31:, the hearth, first in the strict sense (the place where the fire burns) and figuratively: the family home (cf. the expression "without fire or place") or the family itself. Very quickly, it was used as the basic unit for assessment, calculation, and collection of tax and it was called the "feu fiscal" meaning "fire tax".
39:
For tax allocation, the principle was to divide the total amount required to be collected by the number of fires, which necessitated a census of fires which was called "réel". The task was relatively simple to perform to the level of an urban district, however it took on a whole different scale in a
71:
in France). Yet their accuracy should be put in perspective: the provinces did not stop asking the central government for revisions, always for reduction, due to famine or epidemic. The total number of fires was therefore subject to hard bargaining between the central government and municipalities,
75:
The "feu fiscal" became a purely theoretical unit, as distinguished from the "feu allumant" (fire lights) which corresponded to the family home. Its value varied depending on the year or on social status even within the same city. It could even be set arbitrarily. Thus, in 1426, the
106:
To estimate the number of inhabitants according to the given fires, some people applied a multiplier of 5. Thus for a population of 34 fires, 170 inhabitants are obtained. However, the conversion factor from fires to inhabitants is still under discussion among historians. The
72:
regardless of the reality on the ground. In addition, the poorest families were grouped at the parish level as a single fire for joint taxation. This led to rounded off counts cut off from reality.
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counted 61,098 fires for Paris. The calculations on the numbers of population varied from 80,000 to 240,000 inhabitants. The coefficient of 5 was not a rule but an average indicator.
40:
rural area or across a kingdom. Thus, the King of France only made a single fire census in his territory – in 1328. Yet the result was incomplete as it excluded the great fiefs (e.g.
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Aspects of everyday life and social organisation of the peasant communities of the
Central South-East of France in the time of Louis XIV (1638-1715)
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made a "reformation of taxes" to limit exemptions (noble families had to prove their nobility) in all the provinces.
148:, Finance and Taxation in the late Middle Ages, SEDES al. "Perspectives on History", Paris, 1971 (ASIN 2718136995)
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Across regions and eras, the multiplier varied. Serge
Dontenwill: for the current department of the
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Fires, population and social structure in the middle of the 15th century: the example of
Carpentras
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139:, Annales. Economies, societies, civilizations, No. 14 (1959), p. 255-268
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decreed that a "fire" corresponded to three "estagiers" (heads of households).
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There were no records of fires by urban community or territorial division (
161:, Annals. Economies, societies, civilizations No. 17 (1962), p. 109
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122:, using a coefficient of 4.5 (and following Jacques Dupâquier in his
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roles were updated regularly during "visites de feu" (fire visits).
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Balance sheets and methods: French demography in the 16th century
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17:
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The Census of
Population and the "counting of the fires"
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The population counts were, for the most part of the "
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continued to focus on the counts by fire until 1726.
52:. In addition, it became quickly outdated due to the
124:French population in the 17th and 18th centuries
286:, Dix-septième siècle, 2007/1 No. 234, p. 106
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186:, s. dir. Michel Zink, Alain de Libera and
16:The term "feu" (French for "fire" from the
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99:", made in fires, not real people. The
256:, Paris, PUF, 4 volumes, 1988, p. 38
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169:Governing a town in the Middle Ages
91:Their Use and historical demography
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254:History of the French Population
190:, PUF, coll. "Quadriga", 2004 (
35:Use of Taxes in the Middle Ages
171:, Anthropos, coll. "History" (
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184:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
27:) meant, especially in the
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157:and Élisabeth Carpentier:
318:Medieval economic history
242:The Reformation of 1426
135:Robert Henri Beautier,
109:State of fires in 1328
303:Statistical data sets
252:Jacques Dupâquier,
182:Albert Rigaudière,
167:Albert Rigaudière,
313:Taxation in France
282:Serge Dontenwill,
232:"sans feu ni lieu"
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69:sénéchaussée
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272:(in French)
258:(in French)
163:(in French)
150:(in French)
146:Jean Favier
141:(in French)
54:Black Death
48:) and some
29:Middle Ages
297:Categories
220:References
209:Hearth Tax
196:2130543391
177:2717824065
120:Louis XIV
65:bailliage
50:Appanages
203:See also
46:Flanders
23:meaning
42:Guyenne
214:Census
194:
175:
118:under
85:Taille
25:hearth
116:Loire
21:focus
18:Latin
192:ISBN
173:ISBN
83:The
44:and
67:or
299::
179:),
198:)
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