57:
540:
433:. Wearing a woolen hair-band, he was to announce Roman demands using a series of prescribed phrases, first at the enemy's frontier, then when he passes over the borders, again to the first man he meets, again on entering the enemy's gate, and again on entering the forum in the presence of local magistrates. If the demands are not met, the
604:
Romans felt the need for a religious, founding justification of their actions as a people toward other ones. A need was felt to go beyond the sphere of human law or right. While juridical justification was acknowledged as necessary Romans wanted to ensure the approval of what founds right and makes
814:
can also be read as from the latin verb meaning to accomplish, or bring about, which could simply mean that the title meant that he was the "spokesman", the appointed father, or chosen father. In another sense of the same verb, it could mean a father who is of great accomplishment or esteemed.
770:
in the rite of the conclusion of a treaty and in general when there an agreement is reached. If a declaration of war ensues the fetial calls as witnesses
Jupiter, Juno (or Janus, correction accepted by most editors), Quirinus, the heavenly, earthly and nether gods of the violation of the
746:. They rely on a set of ceremonies that bestow a religious value on the political or military decisions of the magistrates, ensuring that under any circumstance Rome has the gods on her side. Besides offering their advice on international issues to the senate or the consuls, the
868:
V 4 apud
Aurelius Victor p. 29: "(Ancus Martius) ius fetiale...ab Aequicolis transtulit quod primus Ferter Rhesus excogitavisse"; CIL VI 1302 from the Palatine (II-I century BC); Festus s. v. Ferctius p. 81 L; Propertius IV 105-146; Plutarch Marcellus 8. 4, Romulus 16.
695:
and after declaring war within 30 or 33 days. When this period of time had expired he went back to the border and opened the hostilities with a magic gesture: while affirming once again the good right of Rome he threw a spear with steel point or a javelin of
445:. Once they have resolved to go to war, a fetial returns to the enemy frontier carrying a javelin with a steel or fire-hardened tip and dipped in blood. He declares war on the enemy, and throws the javelin into their territory.
613:
that confer religious value to political decisions and specifications in their dealing with foreign nations, aimed at placing the gods on the side of Rome and hence effectively entrusting to them the fate of Rome.
690:
were not met, he went back to Rome after invoking
Jupiter, Juno (or Janus), and Quirinus, along with the heavenly gods, the terrestrial gods, and the gods of the netherworld as witnesses of the violation of the
794:, but rather bent its rules and made a disproportionately excessive use of its technicalities to acquire an undue advantage over other peoples with the ultimate goal of stealing their lands and riches.
810:
According to one source the original meaning is unclear. The term could be read "father of the fathers", referring to the fetiales, or it could be read as a father whose own father is still living.
762:
taken from the
Capitol Hill) to ask for the reparations, to declare war in a form that is pious and just, and lastly to conclude the peace. The god under whose protection they act and whom the
365:
on foreign affairs and international treaties, making formal proclamations of peace and of war, and confirming treaties. They also carried out the functions of traveling heralds or ambassadors (
952:: "Si prior defexit publico consilio dolo malo tum tu illo die, Jupiter, populum Romanum sic ferito ut ego hunc porcum hic hodie feriam, tantoque magis ferito quanto magis potes pollesque."
275:
904:
The meaning of this title is unclear; according to
Plutarch it denotes "a man whose father is still alive and who has children" (Mor. IV, 62), but he confuses it with
686:
When Rome asked for reparations for an offense or damage, the fetials were sent as ambassadors to the foreign country concerned. If the requests borne by the
1080:
790:
in order to ensure divine support for Rome in international disputes. They allege that Romans were not moved by a desire for justice in their use of the
415:
in
English). On the other hand ancient sources support the tradition that the priesthood was created under the influence of Aequian king Fertor Resius.
268:
1075:
656:
called bystanders and the gods to witness, staked the word of Rome, and vowed Rome to divine wrath if it should not abide by its word, asking for
35:
649:
We know the ceremonies and formulae of two circumstances: (1) conclusion of a treaty and (2) request of reparations and declaration of war.
683:
referred by Livy; in the second he throws the flintstone and vows Rome to fall as the stone itself if it should fail to abide by the oath.
261:
715:
606:
249:
146:
117:
1100:
1050:
1046:
1017:
1004:
991:
949:
920:("to execute, bring about"). Possible translations include "one who is made father" and "the father accomplisher". See A. Strobach,
848:
832:
587:
668:). The flintstone was believed to be a seat of Jupiter's because if struck it emitted sparks, thus being analogous to lightning.
786:
The author of Cicero's apocryphal speech of Furius Filus and the
Christian apologists blamed the Romans for craftily using the
1085:
565:
107:
407:. Thus some scholars think the mentions of the Aequi may be a misinterpretation due to a folk etymology connecting Aequi to
56:
1041:
242:
550:
1090:
714:
is sufficient to justify the acts of official religious authorities (such as pontiffs and augurs) within the Roman
569:
554:
350:
239:
73:
561:
1095:
448:
The fetial is connected to matters of law and not directly to war, hence in his formulae he never invokes
246:
475:
lay in ensuring that Rome enjoyed the protection of gods in its relationships with foreign states.
453:
355:
82:
498:, which means 'foundation' and not 'stipulation'. It is allied to the basic religious concept of
403:. However, he had already described the ritual actions of the fetials when recording the wars of
151:
706:
According to G. Dumézil, the initial contract concluded with the gods and extended through the
676:
187:
720:. Actions beyond this boundary require an additional religious foundation, based not only on
457:
449:
442:
404:
381:
295:
182:
167:
223:
1027:
There are two conflicting footnotes -- #1 and #7 -- for the same term, pater patratus.
330:
322:
192:
131:
391:
According to Livy, the ritual by which the fetials were to declare war, the ritual of
1069:
661:
396:
218:
213:
197:
177:
92:
437:
declares war within 33 days and returns to Rome to await the resolution of the
864:
I apud
Valerius Maximus X: "Fertorem Resium qui ius fetiale constituit"; Inc. Auc.
438:
362:
345:
172:
600:
The implications of this etymology would hint to the fact that outside their own
934:
Social struggles in archaic Rome: new perspectives on the conflict of the orders
703:
The fetials were a common institution of the Latins and of other Italic people.
539:
643:
377:
734:
is based. This is the task of the fetials who achieve their aim through the *
482:
was probably common to other Latin cities, as Livy makes reference to the
465:
102:
17:
1055:
Lit. Andreas Zack, Studien zum "Römischen Völkerrecht" (Göttingen 2001)
506:, originally meaning 'to set, setting'. This root has given the verb
97:
61:
461:
400:
141:
136:
87:
494:
According to some scholars, the name derives from the noun root *
1036:
373:
722:
533:
518:
preserve the original sense of 'foundation' here, as in Vedic
388:, for the purpose of binding Rome and Alba Longa by a treaty.
304:
626:
dispatched two of its members, of whom only one, called the
384:
appointed Marcus
Valerius as a fetial and Spurius Fusius as
932:: an end to the struggle of the orders", in K.A. Raaflaub,
609:. This attitude is testified by the ceremonies held by the
310:
671:
The ceremony has two known variants. In the first one the
307:
429:, a request of restitution or reparations, involved the
891:
M. Morani "Lat. sacer...nel lessico religioso latino"
301:
758:, the last one having only the task of carrying the
675:
hits a pig with flintstone taken from the temple of
313:
298:
817:An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language
361:The duties of the fetials included advising the
700:hardened with fire into the enemy's territory.
924:(1997), 78; R.E. Mitchell, "The definition of
819:, 1828, Francis Edward Jackson VALPY, pg. 324)
634:, was limited in function to accompanying the
618:Details of the operative duties of the fetials
269:
8:
775:and declares war within thirty-three days.
471:The religious relevance of the collegium or
27:Religious office in ancient Roman polytheism
568:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
411:, the Latin adjective for fair (from which
339:
510:, 'to do, make' by a semantic shift. Both
276:
262:
29:
588:Learn how and when to remove this message
1060:Linee del sistema sovrannazionale romano
803:
231:
205:
159:
115:
71:
45:
630:, was active, while the other, called
399:, borrowing on the traditions of the
329:
7:
912:may be connected to either the noun
566:adding citations to reliable sources
372:The first mention of the fetials by
250:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
25:
1081:Foreign relations of ancient Rome
974:I, 32, 5-14; Dion. Hal. 2,72, 6-8
726:but also, on a deeper level, the
538:
294:
55:
378:war between Alba Longa and Rome
1076:Ancient Roman religious titles
779:Political implications of the
652:In the first circumstance the
380:, during which the Roman king
335:
108:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
1:
880:La religion romaine archaïque
376:occurs in the context of the
358:as the patron of good faith.
983:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
642:of vervain) gathered on the
395:, was introduced to Rome by
750:dispatches two envoys (the
502:, both being rooted in IE *
1117:
936:(2005), 128-167, esp. 143.
344:) was a type of priest in
922:Plutarch und die Sprachen
1101:Ancient Roman government
526:in its religious sense.
240:Religion in ancient Rome
916:("father") or the verb
987:I 21, 1; II 72; Livy,
866:de Viribus Illustribus
738:, word that as Vedic
530:Religious implications
340:
331:[feːt̪iˈaːlɪs]
326:
1086:Ancient Roman priests
660:. Oaths were made by
214:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
1058:Pierangelo Catalano
562:improve this section
247:Gallo-Roman religion
895:LV, 1981, pp.30-46.
638:with sacred herbs (
103:Septemviri epulonum
152:Sodales Augustales
116:Other colleges or
1091:Diplomats by role
677:Jupiter Feretrius
666:per Iovem Lapidem
605:it possible, the
598:
597:
590:
286:
285:
188:Flamen Quirinalis
16:(Redirected from
1108:
1021:
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995:
981:
975:
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862:de Praenominibus
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679:pronouncing the
593:
586:
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405:Tullus Hostilius
382:Tullus Hostilius
348:. They formed a
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337:
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219:Flaminica Dialis
183:Flamen Martialis
168:Pontifex maximus
59:
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41:
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30:
21:
1116:
1115:
1111:
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1042:Ab urbe condita
1033:
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427:rerum repetitio
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420:Rerum repetitio
393:rerum repetitio
297:
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245:
224:Regina sacrorum
132:Fratres Arvales
67:
49:of ancient Rome
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906:pater patrimus
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764:pater patratus
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688:pater patratus
673:pater patratus
654:pater patratus
636:pater patratus
628:pater patratus
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435:pater patratus
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367:Pater Patratus
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19:
1062:Torino, 1965
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988:
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878:G. Dumezil,
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560:Please help
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385:
371:
366:
360:
349:
346:ancient Rome
289:
287:
173:Rex Sacrorum
126:
65:(AD 250–260)
64:
908:. The word
792:ius fetiale
788:ius fetiale
781:ius fetiale
766:invokes is
756:verbenarius
632:verbenarius
354:devoted to
206:Priestesses
47:Priesthoods
1070:Categories
860:Inc. Auc.
798:References
644:Capitolium
118:sodalities
83:Pontifices
985:Ant. Rom.
754:and the
748:sodalitas
730:on which
698:corniolum
658:execratio
624:sodalitas
549:does not
490:Etymology
486:of Alba.
480:collegium
473:sodalitas
413:equitable
351:collegium
910:patratus
812:Patratus
744:founding
710:and the
466:Quirinus
341:fētiālēs
327:fētiālis
127:Fetiales
98:Flamines
93:Vestales
74:colleges
37:a series
34:Part of
18:Fetiales
1031:Sources
1018:I.32.10
918:patrare
882:, 1974.
760:sagmina
742:means
681:formula
640:sagmina
611:fetials
570:removed
555:sources
484:fetials
454:Jupiter
356:Jupiter
160:Priests
147:Luperci
88:Augures
1005:I.24.8
992:I.32.4
970:Livy,
950:I.24.8
945:Livy,
926:patres
844:Livy,
520:dhaman
512:fetial
508:facere
504:dh(e)s
452:, but
443:Senate
409:aequus
363:Senate
290:fetial
72:Major
62:Flamen
40:on the
1016:Livy
1003:Livy
930:plebs
914:pater
893:Aevum
828:Livy
740:dhātu
736:feti-
712:signa
708:sacra
524:dhatu
496:feti-
478:This
462:Janus
401:Aequi
323:Latin
142:Titii
137:Salii
1047:1:24
1037:Livy
928:and
849:I.24
833:I.32
717:ager
622:The
602:ager
553:any
551:cite
514:and
458:Juno
450:Mars
441:and
374:Livy
989:AUC
972:AUC
947:AUC
846:AUC
773:ius
732:ius
728:fas
723:ius
693:ius
607:fas
564:by
516:fas
500:fas
464:or
369:).
1072::
1051:32
1049:,
1045:,
1039:,
869:6.
646:.
522:,
468:.
460:,
456:,
338:.
336:pl
334:,
325::
321:;
305:iː
288:A
1020:.
1007:.
994:.
851:.
835:.
664:(
591:)
585:(
580:)
576:(
572:.
558:.
317:/
314:l
311:ə
308:ʃ
302:f
299:ˈ
296:/
292:(
277:e
270:t
263:v
20:)
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