.0026 3633:Kritosaurus australis 3386:(Multituberculata)". 3179:Gurovich, Y. (2008). 3158:Gurovich, Y. (2005). 3060:Mesungulatum houssayi 2950:, pp. 209, 212; 2086:, pp. 303, 505; 1791:, pp. 77, 85–86. 1645:Groebertherium novasi 1640:Mesungulatum houssayi 1623:Mesungulatum houssayi 1587:La Colonia Formations 510:were in fact heavily 357:geological formations 5765:Fossils of Argentina 5760:Cretaceous Argentina 3358:Sudamerica ameghinoi 2978:, pp. 196–197; 2759:, pp. 354–355; 2444:, pp. 260, 262. 2416:, pp. 335–336; 2296:, pp. 329–330; 2032:, pp. 360–362; 1638:. The dryolestoids 1316:and that the p4s of 601:La Colonia Formation 461:. The generic name, 5461:Djadochtatherioidea 3726:2009CrRes..30..223R 3714:Cretaceous Research 3649:2010JVPal..30..813P 3556:1999JVPal..19..373P 3515:1992JVPal..12..351K 3462:1993PNAS...90.9379K 3400:1993JPal...67..321K 3293:2001Palgy..44..389K 3197:2008Palgy..51.1069G 3145:on 20 December 2015 3100:2006GSLSP.258..135G 2994:, pp. 399–400. 2992:Pascual et al. 2000 2976:Rougier et al. 2009 2964:Rougier et al. 2009 2954:, pp. 815–816. 2924:Rougier et al. 2007 2878:, pp. 204–205. 2852:Rougier et al. 2009 2833:Rougier et al. 2009 2763:, pp. 304–305. 2729:Rougier et al. 2009 2665:, pp. 321–322. 2651:Pascual et al. 1999 2625:, pp. 335–336. 2583:Pascual et al. 1999 2534:Pascual et al. 1999 2462:Rougier et al. 2009 2432:, pp. 375–376. 2430:Pascual et al. 1999 2406:Pascual et al. 1999 2320:, pp. 329–330. 2202:, pp. 352–354. 2170:, pp. 319–320. 2008:, pp. 312–314. 2002:Pascual et al. 1999 1955:Rougier et al. 2009 1876:Pascual et al. 1999 1593:(which has yielded 1470:Vucetichia gracilis 1459:made it clear that 1449:Vucetichia gracilis 1198:multituberculates. 1084:La Plata, Argentina 704:Vucetichia gracilis 640: 522:and confirmed that 441:Vucetichia gracilis 321:Vucetichia gracilis 197:Vucetichia gracilis 154:F. windhauseni 5750:Maastrichtian life 5533:Djadochtatheriidae 5095:Microcosmodontidae 2460:, pp. 31–32; 1614:Río Negro Province 1451:(MACN Pv-RN 174). 1229:are also similar. 1164:Three fragmentary 635: 421:Anselmo Windhausen 5725: 5724: 5697:Open Tree of Life 5637:Taxon identifiers 5628: 5627: 5600: 5599: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5455: 5454: 5337: 5336: 5194:Neoplagiaulacidae 4810: 4809: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4765: 4764: 4565: 4564: 4371:Paulchoffatioidea 4365: 4364: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4089:Ferugliotheriidae 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3593:on 14 April 2012. 3456:(20): 9379–9383. 3329:978-0-231-11918-4 2094:, pp. 95–96. 1565:Range and ecology 1533:Upper molariforms 1431:Lower molariforms 1338:ecological niches 1080:Museo de La Plata 1065: 1064: 472:However, in 1990 449:within the order 429:Ferugliotheriidae 365:and a variety of 224:Ferugliotheriidae 207: 206: 201: 142: 119:Ferugliotheriidae 16:(Redirected from 5792: 5718: 5717: 5705: 5704: 5692: 5691: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5632: 5618: 5617: 5595: 5549:Djadochtatherium 5466: 5348: 5343:Taeniolabidoidea 5134: 4840: 4829: 4816: 4805: 4733:Albionbaataridae 4576: 4449:Paulchoffatiidae 4380:Pinheirodontidae 4376: 4300: 4224: 4218:Multituberculata 4062: 4036: 4032: 4021: 4008: 3946: 3919: 3892: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3838: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3800: 3789:Data related to 3788: 3774: 3772: 3747: 3745: 3708: 3678: 3668: 3623: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3567: 3534: 3493: 3483: 3473: 3440: 3411: 3374: 3364: 3350: 3333: 3312: 3278: 3268: 3247: 3218: 3208: 3191:(5): 1069–1089. 3175: 3174:on 17 July 2011. 3173: 3166: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3129: 3119: 3082: 3069: 3052: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3013:Literature cited 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2821:Goin et al. 2004 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2553: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2487: 2481: 2471: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2403: 2397: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2311: 2305: 2287: 2281: 2271: 2265: 2262:Goin et al. 2006 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2220: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2177: 2171: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2058: 2052: 2037: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 1999: 1993: 1979: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1916:Goin et al. 2004 1913: 1907: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1758: 1749: 1743: 1589:. These and the 1046:MLP 88-III-28-1 1006:No (referred to 980:MACN Pv-RN 702D 960:MACN Pv-RN 702C 940:MACN Pv-RN 702B 920:MACN Pv-RN 702A 900:MACN Pv-RN 701C 880:MACN Pv-RN 701B 860:MACN Pv-RN 701A 641: 530:and therefore a 433:Multituberculata 258:Multituberculata 199: 177: 173: 137: 130: 117: 67: 66: 40:Temporal range: 32: 21: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5675:Ferugliotherium 5673: 5672: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5596: 5575: 5527: 5499:Sloanbaataridae 5493: 5451: 5430:Taeniolabididae 5424: 5390: 5333: 5285: 5188: 5154: 5123: 5089: 5061:Eucosmodontidae 5055: 5014: 4959: 4910: 4836: 4823: 4806: 4785: 4761: 4756:Proalbionbaatar 4727: 4608: 4571:Plagiaulacoidea 4561: 4521:Plesiochoffatia 4507:Meketichoffatia 4458:Bathmochoffatia 4443: 4361: 4327: 4289: 4220: 4203: 4161:Gondwanatherium 4132: 4127:Trapalcotherium 4107:Ferugliotherium 4083: 4050: 4028: 4015: 3982: 3962: 3935: 3908: 3888: 3875: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3827: 3792:Ferugliotherium 3781: 3750: 3711: 3676: 3671: 3626: 3597: 3590: 3575: 3570: 3537: 3499:Ferugliotherium 3496: 3443: 3414: 3384:Ferugliotherium 3377: 3362: 3353: 3336: 3330: 3315: 3276: 3271: 3250: 3221: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3127: 3122: 3085: 3072: 3055: 3034: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3006:, p. 1086. 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922:, p. 712; 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2835:, p. 225; 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799:, p. 9380. 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2751: 2743:, p. 358; 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2633: 2629: 2621:, p. 411; 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2556: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2456:, p. 334; 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2412:, p. 411; 2404: 2400: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332:, pp. 5–6. 2328: 2324: 2312: 2308: 2288: 2284: 2276:, p. 327; 2272: 2268: 2260:, p. 269; 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2223: 2215: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2178: 2174: 2166:, p. 352; 2162: 2158: 2154:, p. 9381. 2150: 2146: 2142:, p. 9382. 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090:, p. 321; 2082: 2078: 2070: 2061: 2053: 2040: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004:, p. 376; 2000: 1996: 1988:, p. 335; 1984:, p. 355; 1980: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1842:, p. 1382. 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1733: 1729: 1721:Ferugliotherium 1711:Ferugliotherium 1667:Chubut Province 1636:Gondwanatherium 1632:Ferugliotherium 1595:Trapalcotherium 1591:Allen Formation 1579:Late Cretaceous 1571:Ferugliotherium 1567: 1555:Ferugliotherium 1539:Ferugliotherium 1535: 1523:Gondwanatherium 1519:Ferugliotherium 1515:Ferugliotherium 1501:Ferugliotherium 1490:: Relationships 1488:Trapalcotherium 1483:Ferugliotherium 1479:Trapalcotherium 1475:Ferugliotherium 1461:Ferugliotherium 1437:Ferugliotherium 1433: 1425:Ferugliotherium 1421:Ferugliotherium 1413:Ferugliotherium 1409:Ferugliotherium 1401:Ferugliotherium 1397:Gondwanatherium 1389:Gondwanatherium 1377:Ferugliotherium 1370:Ferugliotherium 1366:Ferugliotherium 1362: 1360:Other premolars 1350:Gondwanatherium 1334:Ferugliotherium 1330:Ferugliotherium 1326:Ferugliotherium 1322:Ferugliotherium 1314:Ferugliotherium 1291:Ferugliotherium 1279:Ferugliotherium 1243:Ferugliotherium 1235: 1223:Gondwanatherium 1219:Ferugliotherium 1207:Ferugliotherium 1203:Ferugliotherium 1187:Ferugliotherium 1174:Gondwanatherium 1170:Ferugliotherium 1166:Ferugliotherium 1162: 1146:Gondwanatherium 1142:Ferugliotherium 1134:Ferugliotherium 1122:Gondwanatherium 1118:Ferugliotherium 1112:Ferugliotherium 1092:Ferugliotherium 1088:Ferugliotherium 1068:Ferugliotherium 1026:MACN Pv-RN 975 1009:Gondwanatherium 840:MACN Pv-RN 253 823:Lower premolar? 820:MACN Pv-RN 252 800:MACN Pv-RN 251 780:MACN Pv-RN 250 760:MACN Pv-RN 249 740:MACN Pv-RN 248 720:MACN Pv-RN 175 692:MACN Pv-RN 174 652:Ferugliotherium 638:Ferugliotherium 633: 624:Trapalcotherium 619:Allen Formation 615:Ferugliotherium 611:Ferugliotherium 589:Ferugliotherium 582:Ferugliotherium 578:Ferugliotherium 568:Ferugliotherium 553:Ferugliotherium 540:Gondwanatherium 536:Ferugliotherium 528:Ferugliotherium 520:Ferugliotherium 516:Ferugliotherium 504:Plagiaulacoidea 500:Ferugliotherium 482:Gondwanatherium 478:Ferugliotherium 474:David W. Krause 446:Gondwanatherium 417:Egidio Feruglio 401:Ferugliotherium 390:Late Cretaceous 375: 362:Gondwanatherium 353:Ferugliotherium 341:Ferugliotherium 329:Ferugliotherium 317:Ferugliotherium 313:Ferugliotherium 293:Ferugliotherium 285:Trapalcotherium 280:Ferugliotherium 264:(high-crowned) 256:as a member of 236:Late Cretaceous 211:Ferugliotherium 200:Bonaparte, 1990 182: 181:Bonaparte, 1986 179: 171: 170: 157: 136: 133:Ferugliotherium 128: 115: 61: 53: 42:Late Cretaceous 38: 36:Ferugliotherium 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5798: 5796: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Campanian life 5742: 5740:Gondwanatheres 5732: 5731: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5706: 5693: 5680: 5665: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5398: 5396:Lambdopsalidae 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5160:Cimolodontidae 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5129:Ptilodontoidea 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4904:Gondwanatheria 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4701:Parendotherium 4697: 4690: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4651:Heishanobaatar 4647: 4644:Hakusanobaatar 4640: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4582: 4580:Plagiaulacidae 4573: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4279: 4275:Gondwanatheria 4271: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4227: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4056:Gondwanatheria 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4039: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3841: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3795:at Wikispecies 3780: 3779:External links 3777: 3776: 3775: 3763:(2): 195–212. 3748: 3720:(1): 223–238. 3709: 3683:(3580): 1–17. 3669: 3643:(3): 813–837. 3624: 3595: 3568: 3550:(2): 373–382. 3535: 3509:(3): 351–376. 3494: 3441: 3412: 3394:(2): 321–324. 3375: 3351: 3334: 3328: 3313: 3287:(3): 389–429. 3269: 3255:. new series. 3248: 3219: 3176: 3155: 3120: 3094:(1): 135–144. 3083: 3070: 3053: 3039:Gobiotheriodon 3031: 3030: 3027:Mammals portal 3014: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2968: 2966:, p. 197. 2956: 2940: 2928: 2920:Averianov 2002 2914:, p. 75; 2904: 2902:, p. 203. 2892: 2880: 2868: 2866:, p. 212. 2856: 2854:, p. 225. 2841: 2825: 2823:, p. 151. 2813: 2811:, p. 307. 2801: 2789: 2787:, p. 372. 2777: 2775:, p. 358. 2765: 2749: 2747:, p. 307. 2733: 2731:, p. 232. 2721: 2719:, p. 324. 2709: 2707:, p. 364. 2694: 2692:, p. 362. 2679: 2677:, p. 315. 2667: 2655: 2643: 2641:, p. 321. 2627: 2611: 2609:, p. 365. 2599: 2597:, p. 291. 2587: 2585:, p. 378. 2571: 2569:, p. 357. 2554: 2552:, p. 360. 2548:, p. 80; 2546:Bonaparte 1990 2538: 2536:, p. 376. 2526: 2514: 2502: 2500:, p. 331. 2496:, p. 29; 2482: 2480:, p. 329. 2466: 2464:, p. 233. 2446: 2434: 2422: 2420:, p. 257. 2398: 2396:, p. 329. 2382: 2370: 2368:, p. 327. 2358: 2346: 2344:, p. 335. 2334: 2322: 2306: 2304:, p. 262. 2300:, p. 29; 2282: 2280:, p. 257. 2266: 2264:, p. 139. 2250: 2238: 2236:, p. 355. 2221: 2219:, p. 354. 2204: 2192: 2190:, p. 361. 2182:, p. 80; 2180:Bonaparte 1990 2172: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2106:, p. 326. 2096: 2076: 2059: 2057:, p. 323. 2038: 2036:, p. 357. 2022: 2020:, p. 360. 2010: 1994: 1971: 1959: 1957:, p. 233. 1947: 1932: 1920: 1918:, p. 152. 1908: 1906:, p. 411. 1902:, p. 25; 1892: 1880: 1878:, p. 380. 1868: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1830:, p. 351. 1820: 1808: 1804:Bonaparte 1990 1793: 1789:Bonaparte 1990 1781: 1777:Bonaparte 1986 1769: 1767:, p. 351. 1763:, p. 79; 1761:Bonaparte 1990 1750: 1748:, p. 321. 1730: 1728: 1725: 1677:Coloniatherium 1573:come from two 1566: 1563: 1534: 1531: 1432: 1429: 1361: 1358: 1260:mental foramen 1234: 1231: 1196:taeniolabidoid 1161: 1158: 1096:dental formula 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1004: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 977: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 937: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 917: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 877: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 857: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 817: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 797: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 777: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 757: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 737: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 717: 716: 713: 710: 707: 696: 693: 689: 688: 685: 682: 679: 672: 669: 668:MACN Pv-RN 20 665: 664: 661: 658: 655: 648: 645: 632: 629: 573:incertae sedis 570:) as Mammalia 451:Gondwanatheria 388:(m2) from the 382:José Bonaparte 374: 371: 276:Gondwanatheria 222:in the family 205: 204: 203: 202: 191: 190: 184: 183: 180: 166: 165: 159: 158: 150: 148: 144: 143: 126: 122: 121: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 55: 54: 39: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5797: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5728: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5610:Plagiaulacida 5607: 5606: 5603: 5594: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5481:Chulsanbaatar 5478: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5439:Kimbetopsalis 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5371:Erythrobaatar 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5291:Ptilodontidae 5288: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5245:Neoplagiaulax 5242: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5118:Pentacosmodon 5115: 5113: 5112: 5111:Microcosmodon 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4954:Paracimexomys 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916:Paracimexomys 4913: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4749:Kielanobaatar 4746: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4557: 4556:Xenachoffatia 4553: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528:Pseudobolodon 4525: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4514:Paulchoffatia 4511: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4500:Meketibolodon 4497: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:Allodontoidea 4292: 4285: 4284: 4283:Hahnodontidae 4280: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4154:Galulatherium 4151: 4149: 4148: 4147:Bharattherium 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4138:Sudamericidae 4135: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606:(2): 75–137. 3605: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580:Geodiversitas 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373:(3): 263–300. 3372: 3368: 3361: 3359: 3352: 3349:(2): 257–262. 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281:Palaeontology 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Palaeontology 3182: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3061: 3054: 3051:(4): 705–716. 3050: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3004:Gurovich 2008 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 75. 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948:Gurovich 2005 2944: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2926:, p. 10. 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900:Gurovich 2005 2896: 2893: 2890:, p. 75. 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2876:Gurovich 2005 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864:Gurovich 2005 2860: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2839:, p. 29. 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2809:Gurovich 2005 2805: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761:Gurovich 2005 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745:Gurovich 2005 2742: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Gurovich 2005 2671: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2512:, p. 37. 2511: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2498:Gurovich 2005 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478:Gurovich 2005 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454:Gurovich 2005 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2394:Gurovich 2005 2392:, p. 5; 2391: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366:Gurovich 2005 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342:Gurovich 2005 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2318:Gurovich 2005 2316:, p. 5; 2315: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294:Gurovich 2005 2292:, p. 5; 2291: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:Gurovich 2005 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2188:Gurovich 2005 2185: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168:Gurovich 2005 2165: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2128:Gurovich 2008 2124: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104:Gurovich 2005 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084:Gurovich 2005 2080: 2077: 2074:, p. 29. 2073: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:Gurovich 2005 2031: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006:Gurovich 2005 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992:, p. 29. 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1945:, p. 32. 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1890:, p. 25. 1889: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1806:, p. 77. 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1779:, p. 57. 1778: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1671:Mirasol Chico 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1655:Secernosaurus 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Dryolestoidea 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1603:Maastrichtian 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1399:and possibly 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:enamel prisms 1380: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:Plagiaulacida 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 978: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 938: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 918: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 898: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 878: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 838: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 818: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 778: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 758: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 718: 714: 711: 708: 705: 701: 697: 694: 690: 686: 683: 680: 677: 673: 670: 666: 653: 642: 639: 630: 628: 626: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 574: 569: 565: 560: 558: 557:morphological 554: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:Sudamericidae 489: 488: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:specific name 402: 398: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 372: 370: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 286: 281: 277: 273: 272: 267: 266:Sudamericidae 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232:Maastrichtian 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212: 198: 195: 194: 192: 189: 185: 178: 176: 167: 164: 163:Binomial name 160: 156: 155: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 134: 127: 124: 123: 120: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 70: 65: 60: 56: 51: 50:Maastrichtian 47: 43: 37: 33: 30: 19: 5727: 5644: 5568: 5563:Mangasbaatar 5561: 5556:Kryptobaatar 5554: 5547: 5542:Catopsbaatar 5540: 5520: 5515:Nessovbaatar 5513: 5508:Kamptobaatar 5506: 5488:Nemegtbaatar 5486: 5479: 5474:Bulganbaatar 5472: 5444: 5437: 5419:Sphenopsalis 5417: 5410: 5405:Lambdopsalis 5403: 5383: 5378:Valenopsalis 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5278: 5271: 5266:Paressonodon 5264: 5259:Parectypodus 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5147: 5140: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5007: 5000: 4995:Meniscoessus 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965:Cimolomyidae 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4915: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4869:Corriebaatar 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4754: 4747: 4742:Albionbaatar 4740: 4720: 4715:Tedoribaatar 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4630:Dolichoprion 4628: 4621: 4614:Eobaataridae 4601: 4596:Morrisonodon 4594: 4587: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4472:Guimarotodon 4470: 4463: 4456: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333:Allodontidae 4320: 4313: 4306: 4281: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4247:Hahnotherium 4245: 4237: 4230: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4145: 4125: 4120:Magallanodon 4118: 4106: 4105: 4099:Argentodites 4097: 4077:Groeberiidae 4075: 4070:Adalatherium 4068: 4042: 3869:Theriiformes 3864: 3791: 3760: 3756: 3743:11336/103413 3717: 3713: 3680: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3603: 3599: 3588:the original 3583: 3579: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3453: 3449: 3420: 3416: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3346: 3342: 3318: 3284: 3280: 3256: 3252: 3230:(1): 25–49. 3227: 3223: 3188: 3184: 3169:the original 3160: 3147:. Retrieved 3140:the original 3135: 3131: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3048: 3044: 3038: 2999: 2987: 2971: 2959: 2943: 2931: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2752: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2630: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2574: 2541: 2529: 2524:, p. 7. 2517: 2505: 2485: 2469: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2401: 2385: 2380:, p. 5. 2373: 2361: 2356:, p. 4. 2349: 2337: 2325: 2309: 2285: 2269: 2253: 2241: 2195: 2175: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2079: 2025: 2013: 1997: 1962: 1950: 1923: 1911: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1866:, p. 8. 1859: 1854:, p. 1. 1847: 1835: 1823: 1811: 1784: 1772: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1694:, lungfish ( 1688:Argentodites 1687: 1683:Reigitherium 1681: 1675: 1664: 1653: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1611: 1594: 1583:Los Alamitos 1570: 1568: 1559: 1554: 1538: 1536: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1354:Argentodites 1353: 1349: 1345: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318:Argentodites 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307:Argentodites 1306: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:Incisors of 1216: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1186: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1091: 1087: 1076:Buenos Aires 1067: 1066: 1015:~40 (broken) 1007: 803:dp1/dp2/dp3? 703: 663:Height (mm) 651: 637: 622: 614: 610: 606:Argentodites 604: 588: 586: 581: 577: 571: 567: 563: 561: 552: 543: 539: 535: 527: 523: 519: 515: 507: 499: 485: 481: 477: 471: 466: 462: 444: 440: 408: 400: 397:generic name 377: 376: 367:dryolestoids 360: 352: 340: 338: 328: 320: 316: 312: 305:tooth socket 292: 290: 283: 279: 269: 240: 239: 210: 209: 208: 196: 174: 169: 153: 152: 132: 131: 35: 29: 5669:Wikispecies 5522:Sloanbaatar 5446:Taeniolabis 5321:Prochetodon 5149:Neoliotomus 5104:Acheronodon 5070:Clemensodon 5020:Kogaionidae 4974:Buginbaatar 4890:Uzbekbaatar 4855:Ameribaatar 4834:Cimolodonta 4821:Cimolodonta 4771:Cimolodonta 4694:Nokerbaatar 4623:Cheruscodon 4438:Pinheirodon 4417:Gerhardodon 4410:Ecprepaulax 4396:Bructerodon 4389:Bernardodon 4322:Zofiabaatar 4308:Arginbaatar 4113:LACM 149371 3081:(1): 63–93. 2918:, table 3; 2717:Krause 1993 2663:Krause 1993 2639:Krause 1993 2637:, table 1; 2088:Krause 1993 2055:Krause 1993 1746:Krause 1993 1703:Carnotaurus 1692:plesiosaurs 1569:Remains of 1543:LACM 149371 1303:Cimolodonta 657:Length (mm) 631:Description 627:, in 2009. 597:LACM 149371 455:xenarthrans 409:windhauseni 5734:Categories 5608:See also: 5412:Prionessus 5364:Catopsalis 5314:Kimbetohia 5307:Baiotomeus 5300:Aenigmamys 5077:Eucosmodon 5029:Barbatodon 5002:Paressodon 4780:see below↓ 4722:Teutonodon 4708:Sinobaatar 4686:Monobaatar 4672:Liaobaatar 4665:Indobaatar 4603:Plagiaulax 4493:Kuehneodon 4486:Kielanodon 4479:Henkelodon 4342:Ctenacodon 4239:Baidabatyr 4232:Argillomys 4191:Sudamerica 4044:Haramiyida 4026:Allotheria 4013:Allotheria 3977:see below↓ 3968:Allotheria 3929:Cynodontia 3914:Cynodontia 3830:Allotheria 3540:Sudamerica 3423:(3): 31A. 3380:Vucetichia 2938:, table 3. 2130:, table 2. 2118:, fig. 11. 1969:, table 1. 1727:References 1660:gastropods 1618:Cona Niyeu 1607:palynology 1575:formations 1551:Santa Rosa 1527:Sudamerica 1457:Sudamerica 1417:Sudamerica 1393:Sudamerica 1346:Sudamerica 1342:sthenurine 1295:Sudamerica 1287:Sudamerica 1283:Sudamerica 1275:Sudamerica 1268:Sudamerica 1256:Sudamerica 1227:Sudamerica 1192:procumbent 1183:wear facet 1150:Sudamerica 1138:brachydont 1126:Sudamerica 1108:Sudamerica 1074:(MACN) in 660:Width (mm) 564:Sudamerica 544:Sudamerica 524:Vucetichia 508:Vucetichia 487:Sudamerica 463:Vucetichia 459:Paratheria 403:, and the 271:Sudamerica 246:brachydont 218:of fossil 5570:Tombaatar 5280:Xyronomys 5273:Xanclomys 5238:Mimetodon 5231:Mesodmops 5210:Ectypodus 5203:Cernaysia 5176:Cimolodon 5169:Anconodon 5142:Filikomys 5043:Kogaionon 5009:Parikimys 4988:Essonodon 4981:Cimolomys 4947:Dakotamys 4940:Cimexomys 4933:Cedaromys 4926:Bryceomys 4897:Viridomys 4876:Fractinus 4848:Allocodon 4549:Sunnyodon 4542:Rugosodon 4535:Renatodon 4465:Galveodon 4431:Lavocatia 4403:Cantalera 4268:Tashtykia 4183:Patagonia 4168:Greniodon 3902:Synapsida 3886:Synapsida 3846:Kingdom: 3697:2246/5873 3265:0325-1845 3215:129571614 3116:129493664 2653:, fig. 2. 1697:Ceratodus 1650:madtsoiid 1599:Campanian 1547:Paleogene 1511:Essonodon 1506:Essonodon 1441:holotypes 1211:deciduous 1130:hypsodont 1082:(MLP) in 843:Right mf1 723:Right mf1 671:Right mf2 595:of Peru, 593:Paleogene 413:Patagonia 339:Although 262:hypsodont 228:Campanian 226:from the 147:Species: 139:Bonaparte 82:Kingdom: 76:Eukaryota 46:Campanian 5660:Q2441327 5654:Wikidata 5620:Category 5385:Yubaatar 5356:Bubodens 5328:Ptilodus 5217:Krauseia 5183:Liotomus 5084:Stygimys 4679:Loxaulax 4637:Eobaatar 4424:Iberodon 4356:Psalodon 4349:Passumys 4315:Glirodon 4176:Lavanify 3956:Mammalia 3941:Mammalia 3860:Mammalia 3854:Chordata 3852:Phylum: 3848:Animalia 3705:85676529 3665:85814033 3620:13485471 3309:83592270 3244:42799370 1264:alveolus 1252:diastema 1239:mandible 1160:Incisors 1152:all had 1049:Left mf1 1038:0.9 (p4) 1035:4.8 (p4) 1032:Possibly 1003:Right i1 903:Right i1 806:Possibly 786:Possibly 783:dP2/dP3? 766:Possibly 763:dP2/dP3? 743:Left MF1 700:holotype 695:Left mf1 676:holotype 644:Specimen 549:premolar 490:(family 467:gracilis 437:Laurasia 373:Taxonomy 345:occlusal 309:premolar 297:incisors 234:period ( 188:Synonyms 112:Family: 106:Mammalia 96:Chordata 92:Phylum: 86:Animalia 72:Domain: 5702:4945631 5689:4968808 5252:Nidimys 5224:Mesodma 5050:Litovoi 5036:Hainina 4883:Halodon 4862:Boffius 4658:Iberica 4589:Bolodon 4261:Tagaria 4254:Janumys 4198:Vintana 3858:Class: 3722:Bibcode 3645:Bibcode 3552:Bibcode 3531:4523458 3511:Bibcode 3490:8415710 3458:Bibcode 3437:4523338 3408:1306005 3396:Bibcode 3289:Bibcode 3259:: 1–9. 3193:Bibcode 3096:Bibcode 3058:"Sobre 1716:Mesodma 1577:in the 1154:palinal 1104:canines 1100:incisor 883:Left i1 863:Left i1 532:synonym 325:synonym 250:crowned 230:and/or 220:mammals 172:† 151:† 125:Genus: 102:Class: 3703: 3663: 3618: 3529: 3488: 3478: 3435: 3406: 3326: 3307: 3263: 3242: 3213: 3149:6 June 3114: 1525:, and 1179:enamel 1148:, and 542:, and 484:, and 425:family 349:prisms 301:enamel 141:, 1986 5715:67618 4918:group 3865:Clade 3701:S2CID 3677:(PDF) 3661:S2CID 3616:S2CID 3591:(PDF) 3576:(PDF) 3527:JSTOR 3481:47571 3433:JSTOR 3404:JSTOR 3363:(PDF) 3305:S2CID 3277:(PDF) 3253:Extra 3240:S2CID 3211:S2CID 3172:(PDF) 3165:(PDF) 3143:(PDF) 3128:(PDF) 3112:S2CID 975:1.20 935:1.50 875:2.40 698:Yes ( 674:Yes ( 647:Organ 386:molar 333:cusps 254:molar 248:(low- 216:genus 214:is a 5684:GBIF 3954:see 3927:see 3900:see 3631:and 3486:PMID 3324:ISBN 3261:ISSN 3151:2011 1680:and 1642:and 1634:and 1585:and 1348:and 1221:and 1136:has 1124:and 1021:6.3 972:0.90 932:1.10 872:1.30 852:1.50 812:0.50 809:0.85 772:0.70 769:1.50 752:1.70 749:2.50 732:1.40 729:2.10 712:1.60 709:2.20 684:1.70 681:1.70 512:worn 419:and 3765:doi 3738:hdl 3730:doi 3693:hdl 3685:doi 3653:doi 3608:doi 3560:doi 3519:doi 3476:PMC 3466:doi 3425:doi 3297:doi 3257:145 3232:doi 3201:doi 3104:doi 3092:258 1706:). 1549:of 1492:). 1443:of 1058:1.5 1055:2.2 1052:Yes 1018:3.1 986:Yes 966:Yes 946:Yes 926:Yes 906:Yes 886:Yes 866:Yes 846:Yes 746:Yes 726:Yes 702:of 327:of 5736:: 5712:: 5699:: 5686:: 5671:: 5656:: 3867:: 3761:54 3759:. 3755:. 3736:. 3728:. 3718:30 3716:. 3699:. 3691:. 3679:. 3659:. 3651:. 3641:30 3639:. 3614:. 3604:14 3602:. 3584:22 3582:. 3578:. 3558:. 3548:19 3546:. 3525:. 3517:. 3507:12 3505:. 3484:. 3474:. 3464:. 3454:90 3452:. 3448:. 3431:. 3421:10 3419:. 3402:. 3392:67 3390:. 3371:44 3369:. 3365:. 3347:52 3345:. 3341:. 3303:. 3295:. 3285:44 3283:. 3279:. 3238:. 3228:16 3226:. 3209:. 3199:. 3189:51 3187:. 3183:. 3136:40 3134:. 3130:. 3110:. 3102:. 3090:. 3077:. 3064:. 3049:47 3047:. 3043:. 2844:^ 2697:^ 2682:^ 2557:^ 2492:; 2476:; 2224:^ 2207:^ 2062:^ 2041:^ 1974:^ 1935:^ 1796:^ 1753:^ 1734:^ 1658:, 1521:, 1403:. 1391:, 1372:. 1144:, 1061:– 1041:– 995:– 983:I2 963:I2 955:– 943:I2 923:I2 915:– 895:– 855:– 835:– 815:– 795:– 775:– 755:– 735:– 715:– 687:– 538:, 427:, 415:: 407:, 399:, 369:. 351:. 252:) 5359:? 4907:? 4689:? 4286:? 4278:? 4242:? 4186:? 4171:? 4115:? 4102:? 4091:? 4080:? 4058:? 4047:? 3822:e 3815:t 3808:v 3773:. 3767:: 3746:. 3740:: 3732:: 3724:: 3707:. 3695:: 3687:: 3667:. 3655:: 3647:: 3622:. 3610:: 3566:. 3562:: 3554:: 3533:. 3521:: 3513:: 3492:. 3468:: 3460:: 3439:. 3427:: 3410:. 3398:: 3360:" 3332:. 3311:. 3299:: 3291:: 3267:. 3246:. 3234:: 3217:. 3203:: 3195:: 3153:. 3118:. 3106:: 3098:: 3079:6 2248:. 1930:. 1818:. 1012:) 992:– 989:– 969:– 952:– 949:– 929:– 912:– 909:– 892:– 889:– 869:– 849:– 832:– 829:– 792:– 789:– 706:) 678:) 654:? 129:† 116:† 52:) 48:— 44:( 20:)

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